Well.. not for now at least let me just remove that-

- Columnar terrain bake, compiled generator and cave density programs, batched lattice noise

- Carve cell kernel, object bake, section buffer output, placement reach bound

- Lock-free history scope and subterrain caches, caller-run mantle components, hydrology halo and trial batching

- Cave apply, deposit, perfection and platform glue trims; probe parity oracle

.github/release.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "Iris",
+  "platform": "modded",
+  "versionProperty": "irisVersion",
+  "betaTag": "modded-beta",
+  "targets": "gradle/mod-targets.json",
+  "volmlibRef": "master"
+}

.github/release.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import sys
+import tomllib
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+import zipfile
+
+
+def read_config(root: Path) -> dict:
+    return json.loads((root / '.github/release.json').read_text())
+
+
+def targets(root: Path, config: dict) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    if config['platform'] == 'bukkit':
+        return [{'id': 'bukkit', 'loader': 'bukkit', 'minecraft': ''}]
+    manifest: Path = root / config['targets']
+    if manifest.is_file():
+        versions: dict = json.loads(manifest.read_text())
+        entries: list[tuple[str, list[str]]] = [(version, ['fabric', 'forge', 'neoforge']) for version in versions]
+    else:
+        entries = []
+        for path in sorted(manifest.glob('*.json')):
+            target: dict = json.loads(path.read_text())
+            if path.stem != target['minecraft']:
+                raise ValueError(f'Minecraft manifest does not match {path.name}')
+            entries.append((target['minecraft'], list(target['loaders'])))
+    matrix: list[dict[str, str]] = []
+    for version, loaders in entries:
+        if not re.fullmatch(r'[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+', version):
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid Minecraft version: {version}')
+        if set(loaders) != {'fabric', 'forge', 'neoforge'}:
+            raise ValueError(f'Incomplete loader matrix for {version}')
+        for loader in sorted(loaders):
+            matrix.append({'id': f'{loader}-{version}', 'loader': loader, 'minecraft': version})
+    if not matrix:
+        raise ValueError('Release matrix is empty')
+    return matrix
+
+
+def plan(root: Path, config: dict, event: dict, environment: dict) -> dict:
+    branch: str = event.get('repository', {}).get('default_branch', '')
+    if (environment.get('GITHUB_EVENT_NAME') != 'push' or event.get('deleted')
+            or not branch or event.get('ref') != f'refs/heads/{branch}'):
+        return {'channel': 'none'}
+    commit: dict = event.get('head_commit') or {}
+    message: str = commit.get('message', '')
+    beta: bool = 'B+' in message
+    stable: bool = 'V+' in message
+    if beta and stable:
+        raise ValueError('Use exactly one release marker: B+ or V+')
+    if not beta and not stable:
+        return {'channel': 'none'}
+    sha: str = environment['GITHUB_SHA']
+    if event.get('after') != sha or commit.get('id') != sha or not re.fullmatch(r'[a-f0-9]{40}', sha):
+        raise ValueError('Release commit does not match the pushed HEAD')
+    key: str = config['versionProperty']
+    properties: str = (root / 'gradle.properties').read_text()
+    values: list[str] = re.findall(rf'^{re.escape(key)}\s*=\s*(\S+)\s*$', properties, re.MULTILINE)
+    if len(values) != 1 or not re.fullmatch(r'(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)', values[0]):
+        raise ValueError(f'{key} must declare one stable major.minor.patch version')
+    run: int = int(environment['GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER'])
+    attempt: int = int(environment['GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT'])
+    if run < 1 or attempt < 1:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid workflow run identity')
+    version: str = f'{values[0]}-beta.{run}.{attempt}' if beta else values[0]
+    return {
+        'channel': 'beta' if beta else 'stable',
+        'version': version,
+        'version_property': key,
+        'tag': config['betaTag'] if beta else f'v{version}',
+        'sha': sha,
+        'run': run,
+        'attempt': attempt,
+        'matrix': {'include': targets(root, config)},
+        'volmlib_ref': config['volmlibRef'],
+        'wormholes_ref': config.get('wormholesRef', ''),
+    }
+
+
+def collect_artifacts(directory: Path, release: dict) -> dict[str, bytes]:
+    expected: dict[str, dict] = {f"release-{entry['id']}": entry for entry in release['matrix']['include']}
+    if {path.name for path in directory.iterdir()} != set(expected):
+        raise ValueError('Downloaded artifacts do not match the complete release matrix')
+    assets: dict[str, bytes] = {}
+    descriptors: dict[str, str] = {'bukkit': 'plugin.yml', 'fabric': 'fabric.mod.json',
+                                  'forge': 'META-INF/mods.toml', 'neoforge': 'META-INF/neoforge.mods.toml'}
+    for name, target in expected.items():
+        folder: Path = directory / name
+        paths: list[Path] = list(folder.iterdir()) if folder.is_dir() and not folder.is_symlink() else []
+        if len(paths) != 1 or paths[0].suffix != '.jar' or paths[0].is_symlink() or not paths[0].is_file():
+            raise ValueError(f'{name} must contain exactly one runtime jar')
+        path: Path = paths[0]
+        loader: str = target['loader']
+        suffix: str = re.escape(release['version']) + r'-bukkit\.jar'
+        if loader != 'bukkit':
+            display: str = {'fabric': 'Fabric', 'forge': 'Forge', 'neoforge': 'NeoForge'}[loader]
+            suffix = (r'v' + re.escape(release['version']) + r' \[' + display + r'\] '
+                      + re.escape(target['minecraft']) + r'\+[^/\s]+\.jar')
+        if not re.fullmatch(r'[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*' + ('-' if loader == 'bukkit' else ' ') + suffix, path.name):
+            raise ValueError(f'Artifact does not match the release target: {path.name}')
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as archive:
+            entries: set[str] = set(archive.namelist())
+            descriptor: str = descriptors[target['loader']]
+            if descriptor not in entries:
+                raise ValueError(f'{path.name} is missing {descriptor}')
+            excluded: set[str] = set(descriptors.values()) - {descriptor}
+            if 'velocity-plugin.json' in entries or entries.intersection(excluded):
+                raise ValueError(f'{path.name} contains an excluded platform')
+            contents: str = archive.read(descriptor).decode()
+            if loader == 'bukkit':
+                match: re.Match | None = re.search(r'^version:\s*[\'\"]?([^\s\'\"]+)', contents, re.MULTILINE)
+                version: str | None = match[1] if match else None
+            elif loader == 'fabric':
+                metadata: dict = json.loads(contents)
+                version = metadata.get('version')
+                if metadata.get('depends', {}).get('minecraft') not in (target['minecraft'], '~' + target['minecraft']):
+                    raise ValueError(f'{path.name} declares a different Minecraft target')
+            else:
+                metadata = tomllib.loads(contents)
+                mods: list[dict] = metadata.get('mods', [])
+                version = mods[0].get('version') if len(mods) == 1 else None
+                dependencies: list[dict] = metadata.get('dependencies', {}).get(mods[0].get('modId'), []) if len(mods) == 1 else []
+                minecraft: list[str] = [entry.get('versionRange') for entry in dependencies if entry.get('modId') == 'minecraft']
+                if minecraft != ['[' + target['minecraft'] + ']']:
+                    raise ValueError(f'{path.name} declares a different Minecraft target')
+            if version != release['version']:
+                raise ValueError(f'{path.name} declares a different product version')
+        asset_name: str = re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9._-]+', '-', path.name)
+        if asset_name in assets:
+            raise ValueError(f'Duplicate release asset: {asset_name}')
+        assets[asset_name] = path.read_bytes()
+    checksums: str = ''.join(f'{hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()}  {name}\n' for name, data in sorted(assets.items()))
+    assets[f"SHA256SUMS-{release['version']}.txt"] = checksums.encode()
+    return assets
+
+
+class GitHub:
+    def __init__(self, repository: str, token: str):
+        if not re.fullmatch(r'[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+', repository):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid GitHub repository')
+        self.repository = repository
+        self.token = token
+
+    def request(self, method: str, path: str, payload: dict | bytes | None = None, missing: bool = False) -> dict | list | None:
+        url: str = path if path.startswith('https://uploads.github.com/') else f'https://api.github.com/repos/{self.repository}/{path}'
+        binary: bool = isinstance(payload, bytes)
+        data: bytes | None = payload if binary else json.dumps(payload).encode() if payload is not None else None
+        request: urllib.request.Request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, method=method, headers={
+            'Authorization': f'Bearer {self.token}',
+            'Accept': 'application/vnd.github+json',
+            'X-GitHub-Api-Version': '2026-03-10',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream' if binary else 'application/json',
+            'User-Agent': 'Volmit-release',
+        })
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=120) as response:
+                body: bytes = response.read()
+                return json.loads(body) if body else None
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as error:
+            if missing and error.code == 404:
+                return None
+            raise RuntimeError(f'GitHub {method} {urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).path}: HTTP {error.code}') from error
+
+    def tag_commit(self, tag: str) -> str | None:
+        reference: dict | None = self.request('GET', f'git/ref/tags/{tag}', missing=True)
+        if reference is None:
+            return None
+        target: dict = reference['object']
+        for _ in range(8):
+            if target['type'] == 'commit':
+                return target['sha']
+            if target['type'] != 'tag':
+                break
+            target = self.request('GET', f"git/tags/{target['sha']}")['object']
+        raise ValueError(f'{tag} does not resolve to a commit')
+
+    def assets(self, release_id: int) -> list[dict]:
+        result: list[dict] = []
+        page: int = 1
+        while True:
+            batch: list[dict] = self.request('GET', f'releases/{release_id}/assets?per_page=100&page={page}')
+            result.extend(batch)
+            if len(batch) < 100:
+                return result
+            page += 1
+
+
+def resolve_dependency(repository: str, reference: str, token: str) -> str:
+    commit: dict = GitHub(repository, token).request('GET', f'commits/{urllib.parse.quote(reference, safe="")}')
+    sha: str = commit['sha']
+    if not re.fullmatch(r'[a-f0-9]{40}', sha):
+        raise ValueError(f'{repository} did not resolve to a commit')
+    return sha
+
+
+def release_metadata(existing: dict) -> dict:
+    match: re.Match | None = re.search(r'<!-- release: (.+) -->', existing.get('body') or '')
+    if match is None:
+        raise ValueError('Existing release has no publication identity; refusing to overwrite it')
+    return json.loads(match[1])
+
+
+def verify_assets(existing: list[dict], assets: dict[str, bytes]) -> bool:
+    return {entry['name']: entry.get('digest') for entry in existing} == {
+        name: 'sha256:' + hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() for name, data in assets.items()}
+
+
+def publish(github: GitHub, config: dict, release: dict, assets: dict[str, bytes]) -> str:
+    tag: str = release['tag']
+    beta: bool = release['channel'] == 'beta'
+    existing: dict | None = github.request('GET', f'releases/tags/{tag}', missing=True)
+    commit: str | None = github.tag_commit(tag)
+    if not beta and commit is not None and commit != release['sha']:
+        raise ValueError(f'{tag} already points to another commit')
+    if existing is not None:
+        metadata: dict = release_metadata(existing)
+        if bool(existing['prerelease']) != beta:
+            raise ValueError('Existing release belongs to a different release channel')
+        if beta and (metadata['run'], metadata['attempt']) > (release['run'], release['attempt']):
+            return 'Skipped older beta run'
+        if not beta and metadata['sha'] != release['sha']:
+            raise ValueError('Stable release belongs to another commit')
+        if not existing['draft'] and commit == release['sha'] and metadata['version'] == release['version']:
+            if verify_assets(github.assets(existing['id']), assets):
+                return 'Release already published with identical artifacts'
+            if not beta:
+                raise ValueError('Published release artifacts differ; refusing to overwrite them')
+        if existing.get('immutable'):
+            raise ValueError('Rolling beta requires mutable releases in repository settings')
+        if not beta and not existing['draft']:
+            raise ValueError('Stable release is already published')
+    elif beta and commit is not None:
+        raise ValueError('Beta tag exists without a release; refusing to move it')
+    identity: dict = {key: release[key] for key in ('version', 'sha', 'run', 'attempt', 'volmlib_ref', 'wormholes_ref') if key in release}
+    platform: str = 'Modded' if config['platform'] == 'modded' else 'CraftBukkit'
+    body: str = (f"{platform} jars for {config['name']} {release['version']}.\n\n"
+                 f"Commit: `{release['sha']}`\n\n"
+                 f"<!-- release: {json.dumps(identity, sort_keys=True)} -->")
+    attributes: dict = {
+        'tag_name': tag, 'target_commitish': release['sha'],
+        'name': f"{config['name']} {platform} {'Beta' if beta else release['version']}",
+        'body': body, 'prerelease': beta, 'make_latest': 'false',
+    }
+    if existing is None:
+        existing = github.request('POST', 'releases', {**attributes, 'draft': True})
+    elif beta:
+        existing = github.request('PATCH', f"releases/{existing['id']}", {**attributes, 'draft': True})
+    uploaded: list[dict] = github.assets(existing['id'])
+    by_name: dict[str, dict] = {entry['name']: entry for entry in uploaded}
+    for name, data in assets.items():
+        digest: str = 'sha256:' + hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
+        if name in by_name:
+            if by_name[name].get('state') == 'starter':
+                github.request('DELETE', f"releases/assets/{by_name[name]['id']}")
+            elif by_name[name].get('digest') != digest:
+                raise ValueError(f'Existing asset differs: {name}')
+            else:
+                continue
+        upload_url: str = existing['upload_url'].split('{')[0] + '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({'name': name})
+        receipt: dict = github.request('POST', upload_url, data)
+        if receipt.get('digest') != digest or receipt['name'] != name:
+            raise ValueError(f'Upload verification failed: {name}')
+    for entry in uploaded:
+        if entry['name'] not in assets:
+            github.request('DELETE', f"releases/assets/{entry['id']}")
+    commit = github.tag_commit(tag)
+    if commit is None:
+        github.request('POST', 'git/refs', {'ref': f'refs/tags/{tag}', 'sha': release['sha']})
+    elif commit != release['sha']:
+        if not beta:
+            raise ValueError('Stable tag changed during publication')
+        github.request('PATCH', f'git/refs/tags/{tag}', {'sha': release['sha'], 'force': True})
+    if not beta and config['platform'] == 'bukkit':
+        latest: dict | None = github.request('GET', 'releases/latest', missing=True)
+        match: re.Match | None = re.match(r'^v?(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:$|-)', latest['tag_name']) if latest else None
+        if latest is None or (match and tuple(map(int, release['version'].split('.'))) > tuple(map(int, match.groups()))):
+            attributes['make_latest'] = 'true'
+    github.request('PATCH', f"releases/{existing['id']}", {**attributes, 'draft': False})
+    return f"Published {tag} at {release['sha']}"
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('command', choices=['plan', 'publish'])
+    parser.add_argument('--artifacts', type=Path)
+    arguments: argparse.Namespace = parser.parse_args()
+    root: Path = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+    config: dict = read_config(root)
+    event: dict = json.loads(Path(os.environ['GITHUB_EVENT_PATH']).read_text())
+    environment: dict = dict(os.environ)
+    if arguments.command == 'publish':
+        environment['GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT'] = environment['RELEASE_ATTEMPT']
+    release: dict = plan(root, config, event, environment)
+    if arguments.command == 'plan':
+        if release['channel'] != 'none':
+            release['volmlib_ref'] = resolve_dependency('VolmitSoftware/VolmLib', config['volmlibRef'], environment['GH_TOKEN'])
+            if release['wormholes_ref']:
+                release['wormholes_ref'] = resolve_dependency('VolmitSoftware/Wormholes', config['wormholesRef'], environment['GH_TOKEN'])
+        with Path(os.environ['GITHUB_OUTPUT']).open('a') as output:
+            for key, value in release.items():
+                output.write(f'{key}={json.dumps(value, separators=(",", ":")) if isinstance(value, dict) else value}\n')
+        print(f"Release channel: {release['channel']}")
+    elif release['channel'] != 'none':
+        if arguments.artifacts is None:
+            raise ValueError('Publication requires the complete artifact directory')
+        for key in ('volmlib_ref', 'wormholes_ref'):
+            if release[key]:
+                resolved: str = environment[f'RELEASE_{key.upper()}']
+                if not re.fullmatch(r'[a-f0-9]{40}', resolved):
+                    raise ValueError(f'{key} is not a resolved dependency commit')
+                release[key] = resolved
+        github: GitHub = GitHub(os.environ['GITHUB_REPOSITORY'], os.environ['GH_TOKEN'])
+        print(publish(github, config, release, collect_artifacts(arguments.artifacts, release)))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    try:
+        main()
+    except (ValueError, RuntimeError) as error:
+        print(f'::error::{error}', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)

.github/test_release.py

@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+import copy
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+import urllib.parse
+import zipfile
+
+
+SPEC = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('release', Path(__file__).with_name('release.py'))
+release = importlib.util.module_from_spec(SPEC)
+SPEC.loader.exec_module(release)
+
+SHA = 'a' * 40
+OTHER_SHA = 'b' * 40
+
+
+def digest(data: bytes) -> str:
+    return 'sha256:' + hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
+
+
+class FakeGitHub:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.tags: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.releases: dict[int, dict] = {}
+        self.uploads: dict[int, dict[str, dict]] = {}
+        self.writes: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        self.latest: dict | None = None
+        self.fail_upload: str | None = None
+        self.fail_delete: int | None = None
+        self.invalid_receipt: bool = False
+        self.next_asset: int = 1
+
+    def seed(self, publication: dict, assets: dict[str, bytes], draft: bool = False,
+             immutable: bool = False) -> dict:
+        identity: dict = {key: publication[key] for key in ('sha', 'version', 'run', 'attempt')}
+        record: dict = {
+            'id': len(self.releases) + 1,
+            'tag_name': publication['tag'],
+            'body': '<!-- release: ' + json.dumps(identity) + ' -->',
+            'draft': draft,
+            'prerelease': publication['channel'] == 'beta',
+            'immutable': immutable,
+        }
+        record['upload_url'] = f"https://uploads.github.com/repos/example/product/releases/{record['id']}/assets{{?name,label}}"
+        self.releases[record['id']] = record
+        self.uploads[record['id']] = {}
+        for name, data in assets.items():
+            self.add_asset(record['id'], name, data)
+        self.tags[publication['tag']] = publication['sha']
+        return record
+
+    def add_asset(self, identifier: int, name: str, data: bytes) -> dict:
+        receipt: dict = {'id': self.next_asset, 'name': name, 'digest': digest(data)}
+        self.next_asset += 1
+        self.uploads[identifier][name] = receipt
+        return copy.deepcopy(receipt)
+
+    def tag_commit(self, tag: str) -> str | None:
+        return self.tags.get(tag)
+
+    def assets(self, identifier: int) -> list[dict]:
+        return copy.deepcopy(list(self.uploads[identifier].values()))
+
+    def request(self, method: str, path: str, payload: dict | bytes | None = None,
+                missing: bool = False) -> dict | list | None:
+        if method != 'GET':
+            self.writes.append((method, path))
+        if method == 'GET' and path.startswith('releases/tags/'):
+            tag: str = path.removeprefix('releases/tags/')
+            return copy.deepcopy(next((record for record in self.releases.values()
+                                       if record['tag_name'] == tag), None))
+        if method == 'GET' and path == 'releases/latest':
+            return copy.deepcopy(self.latest)
+        if method == 'POST' and path == 'releases':
+            identifier: int = len(self.releases) + 1
+            record: dict = copy.deepcopy(payload)
+            record.update({'id': identifier, 'immutable': False,
+                           'upload_url': f'https://uploads.github.com/repos/example/product/releases/{identifier}/assets{{?name,label}}'})
+            self.releases[identifier] = record
+            self.uploads[identifier] = {}
+            return copy.deepcopy(record)
+        if method == 'POST' and path.startswith('https://uploads.github.com/'):
+            address: urllib.parse.SplitResult = urllib.parse.urlsplit(path)
+            name: str = urllib.parse.parse_qs(address.query)['name'][0]
+            if name == self.fail_upload:
+                raise RuntimeError('Upload unavailable')
+            identifier: int = int(address.path.split('/')[-2])
+            receipt: dict = self.add_asset(identifier, name, payload)
+            if self.invalid_receipt:
+                receipt['digest'] = digest(b'corrupted')
+            return receipt
+        if method == 'POST' and path == 'git/refs':
+            tag: str = payload['ref'].removeprefix('refs/tags/')
+            if tag in self.tags:
+                raise RuntimeError('Tag already exists')
+            self.tags[tag] = payload['sha']
+            return {'object': {'type': 'commit', 'sha': payload['sha']}}
+        if method == 'PATCH' and path.startswith('git/refs/tags/'):
+            self.tags[path.removeprefix('git/refs/tags/')] = payload['sha']
+            return None
+        if method == 'DELETE' and path.startswith('releases/assets/'):
+            identifier: int = int(path.rsplit('/', 1)[1])
+            if identifier == self.fail_delete:
+                raise RuntimeError('Delete unavailable')
+            for uploaded in self.uploads.values():
+                for name, entry in list(uploaded.items()):
+                    if entry['id'] == identifier:
+                        del uploaded[name]
+                        return None
+            raise AssertionError(f'Unknown asset: {identifier}')
+        if method == 'PATCH' and path.startswith('releases/'):
+            identifier: int = int(path.rsplit('/', 1)[1])
+            self.releases[identifier].update(copy.deepcopy(payload))
+            if payload.get('make_latest') == 'true':
+                self.latest = copy.deepcopy(self.releases[identifier])
+            return copy.deepcopy(self.releases[identifier])
+        raise AssertionError(f'Unexpected API request: {method} {path}')
+
+
+class ReleaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        temporary: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(temporary.cleanup)
+        self.root: Path = Path(temporary.name)
+        self.config: dict = {'name': 'Example', 'platform': 'bukkit', 'versionProperty': 'exampleVersion',
+                             'betaTag': 'bukkit-beta', 'volmlibRef': 'c' * 40}
+        (self.root / 'gradle.properties').write_text('exampleVersion=1.2.3\n')
+        self.event: dict = {'repository': {'default_branch': 'main'}, 'ref': 'refs/heads/main',
+                            'after': SHA, 'head_commit': {'id': SHA, 'message': 'V+ Publish'}}
+        self.environment: dict = {'GITHUB_EVENT_NAME': 'push', 'GITHUB_SHA': SHA,
+                                  'GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER': '17', 'GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT': '2'}
+        network = patch.object(release.urllib.request, 'urlopen', side_effect=AssertionError('Network is forbidden'))
+        network.start()
+        self.addCleanup(network.stop)
+
+    def publication(self, channel: str = 'stable', **changes) -> dict:
+        result: dict = {
+            'channel': channel, 'version': '1.2.3-beta.17.2' if channel == 'beta' else '1.2.3',
+            'tag': 'bukkit-beta' if channel == 'beta' else 'v1.2.3', 'sha': SHA, 'run': 17, 'attempt': 2,
+            'matrix': {'include': [{'id': 'bukkit', 'loader': 'bukkit', 'minecraft': ''}]},
+        }
+        result.update(changes)
+        return result
+
+    def matrix(self, versions: tuple[str, ...] = ('1.20.1', '1.21.1')) -> list[dict]:
+        return [{'id': f'{loader}-{version}', 'loader': loader, 'minecraft': version}
+                for version in versions for loader in ('fabric', 'forge', 'neoforge')]
+
+    def artifact_tree(self, publication: dict, extra: tuple[str, ...] = ()) -> Path:
+        directory: Path = self.root / 'artifacts'
+        directory.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+        descriptors: dict[str, str] = {'bukkit': 'plugin.yml', 'fabric': 'fabric.mod.json',
+                                      'forge': 'META-INF/mods.toml', 'neoforge': 'META-INF/neoforge.mods.toml'}
+        for target in publication['matrix']['include']:
+            folder: Path = directory / f"release-{target['id']}"
+            folder.mkdir()
+            loader: str = target['loader']
+            if loader == 'bukkit':
+                filename: str = f"Example-{publication['version']}-bukkit.jar"
+                metadata: str = f"name: Example\nversion: {publication['version']}\nmain: example.Plugin\n"
+            else:
+                display: str = {'fabric': 'Fabric', 'forge': 'Forge', 'neoforge': 'NeoForge'}[loader]
+                filename = f"Example v{publication['version']} [{display}] {target['minecraft']}+1.0.0.jar"
+                if loader == 'fabric':
+                    metadata = json.dumps({'schemaVersion': 1, 'id': 'example', 'version': publication['version'],
+                                           'depends': {'minecraft': '~' + target['minecraft']}})
+                else:
+                    metadata = (f"modLoader = 'javafml'\nloaderVersion = '[1,)'\nlicense = 'MIT'\n"
+                                f"[[mods]]\nmodId = 'example'\nversion = '{publication['version']}'\n"
+                                f"[[dependencies.example]]\nmodId = 'minecraft'\n"
+                                f"versionRange = '[{target['minecraft']}]'\n")
+            path: Path = folder / filename
+            with zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'w') as archive:
+                archive.writestr(descriptors[loader], metadata)
+                for name in extra:
+                    archive.writestr(name, '')
+        return directory
+
+
+class PlanTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def test_markers_are_case_sensitive(self) -> None:
+        for message, channel in [('B+ Beta', 'beta'), ('V+ Release', 'stable'),
+                                 ('b+ beta', 'none'), ('v+ release', 'none'), ('Fix a bug', 'none')]:
+            with self.subTest(message=message):
+                self.event['head_commit']['message'] = message
+                result: dict = release.plan(self.root, self.config, self.event, self.environment)
+                self.assertEqual(channel, result['channel'])
+                if channel == 'beta':
+                    self.assertEqual('1.2.3-beta.17.2', result['version'])
+                    self.assertEqual('bukkit-beta', result['tag'])
+                elif channel == 'stable':
+                    self.assertEqual('1.2.3', result['version'])
+                    self.assertEqual('v1.2.3', result['tag'])
+
+    def test_both_markers_fail(self) -> None:
+        self.event['head_commit']['message'] = 'B+ first\nV+ second'
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.plan(self.root, self.config, self.event, self.environment)
+
+    def test_only_pushed_default_branch_head_can_release(self) -> None:
+        cases: list[tuple[dict, dict]] = [
+            ({'ref': 'refs/heads/feature'}, {}), ({'ref': 'refs/tags/V+1.2.3'}, {}),
+            ({'deleted': True}, {}), ({'repository': {}}, {}),
+            ({'head_commit': None}, {}), ({}, {'GITHUB_EVENT_NAME': 'pull_request'}),
+        ]
+        for event_changes, environment_changes in cases:
+            with self.subTest(event=event_changes, environment=environment_changes):
+                self.assertEqual({'channel': 'none'}, release.plan(
+                    self.root, self.config, {**self.event, **event_changes},
+                    {**self.environment, **environment_changes}))
+
+    def test_head_identity_must_match_event_and_environment(self) -> None:
+        for field in ('after', 'commit', 'environment'):
+            with self.subTest(field=field):
+                event: dict = copy.deepcopy(self.event)
+                environment: dict = self.environment.copy()
+                if field == 'commit':
+                    event['head_commit']['id'] = OTHER_SHA
+                elif field == 'environment':
+                    environment['GITHUB_SHA'] = 'not-a-sha'
+                else:
+                    event['after'] = OTHER_SHA
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.plan(self.root, self.config, event, environment)
+
+    def test_old_commits_do_not_trigger_release(self) -> None:
+        self.event['commits'] = [{'id': OTHER_SHA, 'message': 'V+ Release'}]
+        self.event['head_commit']['message'] = 'Fix a bug'
+        self.assertEqual({'channel': 'none'}, release.plan(self.root, self.config, self.event, self.environment))
+
+    def test_invalid_or_duplicate_versions_fail(self) -> None:
+        for value in ('', 'exampleVersion=01.2.3\n', 'exampleVersion=1.2\n',
+                      'exampleVersion=1.2.3-beta.1\n', 'exampleVersion=1.2.3\nexampleVersion=2.3.4\n'):
+            with self.subTest(value=value):
+                (self.root / 'gradle.properties').write_text(value)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.plan(self.root, self.config, self.event, self.environment)
+
+    def test_invalid_run_identity_fails(self) -> None:
+        for key in ('GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER', 'GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT'):
+            with self.subTest(key=key), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                release.plan(self.root, self.config, self.event, {**self.environment, key: '0'})
+
+    def test_minecraft_file_matrix_contains_all_loaders(self) -> None:
+        (self.root / 'targets.json').write_text(json.dumps({'1.20.1': {}, '1.21.1': {}}))
+        config: dict = {**self.config, 'platform': 'modded', 'targets': 'targets.json'}
+        self.assertEqual(self.matrix(), release.targets(self.root, config))
+
+    def test_minecraft_directory_matrix_matches_files(self) -> None:
+        folder: Path = self.root / 'targets'
+        folder.mkdir()
+        (folder / '1.20.1.json').write_text(json.dumps({'minecraft': '1.20.1',
+                                                      'loaders': ['fabric', 'forge', 'neoforge']}))
+        config: dict = {**self.config, 'platform': 'modded', 'targets': 'targets'}
+        self.assertEqual(self.matrix(('1.20.1',)), release.targets(self.root, config))
+        for minecraft, loaders in [('1.20.2', ['fabric', 'forge', 'neoforge']), ('1.20.1', ['fabric'])]:
+            with self.subTest(minecraft=minecraft, loaders=loaders):
+                (folder / '1.20.1.json').write_text(json.dumps({'minecraft': minecraft, 'loaders': loaders}))
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.targets(self.root, config)
+
+    def test_empty_or_invalid_minecraft_matrix_fails(self) -> None:
+        for content in ({}, {'invalid': {}}):
+            with self.subTest(content=content):
+                (self.root / 'targets.json').write_text(json.dumps(content))
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.targets(self.root, {**self.config, 'platform': 'modded', 'targets': 'targets.json'})
+
+
+class ArtifactTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def test_complete_modded_matrix_and_checksums(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication(matrix={'include': self.matrix()})
+        assets: dict[str, bytes] = release.collect_artifacts(self.artifact_tree(publication), publication)
+        self.assertEqual(7, len(assets))
+        checksums: bytes = assets.pop('SHA256SUMS-1.2.3.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(f'{hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()}  {name}\n'
+                                 for name, data in sorted(assets.items())).encode(), checksums)
+
+    def test_missing_or_extra_matrix_target_fails(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        (directory / 'release-extra').mkdir()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+        (directory / 'release-extra').rmdir()
+        (directory / 'release-bukkit').rename(directory / 'release-wrong')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_intermediate_artifact_beside_runtime_fails(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        (directory / 'release-bukkit' / 'sources.jar').write_bytes(b'sources')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_symbolic_link_artifacts_fail(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        path: Path = next((directory / 'release-bukkit').iterdir())
+        target: Path = self.root / path.name
+        path.rename(target)
+        path.symlink_to(target)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_bukkit_is_forbidden_in_modded_release(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication(matrix={'include': self.matrix(('1.20.1',))})
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(self.artifact_tree(publication, ('plugin.yml',)), publication)
+
+    def test_velocity_is_forbidden_in_bukkit_release(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(self.artifact_tree(publication, ('velocity-plugin.json',)), publication)
+
+    def test_modded_descriptor_is_forbidden_in_bukkit_release(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(self.artifact_tree(publication, ('fabric.mod.json',)), publication)
+
+    def test_required_platform_descriptor_is_checked(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        path: Path = next((directory / 'release-bukkit').iterdir())
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'w') as archive:
+            archive.writestr('fabric.mod.json', '{}')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_wrong_version_and_embedded_version_suffix_fail(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        path: Path = next((directory / 'release-bukkit').iterdir())
+        for version in ('9.8.7', '11.2.3'):
+            with self.subTest(version=version):
+                changed: Path = path.with_name(f'Example-{version}-bukkit.jar')
+                path.rename(changed)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+                changed.rename(path)
+
+    def test_descriptor_version_must_match_release(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication()
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        path: Path = next((directory / 'release-bukkit').iterdir())
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'w') as archive:
+            archive.writestr('plugin.yml', 'name: Example\nversion: 1.2.4\nmain: example.Plugin\n')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_modded_descriptor_versions_must_match_release(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication(matrix={'include': self.matrix(('1.20.1',))})
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        for folder in directory.iterdir():
+            with self.subTest(target=folder.name):
+                path: Path = next(folder.iterdir())
+                original: bytes = path.read_bytes()
+                with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as archive:
+                    descriptor: str = archive.namelist()[0]
+                    contents: str = archive.read(descriptor).decode().replace('1.2.3', '1.2.4')
+                with zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'w') as archive:
+                    archive.writestr(descriptor, contents)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+                path.write_bytes(original)
+
+    def test_modded_filename_must_match_minecraft_target(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication(matrix={'include': self.matrix(('1.20.1',))})
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        path: Path = next((directory / 'release-fabric-1.20.1').iterdir())
+        path.rename(path.with_name(path.name.replace('1.20.1', '1.21.1')))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+
+    def test_modded_metadata_must_match_minecraft_target(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication(matrix={'include': self.matrix(('1.20.1',))})
+        directory: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        for folder in directory.iterdir():
+            with self.subTest(target=folder.name):
+                path: Path = next(folder.iterdir())
+                original: bytes = path.read_bytes()
+                with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as archive:
+                    descriptor: str = archive.namelist()[0]
+                    contents: str = archive.read(descriptor).decode().replace('1.20.1', '1.21.1')
+                with zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'w') as archive:
+                    archive.writestr(descriptor, contents)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.collect_artifacts(directory, publication)
+                path.write_bytes(original)
+
+
+class PublicationTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        super().setUp()
+        self.github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+        self.assets: dict[str, bytes] = {'Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar': b'jar', 'SHA256SUMS-1.2.3.txt': b'checksums'}
+
+    def test_new_stable_release_is_published_at_head(self) -> None:
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        record: dict = self.github.releases[1]
+        self.assertEqual(SHA, self.github.tags['v1.2.3'])
+        self.assertFalse(record['draft'])
+        self.assertFalse(record['prerelease'])
+        self.assertEqual('true', record['make_latest'])
+        self.assertEqual(set(self.assets), set(self.github.uploads[1]))
+
+    def test_stable_existing_tag_collision_has_no_writes(self) -> None:
+        self.github.tags['v1.2.3'] = OTHER_SHA
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+        self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, self.github.tags['v1.2.3'])
+
+    def test_stable_same_content_rerun_has_no_writes(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication(), self.assets, immutable=True)
+        result: str = release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertIn('already published', result)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_published_stable_artifacts_cannot_be_replaced(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication(), self.assets, immutable=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(),
+                            {**self.assets, 'Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar': b'different'})
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_stable_release_identity_collision_has_no_writes(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication(sha=OTHER_SHA), self.assets)
+        self.github.tags['v1.2.3'] = SHA
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_stable_release_cannot_reuse_published_prerelease(self) -> None:
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(self.publication(), self.assets)
+        record['prerelease'] = True
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_partially_uploaded_stable_draft_resumes(self) -> None:
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(self.publication(), {'Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar': b'jar'}, draft=True)
+        original_id: int = self.github.uploads[record['id']]['Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar']['id']
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertFalse(self.github.releases[record['id']]['draft'])
+        self.assertEqual(original_id, self.github.uploads[record['id']]['Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar']['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(set(self.assets), set(self.github.uploads[record['id']]))
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(self.github.releases))
+
+    def test_conflicting_draft_asset_fails_without_replacement(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication(), {'Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar': b'other'}, draft=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+        self.assertTrue(self.github.releases[1]['draft'])
+
+    def test_newer_beta_run_or_attempt_is_preserved(self) -> None:
+        for run, attempt in ((18, 1), (17, 3)):
+            with self.subTest(run=run, attempt=attempt):
+                github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+                github.seed(self.publication('beta', run=run, attempt=attempt, sha=OTHER_SHA), self.assets)
+                result: str = release.publish(github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+                self.assertIn('Skipped', result)
+                self.assertEqual([], github.writes)
+                self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, github.tags['bukkit-beta'])
+
+    def test_successful_beta_replaces_assets_and_remains_prerelease(self) -> None:
+        previous: dict = self.publication('beta', run=16, attempt=1, sha=OTHER_SHA, version='1.2.3-beta.16.1')
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(previous, {'old.jar': b'old'})
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        current: dict = self.github.releases[record['id']]
+        self.assertEqual(SHA, self.github.tags['bukkit-beta'])
+        self.assertTrue(current['prerelease'])
+        self.assertFalse(current['draft'])
+        self.assertEqual('false', current['make_latest'])
+        self.assertEqual(set(self.assets), set(self.github.uploads[record['id']]))
+
+    def test_failed_beta_upload_preserves_tag_and_assets_in_recoverable_draft(self) -> None:
+        previous: dict = self.publication('beta', run=16, attempt=1, sha=OTHER_SHA, version='1.2.3-beta.16.1')
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(previous, {'old.jar': b'old'})
+        self.github.fail_upload = 'SHA256SUMS-1.2.3.txt'
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, self.github.tags['bukkit-beta'])
+        self.assertTrue(self.github.releases[record['id']]['draft'])
+        self.assertEqual(17, release.release_metadata(self.github.releases[record['id']])['run'])
+        self.assertIn('old.jar', self.github.uploads[record['id']])
+        self.assertFalse(any(method == 'DELETE' or path.startswith('git/refs')
+                             for method, path in self.github.writes))
+
+    def test_failed_beta_cleanup_resumes_without_reuploading_verified_assets(self) -> None:
+        previous: dict = self.publication('beta', run=16, attempt=1, sha=OTHER_SHA, version='1.2.3-beta.16.1')
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(previous, {'old.jar': b'old'})
+        self.github.fail_delete = self.github.uploads[record['id']]['old.jar']['id']
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        self.assertTrue(self.github.releases[record['id']]['draft'])
+        self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, self.github.tags['bukkit-beta'])
+        uploaded_ids: dict[str, int] = {name: self.github.uploads[record['id']][name]['id'] for name in self.assets}
+        self.github.fail_delete = None
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        self.assertFalse(self.github.releases[record['id']]['draft'])
+        self.assertEqual(SHA, self.github.tags['bukkit-beta'])
+        self.assertEqual(uploaded_ids, {name: entry['id'] for name, entry in self.github.uploads[record['id']].items()})
+
+    def test_incomplete_newer_beta_draft_blocks_older_run(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication('beta', run=18, sha=OTHER_SHA), {}, draft=True)
+        result: str = release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        self.assertIn('Skipped', result)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+        self.assertTrue(self.github.releases[1]['draft'])
+
+    def test_starter_upload_in_draft_is_replaced_before_publication(self) -> None:
+        self.github.seed(self.publication(), {'Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar': b''}, draft=True)
+        starter: dict = self.github.uploads[1]['Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar']
+        identifier: int = starter['id']
+        starter.update({'state': 'starter', 'digest': None})
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertFalse(self.github.releases[1]['draft'])
+        self.assertNotEqual(identifier, self.github.uploads[1]['Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar']['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(digest(b'jar'), self.github.uploads[1]['Example-1.2.3-bukkit.jar']['digest'])
+
+    def test_invalid_upload_digest_does_not_create_tag_or_publish(self) -> None:
+        self.github.invalid_receipt = True
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual({}, self.github.tags)
+        self.assertTrue(self.github.releases[1]['draft'])
+
+    def test_beta_will_not_replace_stable_or_immutable_release(self) -> None:
+        for immutable, prerelease in ((True, True), (False, False)):
+            with self.subTest(immutable=immutable, prerelease=prerelease):
+                github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+                record: dict = github.seed(self.publication('beta', run=16, sha=OTHER_SHA), self.assets,
+                                           immutable=immutable)
+                record['prerelease'] = prerelease
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.publish(github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+                self.assertEqual([], github.writes)
+
+    def test_unowned_existing_release_is_preserved(self) -> None:
+        record: dict = self.github.seed(self.publication(), self.assets)
+        record['body'] = 'Published manually'
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_beta_tag_without_release_is_preserved(self) -> None:
+        self.github.tags['bukkit-beta'] = OTHER_SHA
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication('beta'), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual([], self.github.writes)
+
+    def test_modded_stable_release_never_changes_latest(self) -> None:
+        self.github.latest = {'tag_name': 'v1.0.0'}
+        release.publish(self.github, {**self.config, 'platform': 'modded'}, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertFalse(self.github.releases[1]['prerelease'])
+        self.assertEqual('false', self.github.releases[1]['make_latest'])
+        self.assertEqual('v1.0.0', self.github.latest['tag_name'])
+
+    def test_bukkit_backport_does_not_replace_newer_latest(self) -> None:
+        for latest in ('v1.3.0', 'v2.0.0', 'v1.2.3'):
+            with self.subTest(latest=latest):
+                github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+                github.latest = {'tag_name': latest}
+                release.publish(github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+                self.assertEqual('false', github.releases[1]['make_latest'])
+                self.assertEqual(latest, github.latest['tag_name'])
+
+    def test_newer_bukkit_release_becomes_latest(self) -> None:
+        self.github.latest = {'tag_name': 'v1.2.2'}
+        release.publish(self.github, self.config, self.publication(), self.assets)
+        self.assertEqual('true', self.github.releases[1]['make_latest'])
+        self.assertEqual('v1.2.3', self.github.latest['tag_name'])
+
+
+class GitHubReadTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def test_annotated_tag_resolves_to_commit(self) -> None:
+        github: release.GitHub = release.GitHub('example/product', 'test-token')
+        responses: dict[str, dict] = {
+            'git/ref/tags/v1.2.3': {'object': {'type': 'tag', 'sha': OTHER_SHA}},
+            f'git/tags/{OTHER_SHA}': {'object': {'type': 'commit', 'sha': SHA}},
+        }
+        with patch.object(github, 'request', side_effect=lambda method, path, **options: responses[path]):
+            self.assertEqual(SHA, github.tag_commit('v1.2.3'))
+
+    def test_noncommit_tag_cannot_be_published(self) -> None:
+        github: release.GitHub = release.GitHub('example/product', 'test-token')
+        with patch.object(github, 'request', return_value={'object': {'type': 'tree', 'sha': SHA}}):
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                github.tag_commit('v1.2.3')
+
+    def test_assets_include_all_pages(self) -> None:
+        github: release.GitHub = release.GitHub('example/product', 'test-token')
+        first: list[dict] = [{'id': number, 'name': f'{number}.jar'} for number in range(100)]
+        last: list[dict] = [{'id': 100, 'name': 'last.jar'}]
+        with patch.object(github, 'request', side_effect=[first, last]):
+            self.assertEqual(first + last, github.assets(1))
+
+    def test_invalid_repository_is_rejected(self) -> None:
+        for repository in ('example', '../example/product', 'example/product/extra'):
+            with self.subTest(repository=repository), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                release.GitHub(repository, 'test-token')
+
+
+class DependencyResolutionTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def test_branch_resolves_to_full_commit_sha(self) -> None:
+        with patch.object(release.GitHub, 'request', return_value={'sha': SHA}) as request:
+            self.assertEqual(SHA, release.resolve_dependency('example/product', 'master', 'test-token'))
+        request.assert_called_once_with('GET', 'commits/master')
+
+    def test_full_commit_reference_is_verified(self) -> None:
+        with patch.object(release.GitHub, 'request', return_value={'sha': SHA}) as request:
+            self.assertEqual(SHA, release.resolve_dependency('example/product', SHA, 'test-token'))
+        request.assert_called_once_with('GET', f'commits/{SHA}')
+
+    def test_incomplete_or_invalid_resolved_sha_fails(self) -> None:
+        for sha in ('', 'a' * 39, 'a' * 41, 'A' * 40, 'g' * 40, 'master'):
+            with self.subTest(sha=sha), patch.object(release.GitHub, 'request', return_value={'sha': sha}):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.resolve_dependency('example/product', 'master', 'test-token')
+
+    def test_reference_is_encoded_as_single_url_path_component(self) -> None:
+        with patch.object(release.GitHub, 'request', return_value={'sha': SHA}) as request:
+            self.assertEqual(SHA, release.resolve_dependency('example/product', 'feature/next+release #?', 'test-token'))
+        request.assert_called_once_with('GET', 'commits/feature%2Fnext%2Brelease%20%23%3F')
+
+
+class MainTests(ReleaseTestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        super().setUp()
+        self.config.update({'volmlibRef': 'master', 'wormholesRef': 'release/api'})
+        (self.root / '.github').mkdir()
+        (self.root / '.github/release.json').write_text(json.dumps(self.config))
+        self.event['head_commit']['message'] = 'B+ Publish beta'
+        (self.root / 'event.json').write_text(json.dumps(self.event))
+        self.environment.update({
+            'GITHUB_EVENT_PATH': str(self.root / 'event.json'),
+            'GITHUB_OUTPUT': str(self.root / 'output.txt'),
+            'GITHUB_REPOSITORY': 'example/product',
+            'GH_TOKEN': 'test-token',
+        })
+        script = patch.object(release, '__file__', str(self.root / '.github/release.py'))
+        script.start()
+        self.addCleanup(script.stop)
+        output = patch('sys.stdout', new=io.StringIO())
+        output.start()
+        self.addCleanup(output.stop)
+
+    def test_plan_freezes_each_dependency_branch_once(self) -> None:
+        with patch.dict(release.os.environ, self.environment, clear=True), \
+                patch.object(release.sys, 'argv', ['release.py', 'plan']), \
+                patch.object(release.GitHub, 'request', side_effect=[{'sha': SHA}, {'sha': OTHER_SHA}]) as request:
+            release.main()
+        outputs: dict[str, str] = dict(line.split('=', 1) for line in (self.root / 'output.txt').read_text().splitlines())
+        self.assertEqual(SHA, outputs['volmlib_ref'])
+        self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, outputs['wormholes_ref'])
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3-beta.17.2', outputs['version'])
+        self.assertEqual('2', outputs['attempt'])
+        self.assertEqual(2, request.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(['commits/master', 'commits/release%2Fapi'], [call.args[1] for call in request.call_args_list])
+
+    def test_unmarked_push_never_resolves_dependencies(self) -> None:
+        self.event['head_commit']['message'] = 'Fix a bug'
+        (self.root / 'event.json').write_text(json.dumps(self.event))
+        with patch.dict(release.os.environ, self.environment, clear=True), \
+                patch.object(release.sys, 'argv', ['release.py', 'plan']), \
+                patch.object(release, 'resolve_dependency', side_effect=AssertionError('Unexpected dependency lookup')):
+            release.main()
+        self.assertEqual('channel=none\n', (self.root / 'output.txt').read_text())
+
+    def test_publish_rerun_uses_original_planned_attempt_and_dependency_commits(self) -> None:
+        publication: dict = self.publication('beta')
+        artifacts: Path = self.artifact_tree(publication)
+        github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+        self.environment.update({'GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT': '3', 'RELEASE_ATTEMPT': '2',
+                                  'RELEASE_VOLMLIB_REF': SHA, 'RELEASE_WORMHOLES_REF': OTHER_SHA})
+        with patch.dict(release.os.environ, self.environment, clear=True), \
+                patch.object(release.sys, 'argv', ['release.py', 'publish', '--artifacts', str(artifacts)]), \
+                patch.object(release, 'GitHub', return_value=github), \
+                patch.object(release, 'resolve_dependency', side_effect=AssertionError('Dependencies must stay frozen')):
+            release.main()
+            metadata: dict = release.release_metadata(github.releases[1])
+            self.assertEqual('1.2.3-beta.17.2', metadata['version'])
+            self.assertEqual(2, metadata['attempt'])
+            self.assertEqual(SHA, metadata['volmlib_ref'])
+            self.assertEqual(OTHER_SHA, metadata['wormholes_ref'])
+            self.assertFalse(github.releases[1]['draft'])
+            self.assertEqual({'Example-1.2.3-beta.17.2-bukkit.jar', 'SHA256SUMS-1.2.3-beta.17.2.txt'},
+                             set(github.uploads[1]))
+            writes: list[tuple[str, str]] = github.writes.copy()
+            release.os.environ['GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT'] = '4'
+            release.main()
+            self.assertEqual(writes, github.writes)
+
+    def test_publish_rejects_unresolved_dependency_reference_before_writing(self) -> None:
+        artifacts: Path = self.artifact_tree(self.publication('beta'))
+        github: FakeGitHub = FakeGitHub()
+        self.environment.update({'RELEASE_ATTEMPT': '2', 'RELEASE_VOLMLIB_REF': SHA,
+                                  'RELEASE_WORMHOLES_REF': OTHER_SHA})
+        for key in ('RELEASE_VOLMLIB_REF', 'RELEASE_WORMHOLES_REF'):
+            with self.subTest(key=key), \
+                    patch.dict(release.os.environ, {**self.environment, key: 'master'}, clear=True), \
+                    patch.object(release.sys, 'argv', ['release.py', 'publish', '--artifacts', str(artifacts)]), \
+                    patch.object(release, 'GitHub', return_value=github):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    release.main()
+                self.assertEqual([], github.writes)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+name: Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ['**']
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/**'
+      - '**/*.gradle'
+      - '**/gradle.properties'
+      - 'gradle/**/*.json'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+env:
+  PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE: '1'
+
+jobs:
+  validate:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Test release handling
+        run: python3 -m unittest discover -s .github -p 'test_release.py' -v
+
+  plan:
+    needs: validate
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      channel: ${{ steps.release.outputs.channel }}
+      version: ${{ steps.release.outputs.version }}
+      attempt: ${{ steps.release.outputs.attempt }}
+      version_property: ${{ steps.release.outputs.version_property }}
+      matrix: ${{ steps.release.outputs.matrix }}
+      volmlib_ref: ${{ steps.release.outputs.volmlib_ref }}
+      wormholes_ref: ${{ steps.release.outputs.wormholes_ref }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Select release channel and targets
+        id: release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: python3 .github/release.py plan
+
+  build:
+    needs: plan
+    if: needs.plan.outputs.channel != 'none'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 120
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: 3
+      matrix: ${{ fromJSON(needs.plan.outputs.matrix) }}
+    env:
+      ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_localVolmLibDirectory: ${{ github.workspace }}/VolmLib
+      RELEASE_VERSION: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.version }}
+      VERSION_PROPERTY: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.version_property }}
+      RELEASE_LOADER: ${{ matrix.loader }}
+      MINECRAFT_VERSION: ${{ matrix.minecraft }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out release sources
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          path: project
+          submodules: recursive
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Check out VolmLib
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          repository: VolmitSoftware/VolmLib
+          ref: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.volmlib_ref }}
+          path: VolmLib
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Check out Wormholes API sources
+        if: needs.plan.outputs.wormholes_ref != ''
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          repository: VolmitSoftware/Wormholes
+          ref: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.wormholes_ref }}
+          path: WormholesPlugin
+          submodules: recursive
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Set up Java 21 toolchain
+        uses: actions/setup-java@b843ebf9b913146b38da2eaa7aeddf76074ae1ad
+        with:
+          distribution: temurin
+          java-version: '21'
+      - name: Set up Java 25
+        uses: actions/setup-java@b843ebf9b913146b38da2eaa7aeddf76074ae1ad
+        with:
+          distribution: temurin
+          java-version: '25'
+      - uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@3f5f9adaf7d9fecd50b5935e54106014257a94e6
+      - name: Build Wormholes API
+        if: needs.plan.outputs.wormholes_ref != ''
+        working-directory: WormholesPlugin
+        run: ./gradlew apiJar --no-daemon --max-workers=2 '-Dorg.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2g -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8'
+      - name: Locate Wormholes API
+        if: needs.plan.outputs.wormholes_ref != ''
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          api_jars=(WormholesPlugin/build/libs/*-api.jar)
+          test "${#api_jars[@]}" -eq 1
+          test -f "${api_jars[0]}"
+          echo "ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_wormholesApiJar=$PWD/${api_jars[0]}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      - name: Build and verify release jar
+        working-directory: project
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          arguments=(prepareRelease --no-daemon --max-workers=2
+            '-Dorg.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx2g -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8'
+            "-P$VERSION_PROPERTY=$RELEASE_VERSION")
+          if [[ "$RELEASE_LOADER" != bukkit ]]; then
+            arguments+=("-PreleaseLoader=$RELEASE_LOADER" "-PminecraftVersion=$MINECRAFT_VERSION"
+              -PmoddedBuildParallelism=1 -PmoddedTestForks=1)
+          fi
+          ./gradlew "${arguments[@]}"
+      - name: Upload verified jar
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@cf430e030ddbb5b0abf93d22962f4752f3646cd9
+        with:
+          name: release-${{ matrix.id }}
+          path: project/build/release/*.jar
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 7
+          compression-level: 0
+
+  publish:
+    needs: [plan, build]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    concurrency:
+      group: release-publication
+      cancel-in-progress: false
+      queue: max
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Download complete release matrix
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@9000827ccba6bdab643e8b6fd33ac0654aef8333
+        with:
+          pattern: release-*
+          path: build/release-artifacts
+      - name: Publish verified release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          RELEASE_ATTEMPT: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.attempt }}
+          RELEASE_VOLMLIB_REF: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.volmlib_ref }}
+          RELEASE_WORMHOLES_REF: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.wormholes_ref }}
+        run: python3 .github/release.py publish --artifacts build/release-artifacts

README.md

@@ -248,34 +248,26 @@ which is what a board reader means.
 
 Requirements: JDK 25 (set `JAVA_HOME` to it). The Gradle wrapper handles everything else.
 
-```
+```sh
-./gradlew buildAllToOut
+./gradlew buildAll
 ```
 
-builds every platform artifact into the workspace-level `../PluginOuts/` directory: the Bukkit jar
+This builds and verifies the Bukkit plugin, API, SPI and the Fabric, Forge and NeoForge jars
-and a Fabric, Forge and NeoForge jar for every Minecraft version in `gradle/mod-targets.json`
+for every Minecraft version declared in `gradle/mod-targets.json`. Artifacts stay in the
-(1.21.1, 26.1.2, 26.2 and 26.3):
+producing module's `build/` directory. The packed Bukkit plugin is in `build/libs/`, the
+API is in `build/api/`, the SPI is in `spi/build/libs/`, and mod jars are in
+`adapters/<loader>/build/<minecraft>/libs/`.
 
-```
+Use `./gradlew buildBukkit` for the plugin, or `verify<Loader><mc>` for one mod jar,
-Iris v<version> [CraftBukkit] <mc>.jar
+for example `verifyFabric26_2` or `verifyNeoForge1_21_1`. `buildFabric`, `buildForge`
-Iris v<version> [Fabric] <mc>+<loader>.jar
+and `buildNeoforge` select the `minecraftVersion` Gradle property. `./gradlew checkAll`
-Iris v<version> [Forge] <mc>+<loader>.jar
+runs every check plus the complete mod matrix. Forge 1.21.1 compiles its tests because
-Iris v<version> [NeoForge] <mc>+<loader>.jar
+Forge 52 cannot bootstrap Minecraft outside FML.
-```
 
-Per-platform tasks: `./gradlew buildBukkit`, and `build<Loader><mc>` for one mod jar, for example
+Multiplexor reads `gradle/multiplexor.gradle` to discover targets and build each in a
-`buildFabric26_2` or `buildNeoForge1_21_1`. `buildFabric`, `buildForge` and `buildNeoforge` export the
+separate source sandbox. Use its project build and deployment commands to export jars
-26.3 jars. `./gradlew checkAll` runs every check, then builds and verifies all twelve mod jars and runs their
+or install them into managed test instances. Gradle builds do not copy artifacts to
-unit tests; Forge 1.21.1 only compiles its tests because Forge 52 cannot bootstrap Minecraft outside
+external destinations.
-FML. The
-SPI jar (the pure-JVM adapter/platform contract, not the stable plugin API) is built to `spi/build/libs/` by
-`./gradlew :spi:jar`.
-
-`./gradlew buildAll` also runs `buildAllToOut` and copies the jars into a consumer dropin tree
-for a local test server. The consumer directory defaults to `../../[Minecraft Server]/consumers/`
-when it exists, otherwise `build/consumers/` inside the repo. `-Plocation=/path/to/consumers`
-changes only the consumer directory. Both tasks copy every verified platform jar into
-`../PluginOuts/`.
 
 VolmLib is built from source when a `VolmLib` checkout sits beside the repo or in a parent directory
 (`VOLMLIB_DIR` or `-PlocalVolmLibDirectory=<path>` pick another one). Without one, or with

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_2_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/nativegen/NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest.java

@@ -245,9 +245,15 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
             for (int y = groundY + 1; y <= groundY + 32; y++) {
                 assertTrue("Roof at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isAir());
             }
-            for (int y = 12; y < groundY; y++) {
+            int supportY = x < 2 ? groundY - 33 : 12;
+            for (int y = supportY; y < groundY; y++) {
                 assertTrue("Missing foundation at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isSolid());
             }
+            if (x < 2) {
+                for (int y = 13; y < supportY; y++) {
+                    assertTrue("Cave beneath support at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isAir());
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -268,6 +274,57 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
         assertTrue(state(blocks, 0, groundY + 1, 0).isAir());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void flattenPreservesCavesBelowIntactGroundAtTheSkirtEdge() {
+        StructureStart start = desertStart();
+        int groundY = start.getBoundingBox().minY() - 1;
+        int x = start.getBoundingBox().maxX() + 23;
+        int z = start.getBoundingBox().minZ();
+        BoundingBox area = new BoundingBox(x, 0, z, x, 127, z);
+        Map<BlockPos, BlockState> blocks = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int y = groundY - 35; y <= groundY; y++) {
+            BlockState block = y >= groundY - 34 && y <= groundY - 13
+                    ? Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState() : Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState();
+            put(blocks, x, y, z, block);
+        }
+        put(blocks, x, groundY - 1, z, Blocks.DIRT.defaultBlockState());
+        put(blocks, x, groundY, z, Blocks.GRASS_BLOCK.defaultBlockState());
+        NativeStructureTerrainIntegrator.TerrainTarget target = surfaceTarget(start, StructureTerrainMode.FLATTEN);
+        ((IrisStructureTerrain) target.terrain()).setHorizontalPadding(24).setFlattenRange(64);
+
+        NativeStructureSurfaceFitter.prepareSurfaceStructures(world(blocks), area, List.of(target), (px, pz) -> groundY);
+
+        for (int y = groundY - 34; y <= groundY - 13; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Cave at " + y, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, x, y, z));
+        }
+        assertEquals(Blocks.DIRT.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, x, groundY - 1, z));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void flattenBridgesTheFoundationGapWithoutFillingACaveBelowItsSupport() {
+        StructureStart start = desertStart();
+        int groundY = start.getBoundingBox().minY() - 1;
+        BoundingBox area = new BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 127, 0);
+        Map<BlockPos, BlockState> blocks = new HashMap<>();
+        put(blocks, 0, groundY, 0, Blocks.GRASS_BLOCK.defaultBlockState());
+        for (int y = groundY - 11; y <= groundY - 9; y++) {
+            put(blocks, 0, y, 0, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState());
+        }
+        for (int y = groundY - 20; y <= groundY - 12; y++) {
+            put(blocks, 0, y, 0, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState());
+        }
+
+        NativeStructureSurfaceFitter.prepareSurfaceStructures(world(blocks), area,
+                List.of(surfaceTarget(start, StructureTerrainMode.FLATTEN)), (x, z) -> groundY);
+
+        for (int y = groundY - 8; y < groundY; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Foundation at " + y, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, 0, y, 0));
+        }
+        for (int y = groundY - 20; y <= groundY - 12; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Cave at " + y, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, 0, y, 0));
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void flattenLeavesBuriedAndSubmergedInstancesUntouched() {
         StructureStart start = desertStart();
@@ -619,10 +676,18 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
             for (int z = 0; z <= 8; z++) {
                 int groundY = plan.flattenedHeights().get(NativeStructureTemplateOccupancy.columnKey(x, z)) - 1;
                 assertTrue("Village grade at " + x + "," + z + ": " + groundY, groundY >= 64 && groundY <= 70);
-                for (int y = 20; y <= groundY; y++) {
+                boolean originalFoundation = (x == 0 || x == 8) && (z == 0 || z == 8);
+                int supportY = originalFoundation ? 63 : 20;
+                for (int y = supportY; y <= groundY; y++) {
                     assertTrue("Disconnected village ground at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
                             state(blocks, x, y, z).isSolid());
                 }
+                if (originalFoundation) {
+                    for (int y = 21; y < supportY; y++) {
+                        assertTrue("Cave beneath foundation at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
+                                state(blocks, x, y, z).isAir());
+                    }
+                }
                 for (int y = groundY + 1; y <= 96; y++) {
                     assertTrue("Roof remains above village at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
                             state(blocks, x, y, z).isAir());

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_2_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/platform/bukkit/nms/v26_2_R1/NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package art.arcane.iris.platform.bukkit.nms.v26_2_R1;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.v26_2_R1.terrain.NativeStructureWorldgenAccess;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.placement.IrisStructureTerrain;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockChangeSet;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.structure.StructureTerrainMode;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.terrain.NativeStructurePostProcessor;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.terrain.NativeStructureTerrainIntegrator;
@@ -230,8 +231,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter,
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                true,
+                true, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
         int x = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockX();
         int z = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockZ();
 
@@ -248,8 +250,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position::equals);
+                position::equals,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
 
         assertSame(Blocks.DIRT, access.getBlockState(position).getBlock());
         assertFalse(access.ensureCanWrite(position));
@@ -319,8 +322,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
     }
 
     private static ChunkPos generationCenter() {

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_2_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/structure/nativegen/NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.structure.nativegen.NativeStructureVolumeIndex;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.IrisEngine;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.NativeStructureVolume;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.StructureTerrainSettings;
 import art.arcane.iris.world.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import net.minecraft.SharedConstants;
@@ -69,7 +70,8 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
         StructureStart start = swampHut(0, 0, 4, 6);
         BoundingBox bounds = start.getPieces().getFirst().getBoundingBox();
 
-        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, start);
+        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, start,
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63);
 
         assertEquals(1, volumes.size());
         NativeStructureVolume volume = volumes.getFirst();
@@ -84,8 +86,10 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
 
     @Test
     public void invalidStartsContributeNoVolumes() {
-        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, StructureStart.INVALID_START));
+        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, StructureStart.INVALID_START,
-        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, null));
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63));
+        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, null,
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
         BlockingResolver coordination = new BlockingResolver();
         NativeStructureVolumeIndex.OriginResolver volumes = (engine, chunkX, chunkZ) ->
                 new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
-                        -256, 0, -256, 256, 255, 256));
+                        -256, 0, -256, 256, 255, 256, null));
         NativeStructureVolumeIndex index = NativeStructureVolumeIndex.forTesting((engine, chunkX, chunkZ) -> {
             coordination.volumesAt(engine, chunkX, chunkZ);
             return volumes.volumesAt(engine, chunkX, chunkZ);
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
                 terrain.join();
             }
             return new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
-                    -256, 0, -256, 256, 100, 256));
+                    -256, 0, -256, 256, 100, 256, null));
         });
         ExecutorService owner = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
         ForkJoinPool workers = new ForkJoinPool(2);
@@ -493,7 +497,13 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
     private static Map<?, ?> cache(NativeStructureVolumeIndex index, String name) throws Exception {
         Field field = NativeStructureVolumeIndex.class.getDeclaredField(name);
         field.setAccessible(true);
-        return (Map<?, ?>) field.get(index);
+        Object value = field.get(index);
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?> map) {
+            return map;
+        }
+        Field entries = value.getClass().getDeclaredField("entries");
+        entries.setAccessible(true);
+        return (Map<?, ?>) entries.get(value);
     }
 
     private static StructureStart swampHut(int chunkX, int chunkZ, int x, int z) {
@@ -544,7 +554,8 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
             if (chunkX != originChunkX || chunkZ != originChunkZ) {
                 return NativeStructureVolume.NONE;
             }
-            return NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, swampHut(chunkX, chunkZ, 4, 6));
+            return NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, swampHut(chunkX, chunkZ, 4, 6),
+                    StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63);
         }
     }
 
@@ -596,7 +607,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
             return new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(
                     chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
                     0, 0, 0,
-                    15, 255, 15));
+                    15, 255, 15, null));
         }
     }
     private record ScopedEngine(IrisEngine engine, AtomicInteger scopes) {

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_3_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/nativegen/NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest.java

@@ -245,9 +245,15 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
             for (int y = groundY + 1; y <= groundY + 32; y++) {
                 assertTrue("Roof at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isAir());
             }
-            for (int y = 12; y < groundY; y++) {
+            int supportY = x < 2 ? groundY - 33 : 12;
+            for (int y = supportY; y < groundY; y++) {
                 assertTrue("Missing foundation at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isSolid());
             }
+            if (x < 2) {
+                for (int y = 13; y < supportY; y++) {
+                    assertTrue("Cave beneath support at " + x + "," + y, state(blocks, x, y, 0).isAir());
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -268,6 +274,57 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
         assertTrue(state(blocks, 0, groundY + 1, 0).isAir());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void flattenPreservesCavesBelowIntactGroundAtTheSkirtEdge() {
+        StructureStart start = desertStart();
+        int groundY = start.getBoundingBox().minY() - 1;
+        int x = start.getBoundingBox().maxX() + 23;
+        int z = start.getBoundingBox().minZ();
+        BoundingBox area = new BoundingBox(x, 0, z, x, 127, z);
+        Map<BlockPos, BlockState> blocks = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int y = groundY - 35; y <= groundY; y++) {
+            BlockState block = y >= groundY - 34 && y <= groundY - 13
+                    ? Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState() : Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState();
+            put(blocks, x, y, z, block);
+        }
+        put(blocks, x, groundY - 1, z, Blocks.DIRT.defaultBlockState());
+        put(blocks, x, groundY, z, Blocks.GRASS_BLOCK.defaultBlockState());
+        NativeStructureTerrainIntegrator.TerrainTarget target = surfaceTarget(start, StructureTerrainMode.FLATTEN);
+        ((IrisStructureTerrain) target.terrain()).setHorizontalPadding(24).setFlattenRange(64);
+
+        NativeStructureSurfaceFitter.prepareSurfaceStructures(world(blocks), area, List.of(target), (px, pz) -> groundY);
+
+        for (int y = groundY - 34; y <= groundY - 13; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Cave at " + y, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, x, y, z));
+        }
+        assertEquals(Blocks.DIRT.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, x, groundY - 1, z));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void flattenBridgesTheFoundationGapWithoutFillingACaveBelowItsSupport() {
+        StructureStart start = desertStart();
+        int groundY = start.getBoundingBox().minY() - 1;
+        BoundingBox area = new BoundingBox(0, 0, 0, 0, 127, 0);
+        Map<BlockPos, BlockState> blocks = new HashMap<>();
+        put(blocks, 0, groundY, 0, Blocks.GRASS_BLOCK.defaultBlockState());
+        for (int y = groundY - 11; y <= groundY - 9; y++) {
+            put(blocks, 0, y, 0, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState());
+        }
+        for (int y = groundY - 20; y <= groundY - 12; y++) {
+            put(blocks, 0, y, 0, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState());
+        }
+
+        NativeStructureSurfaceFitter.prepareSurfaceStructures(world(blocks), area,
+                List.of(surfaceTarget(start, StructureTerrainMode.FLATTEN)), (x, z) -> groundY);
+
+        for (int y = groundY - 8; y < groundY; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Foundation at " + y, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, 0, y, 0));
+        }
+        for (int y = groundY - 20; y <= groundY - 12; y++) {
+            assertEquals("Cave at " + y, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState(), state(blocks, 0, y, 0));
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void flattenLeavesBuriedAndSubmergedInstancesUntouched() {
         StructureStart start = desertStart();
@@ -619,10 +676,18 @@ public class NativeStructurePostProcessorSurfaceTerrainTest {
             for (int z = 0; z <= 8; z++) {
                 int groundY = plan.flattenedHeights().get(NativeStructureTemplateOccupancy.columnKey(x, z)) - 1;
                 assertTrue("Village grade at " + x + "," + z + ": " + groundY, groundY >= 64 && groundY <= 70);
-                for (int y = 20; y <= groundY; y++) {
+                boolean originalFoundation = (x == 0 || x == 8) && (z == 0 || z == 8);
+                int supportY = originalFoundation ? 63 : 20;
+                for (int y = supportY; y <= groundY; y++) {
                     assertTrue("Disconnected village ground at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
                             state(blocks, x, y, z).isSolid());
                 }
+                if (originalFoundation) {
+                    for (int y = 21; y < supportY; y++) {
+                        assertTrue("Cave beneath foundation at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
+                                state(blocks, x, y, z).isAir());
+                    }
+                }
                 for (int y = groundY + 1; y <= 96; y++) {
                     assertTrue("Roof remains above village at " + x + "," + y + "," + z,
                             state(blocks, x, y, z).isAir());

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_3_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/platform/bukkit/nms/v26_3_R1/NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package art.arcane.iris.platform.bukkit.nms.v26_3_R1;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.v26_3_R1.terrain.NativeStructureWorldgenAccess;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.placement.IrisStructureTerrain;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockChangeSet;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.structure.StructureTerrainMode;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.v26_3_R1.terrain.NativeStructurePostProcessor;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.v26_3_R1.terrain.NativeStructureTerrainIntegrator;
@@ -230,8 +231,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter,
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                true,
+                true, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
         int x = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockX();
         int z = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockZ();
 
@@ -248,8 +250,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position::equals);
+                position::equals,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
 
         assertSame(Blocks.DIRT, access.getBlockState(position).getBlock());
         assertFalse(access.ensureCanWrite(position));
@@ -319,8 +322,9 @@ public class NativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
     }
 
     private static ChunkPos generationCenter() {

adapters/bukkit/nms/v26_3_R1/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/structure/nativegen/NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.structure.nativegen.NativeStructureVolumeIndex;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.IrisEngine;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.NativeStructureVolume;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.StructureTerrainSettings;
 import art.arcane.iris.world.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import net.minecraft.SharedConstants;
@@ -69,7 +70,8 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
         StructureStart start = swampHut(0, 0, 4, 6);
         BoundingBox bounds = start.getPieces().getFirst().getBoundingBox();
 
-        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, start);
+        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, start,
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63);
 
         assertEquals(1, volumes.size());
         NativeStructureVolume volume = volumes.getFirst();
@@ -84,8 +86,10 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
 
     @Test
     public void invalidStartsContributeNoVolumes() {
-        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, StructureStart.INVALID_START));
+        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, StructureStart.INVALID_START,
-        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, null));
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63));
+        assertNull(NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, null,
+                StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
         BlockingResolver coordination = new BlockingResolver();
         NativeStructureVolumeIndex.OriginResolver volumes = (engine, chunkX, chunkZ) ->
                 new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
-                        -256, 0, -256, 256, 255, 256));
+                        -256, 0, -256, 256, 255, 256, null));
         NativeStructureVolumeIndex index = NativeStructureVolumeIndex.forTesting((engine, chunkX, chunkZ) -> {
             coordination.volumesAt(engine, chunkX, chunkZ);
             return volumes.volumesAt(engine, chunkX, chunkZ);
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
                 terrain.join();
             }
             return new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
-                    -256, 0, -256, 256, 100, 256));
+                    -256, 0, -256, 256, 100, 256, null));
         });
         ExecutorService owner = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
         ForkJoinPool workers = new ForkJoinPool(2);
@@ -493,7 +497,13 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
     private static Map<?, ?> cache(NativeStructureVolumeIndex index, String name) throws Exception {
         Field field = NativeStructureVolumeIndex.class.getDeclaredField(name);
         field.setAccessible(true);
-        return (Map<?, ?>) field.get(index);
+        Object value = field.get(index);
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?> map) {
+            return map;
+        }
+        Field entries = value.getClass().getDeclaredField("entries");
+        entries.setAccessible(true);
+        return (Map<?, ?>) entries.get(value);
     }
 
     private static StructureStart swampHut(int chunkX, int chunkZ, int x, int z) {
@@ -544,7 +554,8 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
             if (chunkX != originChunkX || chunkZ != originChunkZ) {
                 return NativeStructureVolume.NONE;
             }
-            return NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, swampHut(chunkX, chunkZ, 4, 6));
+            return NativeStructureVolumeSource.appendPieces(null, STRUCTURE_KEY, swampHut(chunkX, chunkZ, 4, 6),
+                    StructureTerrainSettings.SOURCE, (x, z) -> 63);
         }
     }
 
@@ -596,7 +607,7 @@ public class NativeStructureVolumeIndexTest {
             return new KList<>(new NativeStructureVolume(
                     chunkX + ":" + chunkZ,
                     0, 0, 0,
-                    15, 255, 15));
+                    15, 255, 15, null));
         }
     }
     private record ScopedEngine(IrisEngine engine, AtomicInteger scopes) {

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/world/runtime/BukkitEnginePlatformHooks.java

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.world.runtime;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.api.world.IrisWorldPhase;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.ExternalDataSVC;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisServices;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockPoint;
 import art.arcane.iris.pack.datapack.ServerConfigurator;
 import art.arcane.iris.pack.datapack.DatapackIngestService;
 import art.arcane.iris.world.event.IrisEngineHotloadEvent;
@@ -51,6 +55,13 @@ import org.bukkit.World;
 import org.bukkit.WorldBorder;
 
 public final class BukkitEnginePlatformHooks implements EnginePlatformHooks {
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeCustomBlock(Engine engine, NativeBlockPoint position, CustomBlockOwnership.Entry entry) {
+        ExternalDataSVC service = IrisServices.getOrNull(ExternalDataSVC.class);
+        return service != null && service.removeGenerated(
+                BukkitWorldBinding.world(engine.getWorld()).getBlockAt(position.x(), position.y(), position.z()), entry);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public CompletableFuture<Void> flushSavedTerrainCapture(Engine engine) {
         return INMS.get().flushSavedTerrainCapture(BukkitWorldBinding.world(engine.getWorld()));

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-feature-pack/biomes/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "derivative": "minecraft:snowy_plains",
+  "vanillaDerivative": "minecraft:snowy_plains",
+  "layers": [
+    {
+      "minHeight": 1,
+      "maxHeight": 1,
+      "palette": [
+        {
+          "block": "minecraft:lime_wool"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "minHeight": 384,
+      "maxHeight": 384,
+      "palette": [
+        {
+          "block": "minecraft:green_concrete"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "generators": [
+    {
+      "generator": "flat",
+      "min": 96,
+      "max": 96
+    }
+  ],
+  "decorators": [
+    {
+      "palette": [
+        {
+          "block": "craftengine:default/flower_basket",
+          "data": {
+            "variant": "ground"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "chance": 1,
+      "forcePlace": true
+    }
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-feature-pack/dimensions/ce-native-feature-fixture.json

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+{
+  "name": "CraftEngine Imported Feature Fixture",
+  "version": 1,
+  "mode": {
+    "type": "OVERWORLD"
+  },
+  "regions": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "focusRegion": "flat",
+  "focus": "flat",
+  "landChance": 1,
+  "environment": "NORMAL",
+  "dimensionHeight": {
+    "min": -64,
+    "max": 320
+  },
+  "logicalHeight": 384,
+  "fluidHeight": 0,
+  "bedrock": false,
+  "rockPalette": {
+    "palette": [
+      {
+        "block": "minecraft:red_concrete"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "importedStructures": {
+    "disabled": [
+      "minecraft:"
+    ]
+  },
+  "importedFeatures": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "steps": [
+      "TOP_LAYER_MODIFICATION"
+    ]
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-feature-pack/generators/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "interpolator": {
+    "function": "NONE",
+    "horizontalScale": 1
+  },
+  "seed": 310,
+  "composite": [
+    {
+      "seed": 310,
+      "style": {
+        "style": "FLAT"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-feature-pack/regions/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "landBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "seaBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "shoreBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-fixture/build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+plugins {
+    id 'java'
+}
+
+version = '1.0.0'
+
+repositories {
+    mavenCentral()
+    maven { url = 'https://repo.papermc.io/repository/maven-public/' }
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    compileOnly files(providers.gradleProperty('irisJar').get())
+    compileOnly files(providers.gradleProperty('craftEngineJar').get())
+    compileOnly 'io.papermc.paper:paper-api:26.1.2.build.74-stable'
+}
+
+java {
+    toolchain.languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(25)
+}
+
+sourceSets {
+    main {
+        java.srcDirs = ['src']
+        resources.srcDirs = ['resources']
+    }
+}
+
+tasks.withType(JavaCompile).configureEach {
+    options.compilerArgs += '-parameters'
+}
+
+tasks.named('jar') {
+    archiveBaseName = 'IrisCraftEngineNativeFixture'
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-fixture/resources/plugin.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+name: IrisCraftEngineNativeFixture
+version: 1.0.0
+main: art.arcane.iris.fixture.CraftEngineNativeFixture
+api-version: '26.1.2'
+folia-supported: true
+depend: [Iris, CraftEngine]
+commands:
+  iriscenative:
+    permission: iriscenative.run
+permissions:
+  iriscenative.run:
+    default: op

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-fixture/settings.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rootProject.name = 'iris-craftengine-native-fixture'

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-fixture/src/art/arcane/iris/fixture/CraftEngineNativeFixture.java

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.fixture;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.IrisCustomData;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.TileData;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.DeferredPlacementRecords;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.ExternalDataSVC;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
+import art.arcane.iris.platform.generation.EngineBukkitOps;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisServices;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.IrisCreator;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.IrisToolbelt;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.storage.matter.TileWrapper;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.task.J;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockChangeSet;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.flag.MantleFlag;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineBlocks;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineFurniture;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.Key;
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.Chunk;
+import org.bukkit.GameMode;
+import org.bukkit.Location;
+import org.bukkit.Material;
+import org.bukkit.NamespacedKey;
+import org.bukkit.World;
+import org.bukkit.block.Block;
+import org.bukkit.block.data.BlockData;
+import org.bukkit.command.Command;
+import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Entity;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.java.JavaPlugin;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+public final class CraftEngineNativeFixture extends JavaPlugin {
+    private static final NamespacedKey WORLD_KEY = new NamespacedKey("iris", "ce_native_probe");
+    private static final NamespacedKey FEATURE_WORLD_KEY = new NamespacedKey("iris", "ce_native_feature_probe");
+    private static final int TEST_Y = 180;
+    private static final int TEST_Z = 8;
+    private static final String BLOCK_ID = "craftengine:default/topaz_ore";
+    private static final String FURNITURE_ID = "craftengine:default/flower_basket[variant=ground]";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean onCommand(CommandSender sender, Command command, String label, String[] arguments) {
+        if (!(sender instanceof Player player) || arguments.length != 1) {
+            sender.sendMessage("CE_FAILED Use /iriscenative prepare|pending|neighbor|loaded|features|restart from a player");
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (arguments[0].equals("prepare")) {
+            player.setGameMode(GameMode.CREATIVE);
+            prepare(player);
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (arguments[0].equals("features")) {
+            importedFeatures(player);
+            return true;
+        }
+        World world = Bukkit.getWorld(WORLD_KEY);
+        if (world == null) {
+            fail(player, new IllegalStateException("Fixture world has not been created"));
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (arguments[0].equals("restart")) {
+            loadChunks().thenCompose(ignored -> J.runRegionFuture(world, 0, 0,
+                    () -> later(player, world, () -> restarted(player, world))))
+                    .whenComplete((ignored, failure) -> {
+                        if (failure != null) {
+                            fail(player, failure);
+                        }
+                    });
+            return true;
+        }
+        J.runRegionFuture(world, 0, 0, () -> {
+            switch (arguments[0]) {
+                case "pending" -> pending(player, world);
+                case "neighbor" -> neighbor(player, world);
+                case "loaded" -> invalidateLoaded(player, world, IrisToolbelt.access(world).getEngine());
+                default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown fixture operation");
+            }
+        }).whenComplete((ignored, failure) -> {
+            if (failure != null) {
+                fail(player, failure);
+            }
+        });
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void prepare(Player player) {
+        CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
+            if (Bukkit.getWorld(WORLD_KEY) == null) {
+                try {
+                    new IrisCreator().name(WORLD_KEY.toString()).dimension("ce-native-fixture")
+                            .seed(78264193L).create();
+                } catch (Exception failure) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Could not create CraftEngine fixture world", failure);
+                }
+            }
+        }).thenCompose(ignored -> loadChunks()).thenCompose(ignored -> {
+            World world = Bukkit.getWorld(WORLD_KEY);
+            return J.runRegionFuture(world, 0, 0, () -> preparePlatform(world));
+        }).thenAccept(ignored -> {
+            World world = Bukkit.getWorld(WORLD_KEY);
+            if (!J.runEntity(player, () -> player.teleportAsync(new Location(world, 8.5, TEST_Y + 3, 8.5))
+                    .whenComplete((teleported, failure) -> {
+                        if (failure != null || !Boolean.TRUE.equals(teleported)) {
+                            fail(player, failure == null ? new IllegalStateException("Fixture teleport failed") : failure);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        player.sendMessage("CE_READY world=" + WORLD_KEY + " folia=" + J.isFolia());
+                    }))) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not schedule fixture teleport");
+            }
+        }).exceptionally(failure -> {
+            fail(player, failure);
+            return null;
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void importedFeatures(Player player) {
+        CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
+            if (Bukkit.getWorld(FEATURE_WORLD_KEY) == null) {
+                try {
+                    new IrisCreator().name(FEATURE_WORLD_KEY.toString()).dimension("ce-native-feature-fixture")
+                            .seed(78264193L).create();
+                } catch (Exception failure) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Could not create imported feature fixture world", failure);
+                }
+            }
+        }).thenCompose(ignored -> {
+            World world = Bukkit.getWorld(FEATURE_WORLD_KEY);
+            return world.getChunkAtAsync(0, 0, true);
+        }).thenCompose(chunk -> J.runRegionFuture(chunk.getWorld(), 0, 0, () -> {
+            World world = chunk.getWorld();
+            Engine engine = IrisToolbelt.access(world).getEngine();
+            int snow = 0;
+            int pending = 0;
+            for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+                for (int z = 0; z < 16; z++) {
+                    if (world.getBlockAt(x, 97, z).getType() == Material.SNOW) {
+                        snow++;
+                    }
+                    if (engine.getMantle().getMantle().get(x, 97 - engine.getMinHeight(), z, Identifier.class) != null) {
+                        pending++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            require(snow == 256, "Imported snow feature did not cover all 256 test columns: " + snow);
+            require(pending == 0, "Imported feature left pending furniture records: " + pending);
+            for (Entity entity : chunk.getEntities()) {
+                require(!CraftEngineFurniture.isFurniture(entity), "Imported snow feature left generated furniture");
+            }
+            if (!J.runEntity(player, () -> player.teleportAsync(new Location(world, 8.5, 101, 8.5))
+                    .whenComplete((teleported, failure) -> {
+                        if (failure != null || !Boolean.TRUE.equals(teleported)) {
+                            fail(player, failure == null ? new IllegalStateException("Feature world teleport failed") : failure);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        player.sendMessage("CE_FEATURES snow=256 pending=0 furniture=0");
+                    }))) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not schedule feature world teleport");
+            }
+        })).exceptionally(failure -> {
+            fail(player, failure);
+            return null;
+        });
+    }
+
+    private CompletableFuture<Void> loadChunks() {
+        World world = Bukkit.getWorld(WORLD_KEY);
+        require(world != null && IrisToolbelt.isIrisWorld(world), "Fixture must use a real Iris world");
+        List<CompletableFuture<Void>> chunks = new ArrayList<>(15);
+        for (int x = -1; x <= 3; x++) {
+            for (int z = -1; z <= 1; z++) {
+                chunks.add(world.getChunkAtAsync(x, z, true).thenCompose(chunk ->
+                        J.runRegionFuture(world, chunk.getX(), chunk.getZ(), () -> chunk.addPluginChunkTicket(this))));
+            }
+        }
+        return CompletableFuture.allOf(chunks.toArray(CompletableFuture[]::new));
+    }
+
+    private void preparePlatform(World world) {
+        require(CraftEngineBlocks.byId(Key.of("default:topaz_ore")) != null, "CraftEngine default block is missing");
+        require(CraftEngineFurniture.byId(Key.of("default:flower_basket")) != null, "CraftEngine furniture is missing");
+        for (int chunkX = 0; chunkX <= 2; chunkX++) {
+            for (Entity entity : world.getChunkAt(chunkX, 0).getEntities()) {
+                if (CraftEngineFurniture.isFurniture(entity)) {
+                    CraftEngineFurniture.remove(entity, false, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (int x = 0; x <= 47; x++) {
+            for (int z = 2; z <= 14; z++) {
+                world.getBlockAt(x, TEST_Y - 1, z).setType(Material.STONE, false);
+                for (int y = TEST_Y; y <= TEST_Y + 5; y++) {
+                    world.getBlockAt(x, y, z).setType(Material.AIR, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void pending(Player player, World world) {
+        Engine engine = IrisToolbelt.access(world).getEngine();
+        Mantle<Matter> mantle = engine.getMantle().getMantle();
+        queue(engine, world, 2, BLOCK_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 4, BLOCK_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 6, BLOCK_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 8, BLOCK_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 10, FURNITURE_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 12, FURNITURE_ID);
+        Block chest = world.getBlockAt(14, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        chest.setType(Material.CHEST, false);
+        mantle.set(14, TEST_Y - engine.getMinHeight(), TEST_Z, new TileWrapper(TileData.getTileState(chest, false)));
+        world.getBlockAt(4, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setType(Material.AIR, false);
+        world.getBlockAt(6, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setType(Material.COBBLESTONE, false);
+
+        NativeBlockChangeSet changes = DeferredPlacementRecords.track(engine, bounds(world));
+        changes.add(8, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        changes.add(12, TEST_Y - 1, TEST_Z);
+        changes.add(12, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        changes.add(14, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        world.getBlockAt(8, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setType(Material.AIR, false);
+        world.getBlockAt(12, TEST_Y - 1, TEST_Z).setType(Material.AIR, false);
+        chest.setType(Material.COBBLESTONE, false);
+        DeferredPlacementRecords.invalidate(engine, changes);
+        require(record(engine, 8, Identifier.class) == null, "Native cut retained a pending custom record");
+        require(record(engine, 12, Identifier.class) == null, "Flatten column retained pending furniture");
+        require(record(engine, 14, TileWrapper.class) == null, "Native wall retained pending chest data");
+        require(record(engine, 2, Identifier.class) != null, "Native writes invalidated an untouched custom record");
+        replay(engine, world, 0);
+        CustomBlockOwnership ownership = record(engine, 10, CustomBlockOwnership.class);
+        require(record(engine, 2, Identifier.class) == null, "Custom materialization did not consume pending records");
+        require(CraftEngineBlocks.isCustomBlock(world.getBlockAt(2, TEST_Y, TEST_Z)), "Intact custom block was not placed");
+        require(world.getBlockAt(4, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).getType().isAir(), "Cut custom block was resurrected");
+        require(world.getBlockAt(6, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).getType() == Material.COBBLESTONE, "Custom block replaced native wall");
+        require(world.getBlockAt(8, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).getType().isAir(), "Invalidated custom block was resurrected");
+        require(chest.getType() == Material.COBBLESTONE, "Chest data replaced native wall");
+        later(player, world, () -> {
+            int intactFurniture = furnitureAt(world, 10);
+            require(intactFurniture == 1, "Intact furniture count is " + intactFurniture
+                    + "; pending=" + record(engine, 10, Identifier.class)
+                    + "; ownership=" + ownership
+                    + "; chunkEntities=" + world.getChunkAt(0, 0).getEntities().length);
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 12) == 0, "Flattened furniture was resurrected");
+            player.sendMessage("CE_PENDING intact=1 air=1 wall=1 invalidated=1 flatten=1 chest=1 furniture=1");
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void neighbor(Player player, World world) {
+        Engine engine = IrisToolbelt.access(world).getEngine();
+        queue(engine, world, 18, FURNITURE_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 20, FURNITURE_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 22, FURNITURE_ID);
+        queue(engine, world, 42, FURNITURE_ID);
+        replay(engine, world, 1);
+        replay(engine, world, 2);
+        world.getBlockAt(40, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setType(Material.DIAMOND_BLOCK, false);
+        later(player, world, () -> {
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 18) == 1 && furnitureAt(world, 20) == 1
+                    && furnitureAt(world, 22) == 1, "Neighbor furniture did not materialize");
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 42) == 1 && record(engine, 42, CustomBlockOwnership.class) != null,
+                    "Regeneration target furniture did not materialize with saved ownership");
+            if (!J.runEntity(player, () -> player.teleportAsync(new Location(world, 40.5, TEST_Y + 3, TEST_Z + 0.5))
+                    .whenComplete((teleported, failure) -> {
+                        if (failure != null || !Boolean.TRUE.equals(teleported)) {
+                            fail(player, failure == null ? new IllegalStateException("Regeneration target teleport failed") : failure);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        player.sendMessage("CE_NEIGHBOR_READY chunk=2,0 furniture=3 target=1");
+                    }))) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not schedule regeneration target teleport");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void invalidateLoaded(Player player, World world, Engine engine) {
+        require(world.getBlockAt(40, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).getType().isAir(), "Adjacent target chunk did not regenerate");
+        require(furnitureAt(world, 18) == 1 && furnitureAt(world, 20) == 1
+                && furnitureAt(world, 22) == 1, "Neighbor furniture did not materialize");
+        NativeBlockChangeSet changes = DeferredPlacementRecords.track(engine, bounds(world));
+        changes.add(18, TEST_Y - 1, TEST_Z);
+        changes.add(18, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        changes.add(22, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        world.getBlockAt(18, TEST_Y - 1, TEST_Z).setType(Material.AIR, false);
+        world.getBlockAt(18, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setType(Material.COBBLESTONE, false);
+        DeferredPlacementRecords.invalidate(engine, changes);
+        require(CraftEngineFurniture.place(new Location(world, 22.5, TEST_Y, TEST_Z + 0.5),
+                Key.of("default:flower_basket"), "ground", false) != null,
+                "Could not place replacement furniture before scheduled cleanup");
+        later(player, world, () -> {
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 42) == 0, "Regeneration retained target chunk furniture");
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 18) == 0, "Native write left materialized neighbor furniture");
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 20) == 1, "Native write removed untouched neighbor furniture");
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 22) == 1, "Native cleanup removed replacement furniture or retained the old one");
+            require(world.getBlockAt(18, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).getType() == Material.COBBLESTONE,
+                    "Furniture cleanup replaced the native wall");
+            player.sendMessage("CE_LOADED removed=1 untouched=1 replacement=1 wall=1 target=1");
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void restarted(Player player, World world) {
+        require(furnitureAt(world, 20) == 1, "Generated neighbor furniture did not survive restart");
+        require(furnitureAt(world, 10) == 1, "Untouched furniture did not survive restart");
+        Engine engine = IrisToolbelt.access(world).getEngine();
+        NativeBlockChangeSet changes = DeferredPlacementRecords.track(engine, bounds(world));
+        changes.add(20, TEST_Y, TEST_Z);
+        DeferredPlacementRecords.invalidate(engine, changes);
+        later(player, world, () -> {
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 20) == 0, "Persisted furniture ownership was not invalidated after restart");
+            require(furnitureAt(world, 10) == 1, "Restart cleanup removed untouched furniture");
+            player.sendMessage("CE_RESTART removed=1 untouched=1");
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void queue(Engine engine, World world, int x, String identifier) {
+        ExternalDataSVC service = IrisServices.get(ExternalDataSVC.class);
+        BlockData data = service.getBlockData(Identifier.fromString(identifier)).orElseThrow();
+        require(data instanceof IrisCustomData, "Iris did not resolve real CraftEngine content: " + identifier);
+        IrisCustomData custom = (IrisCustomData) data;
+        world.getBlockAt(x, TEST_Y, TEST_Z).setBlockData(custom.getBase(), false);
+        engine.getMantle().getMantle().set(x, TEST_Y - engine.getMinHeight(), TEST_Z, custom.getCustom());
+    }
+
+    private <T> T record(Engine engine, int x, Class<T> type) {
+        return engine.getMantle().getMantle().get(x, TEST_Y - engine.getMinHeight(), TEST_Z, type);
+    }
+
+    private void replay(Engine engine, World world, int chunkX) {
+        Mantle<Matter> mantle = engine.getMantle().getMantle();
+        for (int x = chunkX - 1; x <= chunkX + 1; x++) {
+            for (int z = -1; z <= 1; z++) {
+                require(world.isChunkLoaded(x, z), "Replay neighbor is not loaded: " + x + "," + z);
+            }
+        }
+        require(mantle.isLoaded(world.getChunkAt(chunkX, 0)), "Replay mantle chunk is not loaded: " + chunkX);
+        mantle.flag(chunkX, 0, MantleFlag.ETCHED, false);
+        mantle.flag(chunkX, 0, MantleFlag.TILE, false);
+        mantle.flag(chunkX, 0, MantleFlag.CUSTOM, false);
+        EngineBukkitOps.updateChunk(engine, world.getChunkAt(chunkX, 0), mantle);
+    }
+
+    private int furnitureAt(World world, int x) {
+        int count = 0;
+        for (Entity entity : world.getChunkAt(x >> 4, TEST_Z >> 4).getEntities()) {
+            Location location = entity.getLocation();
+            if (location.getBlockX() == x && location.getBlockY() == TEST_Y && location.getBlockZ() == TEST_Z
+                    && CraftEngineFurniture.getLoadedFurnitureByMetaEntity(entity) != null) {
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    private void later(Player player, World world, Runnable assertion) {
+        Bukkit.getRegionScheduler().runDelayed(this, new Location(world, 8, TEST_Y, TEST_Z), task -> {
+            try {
+                assertion.run();
+            } catch (Throwable failure) {
+                fail(player, failure);
+            }
+        }, 20);
+    }
+
+    private NativeBlockChangeSet.Bounds bounds(World world) {
+        return new NativeBlockChangeSet.Bounds(-1, -1, 3, 1, world.getMinHeight(), world.getMaxHeight() - world.getMinHeight());
+    }
+
+    private void require(boolean condition, String message) {
+        if (!condition) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void fail(CommandSender sender, Throwable failure) {
+        getLogger().log(Level.SEVERE, "CraftEngine native placement assertion failed", failure);
+        sender.sendMessage("CE_FAILED " + failure.getMessage());
+    }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-pack/biomes/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "derivative": "minecraft:plains",
+  "vanillaDerivative": "minecraft:plains",
+  "layers": [
+    {
+      "minHeight": 1,
+      "maxHeight": 1,
+      "palette": [
+        {
+          "block": "minecraft:lime_wool"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "minHeight": 384,
+      "maxHeight": 384,
+      "palette": [
+        {
+          "block": "minecraft:green_concrete"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "generators": [
+    {
+      "generator": "flat",
+      "min": 96,
+      "max": 96
+    }
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-pack/dimensions/ce-native-fixture.json

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "name": "CraftEngine Native Fixture",
+  "version": 1,
+  "mode": {
+    "type": "OVERWORLD"
+  },
+  "regions": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "focusRegion": "flat",
+  "focus": "flat",
+  "landChance": 1,
+  "environment": "NORMAL",
+  "dimensionHeight": {
+    "min": -64,
+    "max": 320
+  },
+  "logicalHeight": 384,
+  "fluidHeight": 0,
+  "bedrock": false,
+  "rockPalette": {
+    "palette": [
+      {
+        "block": "minecraft:red_concrete"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "importedStructures": {
+    "disabled": [
+      "minecraft:"
+    ]
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-pack/generators/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "interpolator": {
+    "function": "NONE",
+    "horizontalScale": 1
+  },
+  "seed": 310,
+  "composite": [
+    {
+      "seed": 310,
+      "style": {
+        "style": "FLAT"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-pack/regions/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "landBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "seaBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ],
+  "shoreBiomes": [
+    "flat"
+  ]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native-restart.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-craftengine-native-restart',
+  description: 'Verify persisted generated furniture ownership after a full server restart.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(context.server.directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'CraftEngine regression requires an isolated instance')
+    await context.step('native writes remove persisted ownership after restart', async () => {
+      const response = await context.command('/iriscenative restart', /CE_RESTART|CE_FAILED/, 60000)
+      context.expect(response.includes('CE_RESTART removed=1 untouched=1'), response)
+    })
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/ce-native.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-craftengine-native',
+  description: 'Verify deferred native invalidation and loaded neighbor cleanup with real Iris and CraftEngine.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(context.server.directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'CraftEngine regression requires an isolated instance')
+    await context.step('create and enter a real Iris world with CraftEngine content', async () => {
+      const response = await context.command('/iriscenative prepare', /CE_READY|CE_FAILED/, 180000)
+      context.expect(response.includes('CE_READY'), response)
+    })
+    await context.step('native writes remove pending block, chest, and flatten furniture records', async () => {
+      const response = await context.command('/iriscenative pending', /CE_PENDING|CE_FAILED/, 60000)
+      context.expect(response.includes('CE_PENDING intact=1 air=1 wall=1 invalidated=1 flatten=1 chest=1 furniture=1'), response)
+      await context.waitUntil(() => {
+        const origin = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+        const cut = context.bot.blockAt(origin.set(4, 180, 8))
+        const wall = context.bot.blockAt(origin.set(6, 180, 8))
+        const invalidated = context.bot.blockAt(origin.set(8, 180, 8))
+        const chest = context.bot.blockAt(origin.set(14, 180, 8))
+        return cut?.name === 'air' && wall?.name === 'cobblestone'
+          && invalidated?.name === 'air' && chest?.name === 'cobblestone'
+      }, { label: 'Client observes retained native air and walls', timeoutMs: 30000, intervalMs: 100 })
+    })
+    await context.step('regeneration removes target furniture and preserves neighbor ownership', async () => {
+      const ready = await context.command('/iriscenative neighbor', /CE_NEIGHBOR_READY|CE_FAILED/, 30000)
+      context.expect(ready.includes('CE_NEIGHBOR_READY chunk=2,0 furniture=3 target=1'), ready)
+      const regenerated = await context.command('/iris developer regen radius=0', /Regen complete:|Regen failed:/, 90000)
+      context.expect(regenerated.includes('Regen complete:'), regenerated)
+      const response = await context.command('/iriscenative loaded', /CE_LOADED|CE_FAILED/, 30000)
+      context.expect(response.includes('CE_LOADED removed=1 untouched=1 replacement=1 wall=1 target=1'), response)
+    })
+    await context.step('imported snow features replace generated furniture records', async () => {
+      const response = await context.command('/iriscenative features', /CE_FEATURES|CE_FAILED/, 180000)
+      context.expect(response.includes('CE_FEATURES snow=256 pending=0 furniture=0'), response)
+      await context.waitUntil(() => {
+        const position = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+        for (let x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+          for (let z = 0; z < 16; z++) {
+            if (context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x, 97, z))?.name !== 'snow') return false
+          }
+        }
+        return true
+      }, { label: 'Client observes 256 imported snow layers', timeoutMs: 30000, intervalMs: 100 })
+    })
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/native-terrain-support.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const world = 'native-terrain-support'
+const air = new Set(['air', 'cave_air', 'void_air'])
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-native-terrain-support',
+  description: 'Verify native terrain fitting preserves buried caves and excludes trees from lowered ground.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const bot = context.bot
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(context.server.directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'Requires an isolated instance')
+    const position = bot.entity.position.clone()
+    const at = (x, y, z) => bot.blockAt(position.clone().set(x, y, z))
+    const teleport = async (x, y, z) => {
+      await context.command(`/minecraft:tp @s ${x + 0.5} ${y} ${z + 0.5}`, /Teleported/i, 60000)
+      await context.waitUntil(() => Math.abs(bot.entity.position.x - x - 0.5) < 1
+        && Math.abs(bot.entity.position.z - z - 0.5) < 1 && at(x, y, z),
+      { label: 'Coordinate chunk received', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 100 })
+    }
+    await context.step('enter the seeded overworld', async () => {
+      if (context.options.command !== 'reuse') {
+        await context.command(`/iris create name=${world} type=overworld seed=1337`,
+          /Successfully created your world/i, 240000)
+      }
+      await context.command(`/iris tp ${world}`)
+      await context.waitUntil(async () => {
+        const snapshot = await context.observe()
+        const player = snapshot.players.find(entry => entry.username === bot.username)
+        return snapshot.worlds.some(entry => entry.id === player?.world && entry.name.endsWith(world))
+      }, { label: 'Entered seeded overworld', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      await context.command('/minecraft:gamemode spectator @s', /Spectator Mode/i)
+      await context.command('/minecraft:seed', /Seed:.*1337/)
+    })
+    await context.step('preserve caves beneath the ruined portal terrain skirt', async () => {
+      await teleport(995, 44, -3611)
+      await context.waitUntil(() => at(990, 43, -3626) && at(992, 43, -3627),
+        { label: 'Cave columns received', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      for (const [x, z, bottom, top] of [[990, -3626, 33, 54], [992, -3627, 34, 55]]) {
+        for (let y = bottom; y <= top; y++) {
+          const block = at(x, y, z)
+          context.expect(block && air.has(block.name), 'Native terrain fitting filled a buried cave',
+            { x, y, z, material: block?.name })
+        }
+        await context.command(`/execute if block ${x} 43 ${z} minecraft:cave_air run say CAVE_PRESERVED_${x}`,
+          new RegExp(`CAVE_PRESERVED_${x}`))
+      }
+    })
+    await context.step('exclude the pine whose support is removed by village grading', async () => {
+      await teleport(-2601, 174, -7063)
+      await context.waitUntil(() => at(-2601, 167, -7063),
+        { label: 'Pine column received', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      const block = at(-2601, 167, -7063)
+      context.expect(air.has(block.name), 'Tree remains above terrain removed by native grading',
+        { x: -2601, y: 167, z: -7063, material: block.name })
+      await context.command('/execute if block -2601 167 -7063 minecraft:air run say PINE_EXCLUDED',
+        /PINE_EXCLUDED/)
+    })
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/object-scaling-pack/biomes/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "derivative": "minecraft:plains",
+  "vanillaDerivative": "minecraft:plains",
+  "layers": [
+    {"minHeight": 1, "maxHeight": 1, "palette": [{"block": "minecraft:lime_wool"}]},
+    {"minHeight": 128, "maxHeight": 128, "palette": [{"block": "minecraft:stone"}]}
+  ],
+  "generators": [{"generator": "flat", "min": 32, "max": 32}],
+  "objects": [{
+    "place": ["smolshroom1"],
+    "chance": 1,
+    "density": 8,
+    "mode": "ORGANIC_STILT",
+    "rotation": {"enabled": false},
+    "scale": {"size": 0.75, "interpolation": "NONE"},
+    "translate": {"y": 6},
+    "stiltSettings": {"organicMaxScan": 8, "organicJitter": 0, "organicScratch": 0}
+  }]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/object-scaling-pack/dimensions/object-scaling-fixture.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "name": "Object Scaling Fixture",
+  "version": 1,
+  "mode": {"type": "OVERWORLD"},
+  "regions": ["flat"],
+  "focusRegion": "flat",
+  "focus": "flat",
+  "landChance": 1,
+  "environment": "NORMAL",
+  "dimensionHeight": {"min": 0, "max": 128},
+  "logicalHeight": 128,
+  "fluidHeight": 0,
+  "bedrock": false,
+  "caveProfile": {"enabled": false}
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/object-scaling-pack/generators/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "seed": 310,
+  "interpolator": {"function": "NONE", "horizontalScale": 1},
+  "composite": [{"seed": 310, "style": {"style": "FLAT"}}]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/object-scaling-pack/regions/flat.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "name": "Flat",
+  "landBiomes": ["flat"],
+  "seaBiomes": ["flat"],
+  "shoreBiomes": ["flat"]
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/object-scaling.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
+import { readFile, realpath } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-object-scaling',
+  description: 'Verify fractional mushroom scaling retains its cap and uses its stem for organic supports.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const directory = await realpath(context.server.directory)
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'Object scaling requires an isolated instance')
+    const pack = await realpath(path.join(directory, 'plugins', 'Iris', 'packs', 'object-scaling-fixture'))
+    context.expect(pack.startsWith(`${directory}${path.sep}`), 'Object scaling requires a local fixture pack')
+    const object = await readFile(path.join(pack, 'objects', 'smolshroom1.iob'))
+    const objectHash = createHash('sha256').update(object).digest('hex')
+    const biome = JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(pack, 'biomes', 'flat.json'), 'utf8'))
+    const surfaceY = biome.generators[0].min
+    const originalStemY = surfaceY + biome.objects[0].translate.y
+    const expectedCapY = originalStemY + 1
+    const maximumExtension = biome.objects[0].stiltSettings.organicMaxScan
+    context.expect(surfaceY === 32 && expectedCapY === 39 && maximumExtension === 8,
+      'Expected the bounded organic support fixture', { surfaceY, expectedCapY, maximumExtension })
+    const world = context.options.command ?? 'object_scaling_probe'
+    context.expect(/^[a-z0-9_]+$/.test(world), 'Fixture world name must be a simple identifier')
+    await context.step('create the fractional mushroom fixture world', async () => {
+      const response = await context.command(`/iris create name=${world} type=object-scaling-fixture seed=1337`,
+        /Successfully created your world|World ready|Failed to create|Exception raised/i, 180000)
+      context.expect(/Successfully created your world|World ready/i.test(response), response)
+      await context.command(`/iris tp ${world}`)
+      await context.waitUntil(async () => {
+        const observation = await context.observe()
+        const player = observation.players.find(entry => entry.username === context.bot.username)
+        const current = observation.worlds.find(entry => entry.id === player?.world)
+        return current?.key === `iris:${world}` || current?.name.endsWith(world)
+      }, { label: 'Enter the scaling fixture world', timeoutMs: 60000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      await context.command('/minecraft:gamemode spectator @s')
+      await context.waitUntil(() => context.bot.game.gameMode === 'spectator',
+        { label: 'Spectator mode', timeoutMs: 30000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      await context.command('/minecraft:tp @s 0.5 48 0.5', /Teleported/i, 30000)
+    })
+    const columns = []
+    await context.step('client sees one cap and continuous stem supports', async () => {
+      const position = context.bot.entity.position.clone()
+      await context.waitUntil(() => {
+        if (Math.abs(context.bot.entity.position.x - 0.5) > 1
+          || Math.abs(context.bot.entity.position.z - 0.5) > 1) return false
+        for (const x of [-16, 0, 16, 31]) {
+          for (const z of [-16, 0, 16, 31]) {
+            for (const y of [0, 32, 63]) {
+              if (!context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x, y, z))) return false
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        return true
+      }, { label: 'Complete mushroom fixture chunks', timeoutMs: 60000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      for (let x = -16; x < 32; x++) {
+        for (let z = -16; z < 32; z++) {
+          const caps = []
+          const stems = []
+          for (let y = 1; y < 63; y++) {
+            const block = context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x, y, z))
+            context.expect(block !== null, 'Every sampled mushroom block must be loaded', { x, y, z })
+            if (block.name === 'red_mushroom_block') caps.push(y)
+            if (block.name === 'mushroom_stem') stems.push(y)
+          }
+          if (caps.length === 0) continue
+          context.expect(caps.length === 1, 'Mushroom cap was copied into its stem or support', { x, z, caps })
+          const capY = caps[0]
+          context.expect(capY === expectedCapY, 'Fractional scaling changed the expected mushroom height',
+            { x, z, capY, expectedCapY })
+          const bottomY = stems[0]
+          const stemBlocks = stems.length
+          context.expect(bottomY >= originalStemY - maximumExtension && bottomY <= surfaceY + 1,
+            'Mushroom support must reach the surface within its configured extension limit',
+            { x, z, capY, bottomY, surfaceY, maximumExtension, stems })
+          context.expect(stemBlocks === capY - bottomY
+            && stems.every((y, index) => y === bottomY + index),
+          'Scaled mushroom must have a continuous stem from its cap to the ground', { x, z, capY, stems })
+          const supportY = bottomY - 1
+          const support = context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x, supportY, z))?.name
+          const above = context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x, capY + 1, z))?.name
+          context.expect(support === (supportY === surfaceY ? 'lime_wool' : 'stone'),
+            'Mushroom stem must terminate on the fixture terrain', { x, z, capY, supportY, support })
+          context.expect(above === 'air', 'Scaled mushroom has unexpected blocks above its cap', { x, z, capY, above })
+          columns.push({ x, z, surfaceY, capY, bottomY, stemBlocks,
+            buriedStemBlocks: Math.max(0, surfaceY - bottomY + 1) })
+        }
+      }
+      context.expect(columns.length >= 8, 'Expected at least eight scaled mushroom columns', { columns })
+    })
+    await context.step('server confirms the sampled stem and cap materials', async () => {
+      for (const [index, column] of columns.slice(0, 8).entries()) {
+        const { x, z, surfaceY, capY, bottomY } = column
+        const marker = `IRIS_SCALING_OK_${index}`
+        await context.command(`/minecraft:execute if block ${x} ${surfaceY + 1} ${z} minecraft:mushroom_stem`
+          + ` if block ${x} ${bottomY} ${z} minecraft:mushroom_stem`
+          + ` if block ${x} ${capY} ${z} minecraft:red_mushroom_block run minecraft:say ${marker}`,
+        new RegExp(marker), 10000)
+      }
+    })
+    context.report.objectScaling = { world, scale: 0.75, object: 'smolshroom1', objectHash,
+      surfaceY, maximumExtension, checkedColumns: columns.length,
+      serverConfirmedColumns: Math.min(8, columns.length), columns }
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/seed-selection.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
+import { readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const worlds = [
+  { name: 'seed-selection-default', seed: '1337', argument: '' },
+  { name: 'seed-selection-positive', seed: '78264193', argument: ' seed=78264193' },
+  { name: 'seed-selection-negative', seed: '-734829104958217364', argument: ' seed=-734829104958217364' },
+  { name: 'seed-selection-zero', seed: '0', argument: ' seed=0' }
+]
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-seed-selection',
+  description: 'Verify omitted, positive, negative, and zero creation seeds against visible terrain and a cold restart.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(context.server.directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'Seed selection requires an isolated instance')
+    const wait = (predicate, label) => context.waitUntil(predicate, { label, timeoutMs: 60000, intervalMs: 100 })
+    const restart = context.options.command === 'restart-check'
+    const stateFile = path.join(context.server.directory, '.seed-selection.json')
+    const saved = restart ? JSON.parse(await readFile(stateFile, 'utf8')) : undefined
+    const jarHash = createHash('sha256').update(await readFile(path.join(context.server.directory, 'plugins', 'Iris.jar'))).digest('hex')
+    const processId = (await context.observe()).processId
+    if (restart) {
+      context.expect(saved.processId !== processId, 'Restart-check requires a cold server restart')
+      context.expect(saved.jarHash === jarHash, 'Restart-check requires the same Iris jar')
+    }
+    const outputs = {}
+    for (const world of worlds) {
+      await context.step(`${restart ? 'Reload' : 'Create'} ${world.name} with seed ${world.seed}`, async () => {
+        if (!restart) {
+          await context.command(`/iris create name=${world.name} type=cohesion${world.argument}`,
+            /Successfully created your world/i, 180000)
+        }
+        await context.command(`/iris tp ${world.name}`)
+        await wait(async () => {
+          const observation = await context.observe()
+          const player = observation.players.find(entry => entry.username === context.bot.username)
+          const current = observation.worlds.find(entry => entry.id === player?.world)
+          return current?.key === `iris:${world.name}` || current?.name.endsWith(world.name)
+        }, `Enter ${world.name}`)
+        await context.command('/minecraft:gamemode spectator @s')
+        await wait(() => context.bot.game.gameMode === 'spectator', 'Spectator mode')
+        await context.command('/minecraft:seed', new RegExp(`Seed:\\s*\\[?${world.seed}\\]?(?:\\s|$)`))
+        const x = 1024
+        const z = -1024
+        await context.command(`/minecraft:tp @s ${x + 8.5} 48 ${z + 8.5}`, /Teleported/i, 30000)
+        await wait(() => Math.abs(context.bot.entity.position.x - x - 8.5) < 1
+          && Math.abs(context.bot.entity.position.z - z - 8.5) < 1, 'Sample teleport')
+        const position = context.bot.entity.position.clone()
+        await wait(() => context.bot.blockAt(position.clone().set(x, 0, z))
+          && context.bot.blockAt(position.clone().set(x + 15, 63, z + 15)), 'Complete sample chunk')
+        const digest = createHash('sha256')
+        let stone = 0
+        for (let dx = 0; dx < 16; dx++) {
+          for (let dz = 0; dz < 16; dz++) {
+            for (let y = 0; y < 64; y++) {
+              const block = context.bot.blockAt(position.set(x + dx, y, z + dz))
+              context.expect(block !== null, 'Missing sampled block', { x: x + dx, y, z: z + dz })
+              digest.update(`${block.stateId},`)
+              if (block.name === 'stone') stone++
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        context.expect(stone > 1000, 'Fixture terrain was not generated', { world: world.name, stone })
+        const blocks = digest.digest('hex')
+        outputs[world.name] = { seed: world.seed, blocks }
+        if (restart) {
+          context.expect(saved.worlds[world.name].seed === world.seed, 'Seed expectation changed after restart')
+          context.expect(saved.worlds[world.name].blocks === blocks, 'Persisted terrain changed after restart',
+            { world: world.name, before: saved.worlds[world.name].blocks, after: blocks })
+        }
+      })
+    }
+    const signatures = new Set(Object.values(outputs).map(output => output.blocks))
+    context.expect(signatures.size === worlds.length, 'Different requested seeds generated identical sample chunks', outputs)
+    context.report.seedSelection = { restart, jarHash, worlds: outputs }
+    if (!restart) {
+      await writeFile(stateFile, JSON.stringify({ processId, jarHash, worlds: outputs }))
+    }
+  }
+}

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/test/gameplay/tree-grounding.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { readFile, realpath } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+
+const nonGround = new Set(['air', 'cave_air', 'void_air', 'water', 'lava', 'nether_wart_block', 'warped_wart_block'])
+const chunkOffsets = [-56, -40, -24, -8, 8, 24, 40, 56]
+
+function isWood(block) {
+  return block !== null && /_(wood|hyphae|log|stem)$/.test(block.name)
+}
+
+function isGround(block) {
+  return block !== null && block.boundingBox === 'block' && !nonGround.has(block.name)
+    && !block.name.endsWith('_leaves') && !isWood(block)
+}
+
+function positionKey(position) {
+  return `${position.x},${position.y},${position.z}`
+}
+
+function groundSpread(bot, base) {
+  const heights = []
+  for (const x of [-3, 0, 3]) {
+    for (const z of [-3, 0, 3]) {
+      for (let y = base.y + 6; y >= base.y - 8; y--) {
+        if (!isGround(bot.blockAt(base.offset(x, y - base.y, z)))) continue
+        heights.push(y)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return heights.length === 9 ? Math.max(...heights) - Math.min(...heights) : null
+}
+
+function inspectTrees(context) {
+  const bot = context.bot
+  const center = bot.entity.position.floored()
+  const woodIds = Object.values(bot.registry.blocksByName).filter(isWood).map(block => block.id)
+  const positions = bot.findBlocks({ matching: woodIds, point: center, maxDistance: 64, count: 20000 })
+  const columns = new Map()
+  for (const position of positions) {
+    const key = `${position.x},${position.z}`
+    if (!columns.has(key)) columns.set(key, [])
+    columns.get(key).push(position)
+  }
+  const trees = []
+  for (const column of columns.values()) {
+    column.sort((first, second) => first.y - second.y)
+    const base = column[0]
+    const height = column[column.length - 1].y - base.y + 1
+    if (column.length < 8 || height < 8 || column.length / height < 0.65) continue
+    if (column.some(position => position.distanceTo(center) >= 60)) continue
+    if (![0, 1, 2, 3].every(y => isWood(bot.blockAt(base.offset(0, y, 0))))) continue
+    const upperGaps = []
+    for (let y = base.y; y < base.y + height; y++) {
+      const block = bot.blockAt(base.offset(0, y - base.y, 0))
+      if (block === null || !isWood(block)) upperGaps.push({ y, block: block?.name ?? null })
+    }
+    const grounded = isGround(bot.blockAt(base.offset(0, -1, 0)))
+    const spread = groundSpread(bot, base)
+    trees.push({ base: { x: base.x, y: base.y, z: base.z }, woodBlocks: column.length,
+      height, grounded, terrainSpread: spread, upperGaps })
+  }
+  return trees
+}
+
+export default {
+  name: 'iris-tree-grounding',
+  description: 'Verify grounded spindle bases, continuous overlapping trunks, and paired pack geometry.',
+  async run(context) {
+    const directory = await realpath(context.server.directory)
+    const source = await readFile(path.join(directory, '.server-source'), 'utf8')
+    context.expect(/^isolated=true\s*$/m.test(source), 'Tree generation requires an isolated instance')
+    const packs = await realpath(path.join(directory, 'plugins', 'Iris', 'packs'))
+    context.expect(packs.startsWith(`${directory}${path.sep}`), 'Tree tests require local pack copies')
+    context.report.treeWorlds = []
+    context.report.treeGrounding = []
+    context.report.treeContinuity = []
+    for (const pack of ['overworld', 'underworld']) {
+      const dimension = JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(packs, pack, 'dimensions', `${pack}.json`), 'utf8'))
+      context.expect(dimension.focus === 'estranged/spindlewood', 'Pack must focus on spindlewood', { pack })
+      await context.step(`create ${pack} spindle world`, async () => {
+        const world = `tree_${pack}_${Date.now().toString(36)}`
+        const response = await context.command(`/iris create name=${world} type=${pack} seed=78264193`,
+          /Successfully created your world|Failed to create/, 240000)
+        context.expect(response.includes('Successfully created your world'), response)
+        context.report.treeWorlds.push({ pack, name: world, seed: 78264193, biome: dimension.focus })
+        if (context.bot.game.gameMode !== 'spectator') {
+          await context.command('/minecraft:gamemode spectator', /spectator/i, 30000)
+        }
+        await context.waitUntil(() => context.bot.game.gameMode === 'spectator',
+          { label: 'Spectator mode for terrain inspection', timeoutMs: 30000, intervalMs: 100 })
+      })
+      await context.step(`${pack} trees connect to flat and sloped terrain`, async () => {
+        const origin = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+        const inspected = new Map()
+        for (const offset of [0, 80, 160]) {
+          await context.command(`/minecraft:tp @s ${origin.x + offset + 0.5} ${origin.y + 12} ${origin.z + 0.5}`,
+            /Teleported/i, 30000)
+          await context.waitUntil(() => {
+            const center = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+            if (Math.abs(center.x - origin.x - offset) > 1) return false
+            return chunkOffsets.every(x => chunkOffsets.every(z => context.bot.blockAt(center.offset(x, 0, z)) !== null))
+          }, { label: 'Complete terrain neighborhood', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 250 })
+          const trees = inspectTrees(context)
+          for (const tree of trees) {
+            context.expect(tree.grounded, 'Generated spindle trunk base has no terrain connection', { pack, ...tree })
+            inspected.set(positionKey(tree.base), tree)
+          }
+          if (inspected.size >= 8 && [...inspected.values()].some(tree => tree.terrainSpread >= 2)) break
+        }
+        const trees = [...inspected.values()]
+        const sloped = trees.filter(tree => tree.terrainSpread >= 2)
+        context.expect(trees.length >= 8, 'Expected at least eight generated spindle trunk bases', { pack, trees })
+        context.expect(sloped.length > 0, 'Expected a grounded tree on uneven terrain', { pack, trees })
+        context.report.treeGrounding.push({ pack, trees: trees.length, sloped: sloped.length, samples: trees })
+      })
+      await context.step(`${pack} overlapping canopy preserves the seeded main trunk`, async () => {
+        await context.command('/minecraft:tp @s 0.5 88 0.5', /Teleported/i, 30000)
+        await context.waitUntil(() => {
+          const center = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+          return Math.abs(center.x) < 2 && Math.abs(center.z) < 2
+            && context.bot.blockAt(center.offset(-7 - center.x, 69 - center.y, 6 - center.z)) !== null
+        }, { label: 'Seeded trunk neighborhood', timeoutMs: 90000, intervalMs: 250 })
+        const center = context.bot.entity.position.floored()
+        const blocks = []
+        for (let y = 69; y <= 83; y++) {
+          const block = context.bot.blockAt(center.offset(-7 - center.x, y - center.y, 6 - center.z))
+          context.expect(isWood(block), 'Overlapping canopy interrupted the seeded main trunk',
+            { pack, x: -7, y, z: 6, block: block?.name ?? null })
+          blocks.push({ y, block: block.name })
+        }
+        context.report.treeContinuity.push({ pack, x: -7, z: 6, blocks })
+      })
+    }
+    await context.step('paired packs retain matching sampled tree geometry', async () => {
+      const geometry = context.report.treeGrounding.map(result => result.samples.map(tree => ({
+        base: tree.base, woodBlocks: tree.woodBlocks, height: tree.height, terrainSpread: tree.terrainSpread
+      })).sort((first, second) => positionKey(first.base).localeCompare(positionKey(second.base))))
+      context.expect(JSON.stringify(geometry[0]) === JSON.stringify(geometry[1]),
+        'Paired spindle packs produced different sampled geometry', { geometry })
+    })
+  }
+}

adapters/fabric/build.gradle

@@ -58,10 +58,11 @@ IrisFileOperations irisFileOperations = objects.newInstance(IrisFileOperations)
 
 apply from: file('../../gradle/modded-generation-build-revision.gradle')
 apply from: file('../../gradle/volmlib-stamp.gradle')
+apply from: file('../../gradle/java21-runtime-exclusions.gradle')
 
 Properties rootProperties = new Properties()
 file('../../gradle.properties').withInputStream { InputStream stream -> rootProperties.load(stream) }
-String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.4'))
+String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.5'))
 String minecraftVersion = providers.gradleProperty('minecraftVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('minecraftVersion', '26.3'))
 String fabricLoaderVersion = providers.gradleProperty('fabricLoaderVersion').getOrElse(irisModTarget.fabricLoader.toString())
 Closure<String> irisArtifactName = { String platform, String targetVersion ->
@@ -322,8 +323,7 @@ tasks.named('shadowJar', ShadowJar).configure {
     configurations = [project.configurations.named('bundle').get()]
     mergeServiceFiles()
     if ((int) irisModTarget.java == 21) {
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/NativeBillowLoader*.class')
+        exclude(java21RuntimeExclusions)
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/BillowBatch*.class')
     }
     exclude('META-INF/maven/**')
     exclude('META-INF/proguard/**')

adapters/fabric/settings.gradle

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ plugins {
 
 rootProject.name = 'iris-fabric'
 
+apply from: new File(settingsDir, '../../gradle/runtime-cache.settings.gradle').canonicalFile
+
 dependencyResolutionManagement {
     versionCatalogs {
         libs {

adapters/forge/build.gradle

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
  */
 
 import com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins.shadow.tasks.ShadowJar
+import net.minecraftforge.gradle.shadow.net.minecraftforge.gradleutils.shared.EnhancedPlugin
 import org.gradle.api.file.DeleteSpec
 import org.gradle.api.file.FileCopyDetails
 import org.gradle.api.file.FileSystemOperations
@@ -56,12 +57,24 @@ IrisFileOperations irisFileOperations = objects.newInstance(IrisFileOperations)
 
 apply from: file('../../gradle/modded-generation-build-revision.gradle')
 apply from: file('../../gradle/volmlib-stamp.gradle')
+apply from: file('../../gradle/java21-runtime-exclusions.gradle')
 
 Properties rootProperties = new Properties()
 file('../../gradle.properties').withInputStream { InputStream stream -> rootProperties.load(stream) }
-String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.4'))
+String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.5'))
 String minecraftVersion = providers.gradleProperty('minecraftVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('minecraftVersion', '26.3'))
 String forgeVersion = providers.gradleProperty('forgeVersion').getOrElse(irisModTarget.forge.toString())
+String buildLane = gradle.extensions.extraProperties.has('irisBuildLane')
+    ? gradle.extensions.extraProperties.get('irisBuildLane').toString() : null
+if (buildLane != null) {
+    File laneCache = providers.gradleProperty('multiplexorSandbox').getOrElse('false').toBoolean()
+        ? new File(gradle.gradleUserHomeDir, "caches/iris-forge/${buildLane}")
+        : file(".gradle/iris-lanes/${buildLane}")
+    plugins.withType(EnhancedPlugin).configureEach { EnhancedPlugin<?> forgePlugin ->
+        forgePlugin.globalCaches().set(new File(laneCache, 'forgegradle'))
+    }
+    minecraft.mavenizerOutput.set(new File(laneCache, 'mavenizer/repo'))
+}
 Closure<String> loaderDisplayVersion = { String loaderVersion ->
     String coordinatePrefix = "${minecraftVersion}-"
     if (loaderVersion.startsWith(coordinatePrefix)) {
@@ -161,7 +174,9 @@ configurations.testRuntimeClasspath.extendsFrom(configurations.runtimeClasspath,
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation minecraft.dependency("net.minecraftforge:forge:${forgeVersion}")
+    implementation(buildLane == null
+        ? minecraft.dependency("net.minecraftforge:forge:${forgeVersion}")
+        : minecraft.dependency("iris-${buildLane}", "net.minecraftforge:forge:${forgeVersion}"))
     testImplementation('junit:junit:4.13.2')
     testImplementation('org.mockito:mockito-core:5.23.0')
     testImplementation(testFixtures('art.arcane:core'))
@@ -295,8 +310,7 @@ tasks.named('shadowJar', ShadowJar).configure {
     from(sourceSets.main.output)
     mergeServiceFiles()
     if ((int) irisModTarget.java == 21) {
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/NativeBillowLoader*.class')
+        exclude(java21RuntimeExclusions)
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/BillowBatch*.class')
     }
     exclude('META-INF/maven/**')
     exclude('META-INF/proguard/**')

adapters/forge/settings.gradle

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ plugins {
 
 rootProject.name = 'iris-forge'
 
+apply from: new File(settingsDir, '../../gradle/runtime-cache.settings.gradle').canonicalFile
+
 dependencyResolutionManagement {
     versionCatalogs {
         libs {

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/IrisModdedChunkGenerator.java

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeModdedChunkGenera
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeGeneratorContext;
 
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
 
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeModdedStructureStage;
 import art.arcane.iris.world.safeguard.GenerationRefusalNotice;
@@ -829,12 +831,12 @@ public final class IrisModdedChunkGenerator implements NativeGeneratorOwner, Nat
         importedFeatures.invalidate();
     }
 
-    public void updateRegeneratedChunk(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+    public void updateRegeneratedChunk(Mantle<Matter> mantle, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
         ModdedChunkUpdateService service = ModdedEngineBootstrap.services().service(ModdedChunkUpdateService.class);
         if (service == null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Iris chunk update service is unavailable during regeneration");
         }
-        service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine(), boundLevel(), chunkX, chunkZ);
+        service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine(), boundLevel(), mantle, chunkX, chunkZ);
     }
 
     public NativeBiomeResolver regenBiomeResolver() {

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/ModdedNativeStructurePolicy.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package art.arcane.iris.modded;
 
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.StructureStagePolicy;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.DeferredPlacementRecords;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.terrain.IrisMaterialPalette;
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.nativegen.GenerationWritePolicy;
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.nativegen.IrisStructurePolicy;
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.structure.nativegen.StructureLocateSearch;
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.placement.IrisStructureLocator;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeModdedStructureStage;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.terrain.NativeStructureVolumeSource;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockChangeSet;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockPositionPredicate;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.StructureLocateSearchAccess;
@@ -107,6 +109,16 @@ final class ModdedNativeStructurePolicy implements NativeModdedStructureStage.Po
                 context.getDimensionStackContext(), context.getMinHeight());
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public NativeBlockChangeSet trackBlockChanges(Engine context, NativeBlockChangeSet.Bounds bounds) {
+        return DeferredPlacementRecords.track(context, bounds);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void invalidateBlockChanges(Engine context, NativeBlockChangeSet changes) {
+        DeferredPlacementRecords.invalidate(context, changes);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public IntBinaryOperator surfaceHeight(Engine context) {
         return (x, z) -> Engine.hostHeight(context, x, z, true) + context.getMinHeight();

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/api/ModdedCustomContentRegistry.java

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.modded.api;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedIrisLog;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.ModdedBlockState;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeBlockPlacement;
@@ -297,11 +299,11 @@ public final class ModdedCustomContentRegistry {
      * consulted for that position. An unparseable key or no matching provider is logged and skipped. Called on the
      * server thread with the chunk loaded.
      */
-    public static void processBlockPlacement(Engine engine, String key, Supplier<NativeBlockPlacement> placement) {
+    public static CustomBlockOwnership.Entry processBlockPlacement(Engine engine, String key, Supplier<NativeBlockPlacement> placement) {
         String base = parseIdentifier(key);
         if (base == null) {
             ModdedIrisLog.warn("Iris deferred custom block placement rejected invalid id {}", key);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         Map<String, String> state = parseState(key);
         for (ModdedDataProvider provider : PROVIDERS) {
@@ -309,14 +311,33 @@ public final class ModdedCustomContentRegistry {
                 continue;
             }
             try {
-                provider.processBlockPlacement(new ModdedBlockPlacementContext(
+                String token = provider.processBlockPlacement(new ModdedBlockPlacementContext(
                         engine, placement.get(), base, state));
+                int properties = key.indexOf('[');
+                String qualifiedKey = base.replace(':', '/') + (properties < 0 ? "" : key.substring(properties));
+                return token == null ? null : new CustomBlockOwnership.Entry(
+                        new Identifier(provider.modId(), qualifiedKey), token, false);
             } catch (Throwable error) {
                 ModdedIrisLog.error("Iris custom content provider '{}' failed post-placement for {}", provider.modId(), key, error);
             }
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         ModdedIrisLog.warn("Iris deferred custom block placement has no provider for {}", key);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean removeGenerated(Engine engine, CustomBlockOwnership.Entry entry,
+                                          Supplier<NativeBlockPlacement> placement) {
+        for (ModdedDataProvider provider : PROVIDERS) {
+            if (provider.modId().equals(entry.identifier().namespace()) && provider.isReady()) {
+                String storedKey = entry.identifier().key();
+                int separator = storedKey.indexOf('/');
+                String key = storedKey.substring(0, separator) + ":" + storedKey.substring(separator + 1);
+                return provider.removeGenerated(new ModdedBlockPlacementContext(
+                        engine, placement.get(), parseIdentifier(key), parseState(key)), entry.token());
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/api/ModdedDataProvider.java

@@ -95,7 +95,12 @@ public interface ModdedDataProvider {
      * Called on the server thread, once per deferred position, by the first provider that claims the identifier -
      * later providers are not consulted for that position. Only fires for states returned as deferred.
      */
-    default void processBlockPlacement(ModdedBlockPlacementContext context) {
+    default String processBlockPlacement(ModdedBlockPlacementContext context) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    default boolean removeGenerated(ModdedBlockPlacementContext context, String token) {
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/command/ModdedPregenMethod.java

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedGenPool;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
 
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.function.LongSupplier;
 
 public final class ModdedPregenMethod implements PregeneratorMethod {
     private static final int ADAPTIVE_TIMEOUT_STEP = 3;
@@ -68,8 +70,14 @@ public final class ModdedPregenMethod implements PregeneratorMethod {
     private final int timeoutSeconds;
     private final PregenMantleBackpressure backpressure;
     private final PauseWhenEmptyGuard pauseGuard;
+    private final LongSupplier clock;
 
     public ModdedPregenMethod(Configuration configuration) {
+        this(configuration, System::nanoTime);
+    }
+
+    ModdedPregenMethod(Configuration configuration, LongSupplier clock) {
+        this.clock = Objects.requireNonNull(clock);
         runtime = configuration.runtime();
         engine = configuration.engine();
         sync = configuration.sync();
@@ -178,7 +186,7 @@ public final class ModdedPregenMethod implements PregeneratorMethod {
         if (sync || runtime.isServerThread()) {
             return;
         }
-        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds)
+        long deadline = clock.getAsLong() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds)
                 + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(FINAL_SAVE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
         boolean interrupted = false;
         try {
@@ -186,7 +194,7 @@ public final class ModdedPregenMethod implements PregeneratorMethod {
                 if (finalSaveOnServerThread.get() || !runtime.isRunning()) {
                     return;
                 }
-                if (System.nanoTime() >= deadline) {
+                if (clock.getAsLong() >= deadline) {
                     throw new IllegalStateException("Iris pregen chunk callbacks did not finish for "
                             + runtime.worldIdentity() + ": " + inFlight.get() + " pending");
                 }
@@ -263,14 +271,14 @@ public final class ModdedPregenMethod implements PregeneratorMethod {
     }
 
     private void awaitFinalSave(FinalSaveRequest request) {
-        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(FINAL_SAVE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
+        long deadline = clock.getAsLong() + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(FINAL_SAVE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
         boolean interrupted = false;
         try {
             while (true) {
                 if (deferFinalSaveIfRequested()) {
                     return;
                 }
-                long remainingNanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
+                long remainingNanos = deadline - clock.getAsLong();
                 if (remainingNanos <= 0L) {
                     ModdedIrisLog.warn("Iris pregen level save did not complete in time for {}", runtime.worldIdentity());
                     return;

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/command/ModdedRegen.java

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedIrisLog;
 import art.arcane.iris.world.WorldMaintenance;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.EngineMantle;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.DeferredPlacementRecords;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.IrisModdedChunkGenerator;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedBlockBuffer;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
@@ -36,6 +37,9 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeCommandSource;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeChunkRegeneration;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeProtocolPlayer;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
@@ -110,10 +114,12 @@ public final class ModdedRegen {
 
     private void resetMantleMargin() {
         EngineMantle engineMantle = engine.getMantle();
+        Mantle<Matter> mantle = engineMantle.getMantle();
         int margin = radius + Math.max(engineMantle.getRadius(), engineMantle.getRealRadius()) + 1;
         for (int dx = -margin; dx <= margin; dx++) {
             for (int dz = -margin; dz <= margin; dz++) {
-                engineMantle.getMantle().deleteChunk(centerX + dx, centerZ + dz);
+                DeferredPlacementRecords.resetMantleChunk(mantle, centerX + dx, centerZ + dz,
+                        Math.abs(dx) <= radius && Math.abs(dz) <= radius);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -199,10 +205,21 @@ public final class ModdedRegen {
     }
 
     private void apply(int chunkX, int chunkZ, ModdedBlockBuffer blocks, Hunk<NativeBiome> biomes) {
+        Mantle<Matter> mantle = engine.getMantle().getMantle();
         regeneration.apply(new NativeChunkRegeneration.Replacement(chunkX, chunkZ,
                         engine.getMinHeight(), engine.getMaxHeight() - engine.getMinHeight(),
                         blocks::rawOrNull, generator.regenBiomeResolver()),
-                () -> generator.updateRegeneratedChunk(chunkX, chunkZ));
+                () -> completeReplacement(mantle, chunkX, chunkZ));
+    }
+
+    private void completeReplacement(Mantle<Matter> mantle, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        MantleChunk<Matter> records = mantle.useChunk(chunkX, chunkZ);
+        try {
+            DeferredPlacementRecords.invalidateCustomBlockOwnership(records);
+        } finally {
+            records.release();
+        }
+        generator.updateRegeneratedChunk(mantle, chunkX, chunkZ);
     }
 
     private void ok(String message) {

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedChunkUpdateService.java

@@ -28,13 +28,17 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeBlockProperties;
 import art.arcane.iris.configuration.IrisSettings;
 import art.arcane.iris.studio.view.PregeneratorJob;
 import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.DeferredPlacementRecords;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.cache.Cache;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.TileData;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.decoration.IrisProceduralBlocks;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.IrisModdedChunkGenerator;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedBlockResolution;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedLootApplier;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedTileData;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedBlockData;
 import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedCustomContentRegistry;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeBlockPlacement;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
@@ -50,6 +54,8 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.PrecisionStopwatch;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeModdedServer;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
 
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
@@ -162,8 +168,8 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
                 updatePassChunk(engine, level, (int) chunkKey, (int) (chunkKey >> 32)));
     }
 
-    public void updateRegeneratedChunk(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+    public void updateRegeneratedChunk(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, Mantle<Matter> mantle, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
-        updateChunk(engine, level, chunkX, chunkZ, false);
+        updateChunk(engine, level, mantle, chunkX, chunkZ, false);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -172,7 +178,7 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
      */
     private void updatePassChunk(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
         try {
-            updateChunk(engine, level, chunkX, chunkZ, true);
+            updateChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), chunkX, chunkZ, true);
         } catch (Throwable failure) {
             if (engine.isClosed() || engine.getMantle().getMantle().isClosed()) {
                 throw failure;
@@ -184,7 +190,8 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateChunk(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, int chunkX, int chunkZ, boolean requireNeighbors) {
+    private void updateChunk(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, Mantle<Matter> mantle,
+                             int chunkX, int chunkZ, boolean requireNeighbors) {
         if (requireNeighbors) {
             for (int x = -1; x <= 1; x++) {
                 for (int z = -1; z <= 1; z++) {
@@ -195,11 +202,11 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
             }
         }
 
-        Mantle<Matter> mantle = engine.getMantle().getMantle();
         if (!mantle.isChunkLoaded(chunkX, chunkZ)) {
             warmupMantleChunk(mantle, chunkX, chunkZ);
             return;
         }
+        DeferredPlacementRecords.removeInvalidated(engine, mantle, chunkX, chunkZ);
         if (mantle.hasFlag(chunkX, chunkZ, MantleFlag.ETCHED)) {
             return;
         }
@@ -225,30 +232,51 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
         int baseX = chunkX << 4;
         int baseZ = chunkZ << 4;
         int minHeight = engine.getWorld().minHeight();
-        materializeDeferredSlice(chunk, TileWrapper.class, () ->
+        materializeDeferredSlice(chunk, TileWrapper.class, () -> {
-                chunk.iterate(TileWrapper.class, (Integer x, Integer yf, Integer z, TileWrapper v) -> {
+            for (DeferredPlacementRecords.Pending<TileWrapper> record : DeferredPlacementRecords.snapshot(chunk, TileWrapper.class)) {
-                    int y = yf + minHeight;
+                if (!DeferredPlacementRecords.isPending(chunk, TileWrapper.class, record)) {
-                    if (y < level.minHeight() || y >= level.maxHeight() - 1) {
+                    continue;
-                        return;
                 }
-                    applyTile(level, baseX + (x & 15), y, baseZ + (z & 15), v.getData());
+                NativeBlockPoint position = record.position();
-                }));
+                int y = position.y() + minHeight;
+                if (y < level.minHeight() || y >= level.maxHeight() - 1) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                applyTile(level, baseX + (position.x() & 15), y, baseZ + (position.z() & 15), record.value().getData());
+            }
+        });
     }
 
     private void runCustomPass(Engine engine, NativeWorld level, int chunkX, int chunkZ, MantleChunk<Matter> chunk) {
         int baseX = chunkX << 4;
         int baseZ = chunkZ << 4;
         int minHeight = engine.getWorld().minHeight();
-        materializeDeferredSlice(chunk, Identifier.class, () ->
+        StaleCarriers stale = new StaleCarriers();
-                chunk.iterate(Identifier.class, (Integer x, Integer yf, Integer z, Identifier identifier) -> {
+        materializeDeferredSlice(chunk, Identifier.class, () -> {
-                    int y = yf + minHeight;
+            for (DeferredPlacementRecords.Pending<Identifier> record : DeferredPlacementRecords.snapshot(chunk, Identifier.class)) {
-                    if (y < level.minHeight() || y >= level.maxHeight() - 1) {
+                if (!DeferredPlacementRecords.isPending(chunk, Identifier.class, record)) {
-                        return;
+                    continue;
                 }
-                    NativeBlockPoint position = new NativeBlockPoint(baseX + (x & 15), y, baseZ + (z & 15));
+                NativeBlockPoint local = record.position();
-                    ModdedCustomContentRegistry.processBlockPlacement(engine, identifier.toString(),
+                int y = local.y() + minHeight;
+                if (y < level.minHeight() || y >= level.maxHeight() - 1) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int blockX = baseX + (local.x() & 15);
+                int blockZ = baseZ + (local.z() & 15);
+                String key = record.value().toString();
+                if (stale.carrierReplaced(key, level.getBlock(blockX, y, blockZ))) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                NativeBlockPoint position = new NativeBlockPoint(blockX, y, blockZ);
+                CustomBlockOwnership.Entry ownership = ModdedCustomContentRegistry.processBlockPlacement(engine, key,
                         () -> NativeWorldMaintenance.placement(level, position));
-                }));
+                if (ownership != null) {
+                    DeferredPlacementRecords.remember(engine, chunk, local, ownership);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        stale.report(level.name(), chunkX, chunkZ);
     }
 
     static void materializeDeferredSlice(MantleChunk<Matter> chunk, Class<?> sliceType, Runnable materializer) {
@@ -386,4 +414,41 @@ public final class ModdedChunkUpdateService implements ModdedTickableService {
             NativeWorldMaintenance.refresh(level, pos);
         }
     }
+
+    private static final class StaleCarriers {
+        private static final String UNCHECKED = "";
+
+        private final Map<String, String> carriers = new HashMap<>();
+        private int skipped;
+
+        private boolean carrierReplaced(String key, NativeBlockState live) {
+            String carrier = carriers.get(key);
+            if (carrier == null) {
+                carrier = carrierKey(key);
+                carriers.put(key, carrier);
+            }
+            if (carrier.equals(UNCHECKED) || carrier.equals(IrisProceduralBlocks.materialKey(live))
+                    || ((carrier.equals("minecraft:fire") || carrier.equals("minecraft:soul_fire")) && live.isAir())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            skipped++;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void report(String levelName, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+            if (skipped == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            IrisLogging.debug("Skipped %d stale custom block records at chunk %d,%d in %s",
+                    skipped, chunkX, chunkZ, levelName);
+        }
+
+        private static String carrierKey(String key) {
+            ModdedBlockData resolved = ModdedCustomContentRegistry.resolveBlock(key);
+            if (resolved == null || resolved.state().isAir()) {
+                return UNCHECKED;
+            }
+            return IrisProceduralBlocks.materialKey(resolved.state());
+        }
+    }
 }

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedStudioHotloadService.java

@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ import art.arcane.iris.modded.ModdedSavedTerrainCapture;
 
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.EnginePlatformHooks;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedCustomContentRegistry;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockPoint;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeWorldMaintenance;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.NativeStructureVolume;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.terrain.IrisDimension;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.terrain.IrisDimensionRuntimeContract;
@@ -72,6 +76,12 @@ public final class ModdedStudioHotloadService implements ModdedTickableService,
     private volatile ExecutorService executor;
     private long lastPollAt;
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeCustomBlock(Engine engine, NativeBlockPoint position, CustomBlockOwnership.Entry entry) {
+        return ModdedCustomContentRegistry.removeGenerated(engine, entry,
+                () -> NativeWorldMaintenance.placement(engine.getWorld().platformWorld(), position));
+    }
+
     @Override
     public CompletableFuture<Void> flushSavedTerrainCapture(Engine engine) {
         return ModdedSavedTerrainCapture.flush(engine);

adapters/modded-common/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package art.arcane.iris.modded;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccess;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.structure.placement.IrisStructureTerrain;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockChangeSet;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.structure.StructureTerrainMode;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.terrain.NativeStructurePostProcessor;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.terrain.NativeStructureTerrainIntegrator;
@@ -230,8 +231,9 @@ public class ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter,
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                true,
+                true, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
         int x = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockX();
         int z = generationCenter.getMiddleBlockZ();
 
@@ -248,8 +250,9 @@ public class ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position::equals);
+                position::equals,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
 
         assertSame(Blocks.DIRT, access.getBlockState(position).getBlock());
         assertFalse(access.ensureCanWrite(position));
@@ -270,6 +273,37 @@ public class ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
         assertEquals(1, recording.mutations);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void acceptedWritesAndReportedChangesAreTrackedOutsideProtectedCells() {
+        RecordingDelegate recording = new RecordingDelegate();
+        BlockPos protectedCell = generationCenter().getMiddleBlockPosition(70);
+        WorldGenLevel delegate = recording.world();
+        NativeBlockChangeSet changes = NativeBlockChangeSet.create(
+                ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccess.changeBounds(delegate, generationCenter()));
+        ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccess access = ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccess.create(
+                delegate, generationCenter(),
+                (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
+                (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
+                false, true,
+                protectedCell::equals,
+                changes);
+        BlockPos written = protectedCell.above();
+        BlockPos removed = protectedCell.east();
+        BlockPos reported = protectedCell.above(2);
+
+        assertFalse(access.setBlock(protectedCell, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState(), 2));
+        assertTrue(access.setBlock(written, Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState(), 2));
+        assertTrue(access.removeBlock(removed, false));
+        access.recordBlockChange(reported.getX(), reported.getY(), reported.getZ());
+        access.recordBlockChange(protectedCell.getX(), protectedCell.getY(), protectedCell.getZ());
+
+        assertEquals(3, changes.size());
+        assertTrue(changes.contains(written.getX(), written.getY(), written.getZ()));
+        assertTrue(changes.contains(removed.getX(), removed.getY(), removed.getZ()));
+        assertTrue(changes.contains(reported.getX(), reported.getY(), reported.getZ()));
+        assertFalse(changes.contains(protectedCell.getX(), protectedCell.getY(), protectedCell.getZ()));
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void statuslessChunkReadsPreserveWorldgenDelegateSemantics() {
         RecordingDelegate recording = new RecordingDelegate();
@@ -319,8 +353,9 @@ public class ModdedNativeStructureWorldgenAccessTest {
                 recording.world(), generationCenter(),
                 (x, z) -> SURFACE_FIRST_FREE_Y,
                 (x, z) -> FLOOR_FIRST_FREE_Y,
-                false,
+                false, true,
-                position -> false);
+                position -> false,
+                NativeBlockChangeSet.disabled());
     }
 
     private static ChunkPos generationCenter() {

adapters/modded-common/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/api/ModdedCustomContentRegistryTest.java

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.modded.api;
 
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeBlockPlacement;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeEntityRuntime;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.NativeSpawnedEntity;
 import net.minecraft.SharedConstants;
@@ -9,6 +13,7 @@ import org.junit.Test;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -20,6 +25,33 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class ModdedCustomContentRegistryTest {
+    @Test
+    public void removalReturnsToOriginalProviderWithTokenAndPlacementState() {
+        ModdedDataProvider provider = mock(ModdedDataProvider.class);
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        NativeBlockPlacement placement = mock(NativeBlockPlacement.class);
+        ModdedBlockPlacementContext context = new ModdedBlockPlacementContext(
+                engine, placement, "provider_test:furniture/chair", Map.of("variant", "oak"));
+        when(provider.modId()).thenReturn("ownership_test");
+        when(provider.isReady()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(provider.isValidProvider("provider_test:furniture/chair", ModdedDataType.BLOCK)).thenReturn(true);
+        when(provider.processBlockPlacement(context)).thenReturn("entity-token");
+        when(provider.removeGenerated(context, "entity-token")).thenReturn(true);
+        ModdedCustomContentRegistry.Discovery discovery = ModdedCustomContentRegistry.discover(List.of(provider));
+        try {
+            CustomBlockOwnership.Entry ownership = ModdedCustomContentRegistry.processBlockPlacement(engine,
+                    "provider_test:furniture/chair[variant=oak]", () -> placement);
+
+            assertEquals(new CustomBlockOwnership.Entry(
+                    Identifier.fromString("ownership_test:provider_test/furniture/chair[variant=oak]"),
+                    "entity-token", false), ownership);
+            assertTrue(ModdedCustomContentRegistry.removeGenerated(engine, ownership, () -> placement));
+            verify(provider).removeGenerated(context, "entity-token");
+        } finally {
+            discovery.rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
     @BeforeClass
     public static void bootstrapRegistries() {
         SharedConstants.tryDetectVersion();

adapters/modded-common/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/command/ModdedPregenMethodLifecycleTest.java

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -97,6 +98,9 @@ public class ModdedPregenMethodLifecycleTest {
 
     @Test
     public void finalSaveWaitsForEveryCallbackBeyondFiveSeconds() throws Exception {
+        AtomicLong clock = new AtomicLong();
+        CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch advanced = new CountDownLatch(2);
         CompletableFuture<ChunkLoad> load = new CompletableFuture<>();
         CompletableFuture<ChunkLoad> failedLoad = new CompletableFuture<>();
         PregenListener listener = mock(PregenListener.class);
@@ -110,16 +114,22 @@ public class ModdedPregenMethodLifecycleTest {
         }).when(runtime).execute(any());
         try (MockedStatic<MantleHeapPressure> pressure = mockStatic(MantleHeapPressure.class)) {
             pressure.when(MantleHeapPressure::memoryBudgetBytes).thenReturn(512L << 20);
-            method = new ModdedPregenMethod(new ModdedPregenMethod.Configuration(runtime, engine, false));
+            method = new ModdedPregenMethod(new ModdedPregenMethod.Configuration(runtime, engine, false), () -> {
+                long now = clock.get();
+                if (now >= TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(6)) {
+                    advanced.countDown();
+                } else {
+                    started.countDown();
+                }
+                return now;
+            });
             method.generateChunk(2, 3, listener);
             method.generateChunk(4, 5, listener);
-            CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            Future<?> closing = executor.submit(method::close);
-            Future<?> closing = executor.submit(() -> {
-                started.countDown();
-                method.close();
-            });
             assertTrue(started.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-            assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> closing.get(6, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            clock.set(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(6));
+            assertTrue(advanced.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertFalse(closing.isDone());
             verify(runtime, never()).save();
             verify(engine, never()).syncGenerationHistory();
             load.complete(new ChunkLoad(true, null));

adapters/modded-common/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedChunkUpdateServiceCarrierTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.modded.service;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.EngineMantle;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.EngineMetrics;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedBlockData;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedBlockPlacementContext;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedCustomContentRegistry;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedDataProvider;
+import art.arcane.iris.modded.api.ModdedDataType;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.IrisWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.minecraft26_2.modded.ModdedBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.function.Consumer4;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.flag.MantleFlag;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleDataAdapter;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleHooks;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import net.minecraft.SharedConstants;
+import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
+import net.minecraft.server.Bootstrap;
+import net.minecraft.server.level.ServerLevel;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.block.Blocks;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.block.NoteBlock;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.block.state.BlockState;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.MockedStatic;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceCarrierTest {
+    private static final String MOD_ID = "iris_carrier_guard_test";
+    private static final String LAMP = MOD_ID + ":lamp";
+    private static final String CHAIR = MOD_ID + ":chair";
+    private static final String FIRE = MOD_ID + ":fire";
+    private static final String SOUL_FIRE = MOD_ID + ":soul_fire";
+    private static final List<BlockPos> PLACED = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void bootstrapMinecraftRegistries() {
+        SharedConstants.tryDetectVersion();
+        Bootstrap.bootStrap();
+        ModdedCustomContentRegistry.register(new CarrierProvider());
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void clearPlacements() {
+        PLACED.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void staleRecordsAreSkippedWhileIntactAndAirCarrierRecordsArePlaced() {
+        RecordMantleChunk chunk = new RecordMantleChunk(List.of(
+                new Placed(1, LAMP),
+                new Placed(2, LAMP),
+                new Placed(3, LAMP),
+                new Placed(4, CHAIR)));
+        NativeWorld level = level(Map.of(
+                1, Blocks.NOTE_BLOCK.defaultBlockState().setValue(NoteBlock.NOTE, 7),
+                2, Blocks.AIR.defaultBlockState(),
+                3, Blocks.COBBLESTONE.defaultBlockState(),
+                4, Blocks.COBBLESTONE.defaultBlockState()));
+        List<String> debug = new ArrayList<>();
+        Engine engine = engine(chunk);
+
+        try (MockedStatic<IrisLogging> logging = mockStatic(IrisLogging.class)) {
+            logging.when(() -> IrisLogging.debug(anyString(), any(Object[].class))).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                Object[] arguments = invocation.getArguments();
+                debug.add(String.format((String) arguments[0], Arrays.copyOfRange(arguments, 1, arguments.length)));
+                return null;
+            });
+
+            new ModdedChunkUpdateService().updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(List.of(new BlockPos(1, 6, 1), new BlockPos(4, 6, 4)), PLACED);
+        assertTrue(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
+        assertTrue(chunk.customDeleted());
+        assertEquals(1, debug.size());
+        assertTrue(debug.getFirst(), debug.getFirst().contains("2 stale"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void extinguishedFireCarriersArePlacedWhileCoveredCarriersAreSkipped() {
+        RecordMantleChunk chunk = new RecordMantleChunk(List.of(
+                new Placed(1, FIRE), new Placed(2, SOUL_FIRE),
+                new Placed(3, FIRE), new Placed(4, SOUL_FIRE)));
+        NativeWorld level = level(Map.of(
+                1, Blocks.AIR.defaultBlockState(),
+                2, Blocks.CAVE_AIR.defaultBlockState(),
+                3, Blocks.COBBLESTONE.defaultBlockState(),
+                4, Blocks.COBBLESTONE.defaultBlockState()));
+        Engine engine = engine(chunk);
+
+        new ModdedChunkUpdateService().updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0);
+
+        assertEquals(List.of(new BlockPos(1, 6, 1), new BlockPos(2, 6, 2)), PLACED);
+        assertTrue(chunk.customDeleted());
+    }
+
+    private static NativeWorld level(Map<Integer, BlockState> live) {
+        ServerLevel serverLevel = mock(ServerLevel.class);
+        when(serverLevel.getBlockState(any(BlockPos.class))).thenReturn(Blocks.STONE.defaultBlockState());
+        NativeWorld level = mock(NativeWorld.class);
+        when(level.name()).thenReturn("example:carriers");
+        when(level.minHeight()).thenReturn(-64);
+        when(level.maxHeight()).thenReturn(320);
+        when(level.nativeHandle()).thenReturn(serverLevel);
+        for (Map.Entry<Integer, BlockState> entry : live.entrySet()) {
+            int offset = entry.getKey();
+            when(level.getBlock(offset, 6, offset)).thenReturn(ModdedBlockState.of(entry.getValue(), null));
+        }
+        return level;
+    }
+
+    private static Engine engine(RecordMantleChunk chunk) {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        Mantle<Matter> mantle = mock(Mantle.class);
+        when(mantle.isChunkLoaded(0, 0)).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mantle.hasFlag(0, 0, MantleFlag.ETCHED)).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
+        when(mantle.useChunk(0, 0)).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> chunk.use());
+        IrisWorld world = mock(IrisWorld.class);
+        when(world.minHeight()).thenReturn(-64);
+        EngineMantle engineMantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        when(engineMantle.getMantle()).thenReturn(mantle);
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        when(engine.getWorld()).thenReturn(world);
+        when(engine.getMetrics()).thenReturn(new EngineMetrics(8));
+        when(engine.getMantle()).thenReturn(engineMantle);
+        return engine;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static MantleDataAdapter<Matter> emptyAdapter() {
+        return (MantleDataAdapter<Matter>) Proxy.newProxyInstance(
+                MantleDataAdapter.class.getClassLoader(),
+                new Class<?>[]{MantleDataAdapter.class},
+                (proxy, method, arguments) -> {
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(method.getName());
+                }
+        );
+    }
+
+    private record Placed(int offset, String key) {
+    }
+
+    private static final class RecordMantleChunk extends MantleChunk<Matter> {
+        private final List<Placed> records;
+        private boolean customDeleted;
+
+        private RecordMantleChunk(List<Placed> records) {
+            super(1, 0, 0, emptyAdapter(), MantleHooks.NONE);
+            this.records = records;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public <T> void iterate(Class<T> type, Consumer4<Integer, Integer, Integer, T> iterator) {
+            if (type != Identifier.class) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (Placed record : records) {
+                iterator.accept(record.offset(), 70, record.offset(), type.cast(Identifier.fromString(record.key())));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public <T> T get(int x, int y, int z, Class<T> type) {
+            if (type == Identifier.class && y == 70 && x == z) {
+                for (Placed record : records) {
+                    if (record.offset() == x) {
+                        return type.cast(Identifier.fromString(record.key()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void deleteSlices(Class<?> type) {
+            if (type == Identifier.class) {
+                customDeleted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private boolean customDeleted() {
+            return customDeleted;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class CarrierProvider implements ModdedDataProvider {
+        @Override
+        public String modId() {
+            return MOD_ID;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<String> getTypes(ModdedDataType type) {
+            return type == ModdedDataType.BLOCK ? List.of(LAMP, CHAIR, FIRE, SOUL_FIRE) : List.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isValidProvider(String id, ModdedDataType type) {
+            return type == ModdedDataType.BLOCK && getTypes(type).contains(id);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ModdedBlockData getBlockData(String blockId, Map<String, String> state) {
+            BlockState carrier = switch (blockId) {
+                case CHAIR -> Blocks.AIR.defaultBlockState();
+                case FIRE -> Blocks.FIRE.defaultBlockState();
+                case SOUL_FIRE -> Blocks.SOUL_FIRE.defaultBlockState();
+                default -> Blocks.NOTE_BLOCK.defaultBlockState();
+            };
+            return ModdedBlockData.deferred(ModdedBlockState.of(carrier, null));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String processBlockPlacement(ModdedBlockPlacementContext context) {
+            PLACED.add(context.placement().position());
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}

adapters/modded-common/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest.java

@@ -68,6 +68,29 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest {
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void regeneratedCleanupUsesSuppliedMantleAfterCurrentRuntimeChanges() {
+        Mantle<Matter> selected = mock(Mantle.class);
+        Mantle<Matter> replacement = mock(Mantle.class);
+        MantleDataAdapter<Matter> adapter = mock(MantleDataAdapter.class);
+        MantleChunk<Matter> chunk = new MantleChunk<>(1, 0, 0, adapter, MantleHooks.NONE);
+        when(selected.isChunkLoaded(0, 0)).thenReturn(true);
+        when(selected.useChunk(0, 0)).thenAnswer(invocation -> chunk.use());
+        when(selected.hasFlag(0, 0, MantleFlag.ETCHED)).thenReturn(true);
+        NativeWorld level = mock(NativeWorld.class);
+        when(level.isChunkLoaded(0, 0)).thenReturn(true);
+        Engine engine = engineWith(replacement);
+        when(engine.getWorld().platformWorld()).thenReturn(level);
+
+        new ModdedChunkUpdateService().updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, selected, 0, 0);
+
+        verify(selected).useChunk(0, 0);
+        verify(replacement, never()).isChunkLoaded(anyInt(), anyInt());
+        verify(replacement, never()).useChunk(anyInt(), anyInt());
+        assertFalse(chunk.inUse());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void fallingFluidUpdateRetainsLevelEightStateAndRequestsPhysics() {
         SharedConstants.tryDetectVersion();
@@ -154,7 +177,7 @@ public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest {
                 return null;
             });
 
-            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, 0, 0);
+            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0);
 
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.UPDATE));
@@ -162,7 +185,7 @@ public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest {
             logging.verify(() -> IrisLogging.reportError(any(Throwable.class)), never());
             logging.verify(() -> IrisLogging.reportError(anyString(), any(Throwable.class)), never());
 
-            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, 0, 0);
+            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0);
 
             assertTrue(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
             assertTrue(chunk.deleted());
@@ -187,7 +210,7 @@ public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest {
             });
 
             assertThrows(SavedBiomeUnavailableException.class,
-                    () -> new ModdedChunkUpdateService().updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, 0, 0));
+                    () -> new ModdedChunkUpdateService().updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0));
 
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.UPDATE));
@@ -215,13 +238,13 @@ public class ModdedChunkUpdateServiceTest {
             });
 
             assertSame(failure, assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
-                    () -> service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, 0, 0)));
+                    () -> service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0)));
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.UPDATE));
             assertFalse(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
             assertFalse(chunk.deleted());
             verify(chunk.slice, never()).set(2, 5, 2, null);
 
-            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, 0, 0);
+            service.updateRegeneratedChunk(engine, level, engine.getMantle().getMantle(), 0, 0);
 
             assertTrue(chunk.isFlagged(MantleFlag.ETCHED));
             assertTrue(chunk.deleted());

adapters/modded-common/src/versions/1.21.1/test/source-replacements.json

@@ -136,6 +136,18 @@
         "replacement": "when(level.getMaxBuildHeight()).thenReturn(320);"
       }
     ],
+    "art/arcane/iris/modded/api/ModdedCustomContentRegistryTest.java": [
+      {
+        "pattern": "\\bResourceLocation\\b",
+        "replacement": "Identifier"
+      }
+    ],
+    "art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedChunkUpdateServiceCarrierTest.java": [
+      {
+        "pattern": "\\bResourceLocation\\b",
+        "replacement": "Identifier"
+      }
+    ],
     "art/arcane/volmlib/nativelib/minecraft26_2/modded/NativeSpawnPopulationTest.java": [
       {
         "pattern": "when\\(level\\.getMaxY\\(\\)\\)\\.thenReturn\\(320\\);",

adapters/neoforge/build.gradle

@@ -56,10 +56,11 @@ IrisFileOperations irisFileOperations = objects.newInstance(IrisFileOperations)
 
 apply from: file('../../gradle/modded-generation-build-revision.gradle')
 apply from: file('../../gradle/volmlib-stamp.gradle')
+apply from: file('../../gradle/java21-runtime-exclusions.gradle')
 
 Properties rootProperties = new Properties()
 file('../../gradle.properties').withInputStream { InputStream stream -> rootProperties.load(stream) }
-String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.4'))
+String irisVersion = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('irisVersion', '4.3.5'))
 String minecraftVersion = providers.gradleProperty('minecraftVersion').getOrElse(rootProperties.getProperty('minecraftVersion', '26.3'))
 String neoForgeVersion = providers.gradleProperty('neoForgeVersion').getOrElse(irisModTarget.neoForge.toString())
 Closure<String> irisArtifactName = { String platform, String targetVersion ->
@@ -295,8 +296,7 @@ tasks.named('shadowJar', ShadowJar).configure {
     from(sourceSets.main.output)
     mergeServiceFiles()
     if ((int) irisModTarget.java == 21) {
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/NativeBillowLoader*.class')
+        exclude(java21RuntimeExclusions)
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/BillowBatch*.class')
     }
     exclude('META-INF/maven/**')
     exclude('META-INF/proguard/**')

adapters/neoforge/settings.gradle

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ plugins {
 
 rootProject.name = 'iris-neoforge'
 
+apply from: new File(settingsDir, '../../gradle/runtime-cache.settings.gradle').canonicalFile
+
 dependencyResolutionManagement {
     versionCatalogs {
         libs {

build-all.sh

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -euo pipefail
 cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-./gradlew buildAllToOut --no-parallel -PuseLocalVolmLib=false "$@"
+./gradlew buildAll "$@"

build.gradle

@@ -9,9 +9,6 @@ import org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPluginExtension
 import org.gradle.api.provider.Provider
 import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaLauncher
 import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaToolchainService
-import org.gradle.api.file.CopySpec
-import org.gradle.api.file.DeleteSpec
-import org.gradle.api.file.FileSystemOperations
 import org.gradle.api.file.FileTree
 import org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPlugin
 import org.gradle.api.initialization.IncludedBuild
@@ -20,8 +17,6 @@ import org.gradle.api.tasks.compile.JavaCompile
 import org.gradle.jvm.tasks.Jar
 import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaLanguageVersion
 
-import javax.inject.Inject
-
 /*
  * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
  * Copyright (c) 2021 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
@@ -59,15 +54,8 @@ apply plugin: 'art.arcane.volmit-packaging'
 apply from: file('gradle/runtime-relocations.gradle')
 apply from: file('gradle/volmlib-stamp.gradle')
 
-interface IrisFileOperations {
-    @Inject
-    FileSystemOperations getFileSystemOperations()
-}
-
-IrisFileOperations irisFileOperations = objects.newInstance(IrisFileOperations)
-
 group = 'art.arcane'
-version = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse('4.3.4')
+version = providers.gradleProperty('irisVersion').getOrElse('4.3.5')
 
 project(':core') {
     group = 'art.arcane'
@@ -99,41 +87,11 @@ Closure<String> irisArtifactName = { String platform, String targetVersion ->
     return "Iris v${project.version} [${platform}] ${targetVersion}.jar"
 }
 String bukkitArtifactName = irisArtifactName('CraftBukkit', bukkitMinecraftRange)
-String fabricArtifactName = irisArtifactName('Fabric', "${minecraftVersion}+${loaderDisplayVersion(fabricLoaderVersion)}")
-String forgeArtifactName = irisArtifactName('Forge', "${minecraftVersion}+${loaderDisplayVersion(forgeVersion)}")
-String neoForgeArtifactName = irisArtifactName('NeoForge', "${minecraftVersion}+${loaderDisplayVersion(neoForgeVersion)}")
 Map<String, String> runtimeDownloadRelocations = (Map<String, String>) ext.runtimeDownloadRelocations
 List<String> runtimeDownloadedPrefixes = (List<String>) ext.runtimeDownloadedPrefixes
-File pluginOutDirectory = file(providers.gradleProperty('pluginOutDirectory').getOrElse('../PluginOuts'))
-File legacyBukkitJar = layout.buildDirectory.file("libs/Iris-${project.version}.jar").get().asFile
 File bukkitArtifact = layout.buildDirectory.file("libs/${bukkitArtifactName}").get().asFile
-File consumerBukkitArtifact = layout.buildDirectory.file("consumer/${bukkitArtifactName}").get().asFile
-File fabricArtifact = layout.projectDirectory.file("adapters/fabric/build/${minecraftVersion}/libs/${fabricArtifactName}").asFile
-File forgeArtifact = layout.projectDirectory.file("adapters/forge/build/${minecraftVersion}/libs/${forgeArtifactName}").asFile
-File neoForgeArtifact = layout.projectDirectory.file("adapters/neoforge/build/${minecraftVersion}/libs/${neoForgeArtifactName}").asFile
-File consumerDirectory = layout.buildDirectory.dir('consumer').get().asFile
-FileTree staleConsumerBukkitJars = fileTree(consumerDirectory) {
-    include('Iris v* [CraftBukkit] *.jar')
-}
-FileTree staleBukkitOutJars = fileTree(pluginOutDirectory) {
-    include('Iris v* [CraftBukkit] *.jar')
-}
-String selectedModdedSuffix = minecraftVersion.replace('.', '_')
 apply plugin: ApiGenerator
 
-// Where `buildAll` drops the per-platform jars for a local test server. Use the approved sibling
-// Multiplexor workspace when it exists, with a repo-local fallback for fresh clones.
-File multiplexorConsumerLocation = new File(rootDir, '../../[Minecraft Server]/consumers').canonicalFile
-String defaultConsumerLocation = multiplexorConsumerLocation.isDirectory()
-    ? multiplexorConsumerLocation.absolutePath
-    : layout.buildDirectory.dir('consumers').get().asFile.absolutePath
-String consumerLocation = providers.gradleProperty('location')
-    .getOrElse(defaultConsumerLocation)
-String bukkitConsumerPath = "${consumerLocation}/plugin-consumers/dropins/plugins"
-String fabricConsumerPath = "${consumerLocation}/fabric-mod-consumers/dropins/mods"
-String forgeConsumerPath = "${consumerLocation}/forge-mod-consumers/dropins/mods"
-String neoForgeConsumerPath = "${consumerLocation}/neoforge-mod-consumers/dropins/mods"
-
 List<String> nmsBindings = ['v26_2_R1', 'v26_3_R1']
 ext.nativeDevelopmentAdapters = nmsBindings
 nmsBindings.each { String key ->
@@ -240,65 +198,14 @@ tasks.named('jar', Jar).configure {
         exclude('com/fren_gor/**')
 
     }
-    doFirst {
-        irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.delete { DeleteSpec spec -> spec.delete(legacyBukkitJar) }
-    }
     archiveFileName.set(bukkitArtifactName)
 }
 
-tasks.register('iris', Copy) {
+tasks.register('buildBukkit') {
-    group = 'iris'
+    group = 'build'
-    dependsOn('packedJar')
+    description = 'Builds and verifies the packed Bukkit plugin.'
-    from({ tasks.named('packedJar').get().outputJar })
+    dependsOn('packedJar', 'check', ':core:check', ':spi:check', ':adapters:bukkit:plugin:check')
-    rename { String ignored -> bukkitArtifactName }
+    dependsOn(nmsBindings.collect { String binding -> ":adapters:bukkit:nms:${binding}:check".toString() })
-    into(layout.buildDirectory.dir('consumer'))
-    doFirst {
-        irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.delete { DeleteSpec spec -> spec.delete(staleConsumerBukkitJars) }
-    }
-}
-
-tasks.register('buildSwiftSwamp') {
-    group = 'iris'
-    description = 'Builds every platform jar and drops them in the local BUILDS output directory.'
-    outputs.upToDateWhen { false }
-    dependsOn('iris', "verifyFabric${selectedModdedSuffix}", "verifyForge${selectedModdedSuffix}",
-        "verifyNeoForge${selectedModdedSuffix}")
-    File swiftSwampOut = file('C://VolmitSoftware/BUILDS')
-    Map<String, File> swiftSwampSources = [
-        'Iris.jar'         : consumerBukkitArtifact,
-        'Iris-Fabric.jar'  : fabricArtifact,
-        'Iris-Forge.jar'   : forgeArtifact,
-        'Iris-Neoforge.jar': neoForgeArtifact
-    ]
-    doLast {
-        swiftSwampSources.each { String target, File source ->
-            irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.copy { CopySpec spec ->
-                spec.from(source)
-                spec.into(swiftSwampOut)
-                spec.rename { String ignored -> target }
-            }
-        }
-        println('')
-        println('=== Iris buildSwiftSwamp -> ' + swiftSwampOut + ' ===')
-        ['Iris.jar', 'Iris-Fabric.jar', 'Iris-Forge.jar', 'Iris-Neoforge.jar'].each { String jar ->
-            File produced = new File(swiftSwampOut, jar)
-            println(String.format('  %-24s %8d KB', jar, (long) (produced.length() / 1024)))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-tasks.register('buildBukkit', Copy) {
-    group = 'iris'
-    dependsOn('packedJar')
-    from({ tasks.named('packedJar').get().outputJar })
-    rename { String ignored -> bukkitArtifactName }
-    into(pluginOutDirectory)
-    File legacyOutJar = new File(pluginOutDirectory, "Iris-${project.version}+mc${minecraftVersion}.jar")
-    doFirst {
-        irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.delete { DeleteSpec spec ->
-            spec.delete(staleBukkitOutJars, legacyOutJar)
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 // The three loader jars come out of nested standalone Gradle builds driven through Exec. The outer
@@ -310,6 +217,7 @@ List<Object> moddedSharedInputs = []
     'adapters/modded-common/src',
     'adapters/client-common/src',
     'core/src/main',
+    'core/src/testFixtures',
     'core/build.gradle',
     'core/agent/src',
     'core/agent/build.gradle',
@@ -322,16 +230,24 @@ List<Object> moddedSharedInputs = []
     'gradle/libs.versions.toml',
     'gradle/volmlib-resolution.settings.gradle',
     'gradle/volmlib-stamp.gradle',
+    'gradle/java21-runtime-exclusions.gradle',
     'gradle/generation-build-revision.gradle',
     'gradle/modded-generation-build-revision.gradle',
     'gradle/native-minecraft-sources.gradle',
     'gradle/mod-target.gradle',
     'gradle/mod-targets.json',
-    'gradle/modded-version-sources.gradle'
+    'gradle/runtime-cache.settings.gradle',
+    'gradle/nested-build.init.gradle',
+    'gradle/modded-version-sources.gradle',
+    'gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties',
+    'gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar',
+    'gradlew',
+    'gradlew.bat'
 ].each { String path -> moddedSharedInputs.add(layout.projectDirectory.file(path).asFile) }
 if (localVolmLibCheckout != null) {
     moddedSharedInputs.add(fileTree(localVolmLibCheckout) {
-        include('shared/src/main/**', 'native-api/src/main/**', 'native-terrain-api/src/main/**',
+        include('shared/src/main/**', 'shared/src/nativeNoise/**', 'shared/native/noise/prebuilt/**',
+            'native-api/src/main/**', 'native-terrain-api/src/main/**',
             'native/**/src/main/**',
             'native/minecraft-common/src/**', 'packaging/src/main/**',
             '**/build.gradle', 'settings.gradle', 'gradle.properties', 'gradle/libs.versions.toml')
@@ -341,11 +257,11 @@ if (localVolmLibCheckout != null) {
 
 // The published master-SNAPSHOT is resolved inside the nested build, so no outer input changes when it
 // moves. Without a local checkout the Exec tasks always run and the nested build decides what is stale.
-Closure<Void> declareVolmLibInputs = { Exec task ->
+Closure<Void> declareVolmLibInputs = { IrisModdedBuild task ->
     task.inputs.property('volmLibStamp', volmLibStamp)
     String nativeBillow = providers.gradleProperty('includeNativeBillow').getOrElse('false')
     task.inputs.property('includeNativeBillow', nativeBillow)
-    task.environment('ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_includeNativeBillow', nativeBillow)
+    task.environment.put('ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_includeNativeBillow', nativeBillow)
     if (localVolmLibCheckout == null) {
         task.outputs.upToDateWhen { false }
     }
@@ -410,10 +326,40 @@ TaskProvider<Task> verifyModdedMatrix = tasks.register('verifyModdedMatrix') {
     group = 'verification'
     description = 'Builds, tests and verifies the Fabric, Forge and NeoForge jars of every supported Minecraft mod target.'
 }
-List<TaskProvider<Copy>> moddedExports = []
+Map<String, TaskProvider<IrisModdedBuild>> selectedModdedBuilds = [:]
-Map<String, TaskProvider<Exec>> selectedModdedBuilds = [:]
+int matrixParallelism = Math.min(gradle.startParameter.maxWorkerCount, Math.max(1,
-Map<String, TaskProvider<Copy>> selectedModdedExports = [:]
+    providers.gradleProperty('moddedBuildParallelism').getOrElse(
-TaskProvider<Exec> previousMatrixBuild = null
+        Math.min(12, Math.max(1, Runtime.runtime.availableProcessors() - 4)).toString()).toInteger()))
+Provider<IrisModdedBuildService> matrixWorkers = gradle.sharedServices.registerIfAbsent(
+    'irisModdedBuilds', IrisModdedBuildService) {
+    maxParallelUsages.set(matrixParallelism)
+}
+List<String> nestedBuildArguments = [gradle.startParameter.buildCacheEnabled ? '--build-cache' : '--no-build-cache']
+String paperweightSources = providers.gradleProperty('paperweight.experimental.genSources').orNull
+if (paperweightSources != null) {
+    nestedBuildArguments.add("-Ppaperweight.experimental.genSources=${paperweightSources}".toString())
+}
+boolean multiplexorSandbox = providers.gradleProperty('multiplexorSandbox').getOrElse('false').toBoolean()
+int nestedWorkers = multiplexorSandbox
+    ? Math.max(1, gradle.startParameter.maxWorkerCount.intdiv(matrixParallelism))
+    : Math.min(2, gradle.startParameter.maxWorkerCount)
+int nestedProcessors = multiplexorSandbox ? nestedWorkers : 2
+if (multiplexorSandbox) {
+    nestedBuildArguments.addAll(['--no-daemon', '-PmultiplexorSandbox=true'])
+}
+String nestedJvmArguments = providers.gradleProperty('org.gradle.jvmargs').getOrElse('') +
+    " -XX:ActiveProcessorCount=${nestedProcessors}"
+if (gradle.startParameter.rerunTasks) {
+    nestedBuildArguments.add('--rerun-tasks')
+}
+if (gradle.startParameter.refreshDependencies) {
+    nestedBuildArguments.add('--refresh-dependencies')
+}
+for (File initScript : gradle.startParameter.initScripts) {
+    nestedBuildArguments.addAll(['--init-script', initScript.absolutePath])
+}
+Map<Integer, TaskProvider<IrisModdedBuild>> daemonSlots = [:]
+int nextDaemonSlot = 0
 irisModTargets.each { String targetMinecraft, Map<String, Object> target ->
     String suffix = targetMinecraft.replace('.', '_')
     boolean selected = targetMinecraft == minecraftVersion
@@ -424,67 +370,68 @@ irisModTargets.each { String targetMinecraft, Map<String, Object> target ->
         String artifactName = irisArtifactName(label, "${targetMinecraft}+${displayedLoader}")
         File artifact = file("adapters/${loader}/build/${targetMinecraft}/libs/${artifactName}")
         boolean unitTests = ((List<String>) (target.testLoaders ?: moddedLoaderLabels.keySet().toList())).contains(loader)
-        TaskProvider<Exec> buildTarget = tasks.register("verify${label}${suffix}", Exec) {
+        int daemonSlot = nextDaemonSlot++ % matrixParallelism
+        TaskProvider<IrisModdedBuild> buildTarget = project(':adapters').tasks.register("verify${label}${suffix}", IrisModdedBuild) {
             group = 'verification'
             description = "Builds, tests and verifies the ${label} ${targetMinecraft} jar in its own Gradle build."
-            workingDir = file("adapters/${loader}")
+            usesService(matrixWorkers)
-            List<String> command = [file(moddedWrapperScript).absolutePath, 'assemble', 'compileTestJava',
+            workingDirectory.set(rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}"))
+            getLabel().set("${label} ${targetMinecraft}".toString())
+            artifactFile.set(artifact)
+            logFile.set(rootProject.layout.buildDirectory.file("reports/modded/${loader}-${targetMinecraft}.log"))
+            requiredEntries.set(commonModdedArtifactEntries + moddedLoaderEntries[loader])
+            forbiddenCoreClasses.set(bukkitCoupledCoreClasses)
+            javaRuntime.set((int) target.java)
+            List<String> command = [rootProject.file(moddedWrapperScript).absolutePath, 'assemble', 'compileTestJava',
                     'verifyLoggingPolicy', 'verifyNativeClassBoundary', '--console=plain',
-                    "-PirisVersion=${project.version}", "-PminecraftVersion=${targetMinecraft}",
+                    "--max-workers=${nestedWorkers}",
+                    "-Dorg.gradle.jvmargs=${nestedJvmArguments.trim()}",
+                    "-Dorg.gradle.daemon.registry.base=${rootProject.file(".gradle/iris-daemons/slot-${daemonSlot}").absolutePath}",
+                    '-Dorg.gradle.daemon.idletimeout=3600000',
+                    "-PirisBuildLane=${loader}-${targetMinecraft}",
+                    '--project-cache-dir', rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/.gradle/iris-lanes/${loader}-${targetMinecraft}").absolutePath,
+                    '--init-script', rootProject.file('gradle/nested-build.init.gradle').absolutePath,
+                    "-PirisVersion=${rootProject.version}", "-PminecraftVersion=${targetMinecraft}",
                     "-P${moddedLoaderProperties[loader]}=${loaderPin}",
                     "-PuseLocalVolmLib=${localVolmLibCheckout != null}"]
             if (unitTests) {
                 command.add('test')
             }
-            commandLine(command)
+            command.add("-PtestForks=${providers.gradleProperty('moddedTestForks').getOrElse('1')}")
+            command.addAll(nestedBuildArguments)
+            commandLine.set(command.collect { Object argument -> argument.toString() })
             if (localVolmLibCheckout != null) {
-                environment('ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_localVolmLibDirectory', localVolmLibCheckout.absolutePath)
+                environment.put('ORG_GRADLE_PROJECT_localVolmLibDirectory', localVolmLibCheckout.absolutePath)
             }
             inputs.files(moddedSharedInputs).withPropertyName('moddedSharedSources')
                 .withPathSensitivity(PathSensitivity.RELATIVE)
-            inputs.files(file("adapters/${loader}/src"), file("adapters/${loader}/build.gradle"),
+            inputs.files(rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/src"), rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/build.gradle"),
-                    file("adapters/${loader}/settings.gradle")).withPropertyName('adapterSources')
+                    rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/settings.gradle"), rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/gradle.properties"))
+                .withPropertyName('adapterSources')
+            inputs.files(gradle.startParameter.allInitScripts).withPropertyName('initScripts')
+                .withPathSensitivity(PathSensitivity.NONE)
+            outputs.upToDateWhen { !gradle.startParameter.refreshDependencies }
             inputs.properties(target)
             inputs.property('loaderVersion', loaderPin)
-            inputs.property('irisVersion', project.version.toString())
+            inputs.property('irisVersion', rootProject.version.toString())
             declareVolmLibInputs(it)
-            outputs.file(artifact)
             if (unitTests) {
-                outputs.dir(file("adapters/${loader}/build/${targetMinecraft}/test-results/test"))
+                outputs.dir(rootProject.file("adapters/${loader}/build/${targetMinecraft}/test-results/test"))
-            }
-            doLast {
-                ModdedArtifactVerifier.verify(artifact, commonModdedArtifactEntries + moddedLoaderEntries[loader],
-                        bukkitCoupledCoreClasses)
-                ModdedArtifactVerifier.verifyJavaRuntime(artifact, (int) target.java)
-                logger.lifecycle("Verified ${artifact.name}")
             }
         }
-        if (previousMatrixBuild != null) {
+        TaskProvider<IrisModdedBuild> previousSlotBuild = daemonSlots[daemonSlot]
-            TaskProvider<Exec> preceding = previousMatrixBuild
+        if (previousSlotBuild != null) {
-            buildTarget.configure { mustRunAfter(preceding) }
+            buildTarget.configure { mustRunAfter(previousSlotBuild) }
         }
-        previousMatrixBuild = buildTarget
+        daemonSlots[daemonSlot] = buildTarget
-        verifyModdedMatrix.configure { dependsOn(buildTarget) }
+        tasks.register("verify${label}${suffix}") {
-        File legacyOutJar = new File(pluginOutDirectory, "Iris-${project.version}+mc${targetMinecraft}-${loader}.jar")
+            group = 'verification'
-        FileTree staleTargetJars = fileTree(pluginOutDirectory) {
+            description = "Builds, tests and verifies the ${label} ${targetMinecraft} jar."
-            include("Iris v* [${label}] ${targetMinecraft}+*.jar")
-        }
-        TaskProvider<Copy> export = tasks.register("build${label}${suffix}", Copy) {
-            group = 'iris'
-            description = "Exports the verified ${label} ${targetMinecraft} jar to the plugin output directory."
             dependsOn(buildTarget)
-            from(artifact)
-            into(pluginOutDirectory)
-            doFirst {
-                irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.delete { DeleteSpec spec ->
-                    spec.delete(staleTargetJars, legacyOutJar)
         }
-            }
+        verifyModdedMatrix.configure { dependsOn(buildTarget) }
-        }
-        moddedExports.add(export)
         if (selected) {
             selectedModdedBuilds[loader] = buildTarget
-            selectedModdedExports[loader] = export
         }
     }
 }
@@ -492,38 +439,37 @@ if (selectedModdedBuilds.isEmpty()) {
     throw new GradleException("Minecraft ${minecraftVersion} is not a mod target in gradle/mod-targets.json")
 }
 
+tasks.register('prepareRelease', Sync) {
+    group = 'distribution'
+    description = 'Builds, verifies and stages one selected mod loader jar for publication.'
+    Provider<IrisModdedBuild> releaseBuild = providers.provider {
+        String releaseLoader = providers.gradleProperty('releaseLoader').orNull
+        if (!moddedLoaderLabels.containsKey(releaseLoader)) {
+            throw new GradleException('prepareRelease requires -PreleaseLoader=fabric, forge or neoforge')
+        }
+        return selectedModdedBuilds[releaseLoader].get()
+    }
+    dependsOn(releaseBuild)
+    from(releaseBuild.flatMap { IrisModdedBuild task -> task.artifactFile })
+    into(layout.buildDirectory.dir('release'))
+}
+
 tasks.register('buildFabric') {
     group = 'iris'
-    description = "Exports the verified Fabric ${minecraftVersion} jar."
+    description = "Builds and verifies the Fabric ${minecraftVersion} jar."
-    dependsOn(selectedModdedExports.fabric)
+    dependsOn(selectedModdedBuilds.fabric)
 }
 
 tasks.register('buildForge') {
     group = 'iris'
-    description = "Exports the verified Forge ${minecraftVersion} jar."
+    description = "Builds and verifies the Forge ${minecraftVersion} jar."
-    dependsOn(selectedModdedExports.forge)
+    dependsOn(selectedModdedBuilds.forge)
 }
 
 tasks.register('buildNeoforge') {
     group = 'iris'
-    description = "Exports the verified NeoForge ${minecraftVersion} jar."
+    description = "Builds and verifies the NeoForge ${minecraftVersion} jar."
-    dependsOn(selectedModdedExports.neoforge)
+    dependsOn(selectedModdedBuilds.neoforge)
-}
-
-gradle.projectsEvaluated {
-    List<Task> sharedOutputTasks = allprojects.collectMany { Project candidate ->
-        candidate.tasks.findAll { Task task ->
-            task instanceof JavaCompile || task instanceof Jar || task instanceof Test
-        }
-    }
-    tasks.withType(Exec).matching { Task task -> task.name.startsWith('verify') }.configureEach {
-        mustRunAfter(sharedOutputTasks)
-        mustRunAfter(tasks.named('buildBukkit'))
-    }
-}
-
-tasks.named('check').configure {
-    dependsOn(selectedModdedBuilds.fabric)
 }
 
 tasks.register('checkAll') {
@@ -608,67 +554,10 @@ tasks.named('buildBukkit').configure {
     dependsOn('verifyBukkitArtifact')
 }
 
-tasks.named('iris').configure {
-    dependsOn('verifyBukkitArtifact')
-}
-
-tasks.register('buildAllToOut') {
-    group = 'iris'
-    description = 'Builds and verifies the Bukkit jar and every mod target jar into the plugin output directory.'
-    dependsOn('buildBukkit', ':spi:jar')
-    dependsOn(moddedExports)
-    doLast {
-        File[] jars = pluginOutDirectory.listFiles((java.io.FileFilter) { File f -> f.name.startsWith('Iris v') && f.name.endsWith('.jar') })
-        println('')
-        println('=== Iris buildAllToOut -> ' + pluginOutDirectory + ' ===')
-        if (jars != null) {
-            jars.sort { it.name }.each { File f ->
-                println(String.format('  %-60s %8d KB', f.name, (long) (f.length() / 1024)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 tasks.register('buildAll') {
-    group = 'iris'
+    group = 'build'
-    outputs.upToDateWhen { false }
+    description = 'Builds and verifies the Bukkit plugin, API, SPI and every supported mod target.'
-    dependsOn('iris', 'buildAllToOut')
+    dependsOn('buildBukkit', 'irisApi', ':spi:jar', verifyModdedMatrix)
-    Map<String, List<Object>> consumerDrops = [
-        (bukkitConsumerPath)  : ['Iris.jar', consumerBukkitArtifact],
-        (fabricConsumerPath)  : ['Iris-Fabric.jar', fabricArtifact],
-        (forgeConsumerPath)   : ['Iris-Forge.jar', forgeArtifact],
-        (neoForgeConsumerPath): ['Iris-Neoforge.jar', neoForgeArtifact]
-    ]
-    doLast {
-        consumerDrops.each { String consumerPath, List<Object> drop ->
-            String keep = (String) drop.get(0)
-            File source = (File) drop.get(1)
-            irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.delete { DeleteSpec spec ->
-                consumerDrops.values().each { List<Object> other ->
-                    String name = (String) other.get(0)
-                    if (name != keep) {
-                        spec.delete(new File(consumerPath, name))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            irisFileOperations.fileSystemOperations.copy { CopySpec spec ->
-                spec.from(source)
-                spec.into(consumerPath)
-                spec.rename { String ignored -> keep }
-            }
-        }
-        println('')
-        println("=== Iris buildAll -> ${consumerLocation} ===")
-        println("  ${bukkitConsumerPath}/Iris.jar")
-        println("  ${fabricConsumerPath}/Iris-Fabric.jar")
-        println("  ${forgeConsumerPath}/Iris-Forge.jar")
-        println("  ${neoForgeConsumerPath}/Iris-Neoforge.jar")
-    }
-}
-tasks.register('buildPsychoLT') {
-    group = 'development'
-    description = 'Builds all verified Iris platform jars and stages them in the local test-server dropins and PluginOuts.'
-    dependsOn('buildAll')
 }
 
 tasks.register('irisDev', Copy) {
@@ -688,12 +577,13 @@ if (!(irisRuntimeJava in [21, 25])) {
     throw new GradleException('irisRuntimeJava must be 21 or 25')
 }
 Set<String> sharedRuntimeProjects = [':core', ':core:agent', ':spi'] as Set<String>
+String runtimeOutputVariant = gradle.extensions.extraProperties.get('irisRuntimeOutputVariant').toString()
 
 allprojects {
     apply plugin: 'java'
     boolean java21Runtime = irisRuntimeJava == 21 && sharedRuntimeProjects.contains(project.path)
-    if (java21Runtime) {
+    if (!runtimeOutputVariant.isEmpty() && sharedRuntimeProjects.contains(project.path)) {
-        layout.buildDirectory.set(layout.projectDirectory.dir('build/java21'))
+        layout.buildDirectory.set(layout.projectDirectory.dir("build/${runtimeOutputVariant}"))
     }
 
     tasks.withType(Test).configureEach {
@@ -1038,3 +928,5 @@ tasks.withType(PackedJar).configureEach {
         NativeRuntimeArtifacts.verifyPacked(task.outputJar.get().asFile, nativeRuntimeModules, embeddedNatives())
     }
 }
+
+apply from: file('gradle/multiplexor.gradle')

buildSrc/build.gradle

@@ -21,11 +21,14 @@ repositories {
 // Nothing else asks buildSrc for `test`: Gradle only requests the jar that carries the build logic.
 // Gating the jar on the tests is what makes them run at all, and it costs nothing once they are green.
 tasks.named('jar').configure {
+    if (!gradle.extensions.extraProperties.has('irisBuildLane')) {
         dependsOn(tasks.named('test'))
     }
+}
 
 tasks.named('test').configure {
     jvmArgs('--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED')
+    jvmArgs('-XX:ParallelGCThreads=2', '-XX:ConcGCThreads=1', '-XX:CICompilerCount=2')
 }
 
 dependencies {

buildSrc/src/main/java/ApiGenerator.java

@@ -37,11 +37,6 @@ public class ApiGenerator implements Plugin<Project> {
             throw new GradleException("Publishing extension not found");
         }
 
-        publishing.getRepositories().maven(repository -> {
-            repository.setName("deployDir");
-            repository.setUrl(targetDirectory(target).toURI());
-        });
-
         publishing.getPublications().create("maven", MavenPublication.class, publication -> {
             publication.setGroupId(target.getGroup().toString());
             publication.setArtifactId("iris");
@@ -49,27 +44,19 @@ public class ApiGenerator implements Plugin<Project> {
             publication.artifact(task);
         });
     }
-
-    public static File targetDirectory(Project project) {
-        String dir = System.getenv("DEPLOY_DIR");
-        if (dir == null) {
-            return project.getLayout().getBuildDirectory().dir("api").get().getAsFile();
-        }
-        return new File(dir);
-    }
 }
 
 abstract class GenerateApiTask extends DefaultTask {
     public GenerateApiTask() {
         setGroup("iris");
         dependsOn("jar");
-        finalizedBy("publishMavenPublicationToDeployDirRepository");
         doLast(task -> getLogger().lifecycle("The API is located at " + getOutputFile().get().getAsFile().getAbsolutePath()));
 
         TaskProvider<Jar> jarTask = getProject().getTasks().named("jar", Jar.class);
         getInputFile().convention(jarTask.flatMap(Jar::getArchiveFile));
         getOutputFile().convention(getProject().getLayout().file(getInputFile().getLocationOnly().map(input ->
-                new File(ApiGenerator.targetDirectory(getProject()), input.getAsFile().getName()))));
+                new File(getProject().getLayout().getBuildDirectory().dir("api").get().getAsFile(),
+                        input.getAsFile().getName()))));
     }
 
     @InputFile

buildSrc/src/main/java/IrisModdedBuild.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask;
+import org.gradle.api.file.DirectoryProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.ListProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.MapProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.Property;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.SetProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.Input;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.Internal;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.LocalState;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile;
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction;
+import org.gradle.workers.WorkerExecutor;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public abstract class IrisModdedBuild extends DefaultTask {
+    public IrisModdedBuild() {
+        getEnvironment().convention(Map.of());
+    }
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract Property<String> getLabel();
+
+    @Internal
+    public abstract DirectoryProperty getWorkingDirectory();
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract ListProperty<String> getCommandLine();
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract MapProperty<String, String> getEnvironment();
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract ListProperty<String> getRequiredEntries();
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract SetProperty<String> getForbiddenCoreClasses();
+
+    @Input
+    public abstract Property<Integer> getJavaRuntime();
+
+    @OutputFile
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getArtifactFile();
+
+    @LocalState
+    public abstract RegularFileProperty getLogFile();
+
+    @Inject
+    protected abstract WorkerExecutor getWorkerExecutor();
+
+    @TaskAction
+    public void build() {
+        getWorkerExecutor().noIsolation().submit(IrisModdedBuildAction.class, parameters -> {
+            parameters.getLabel().set(getLabel());
+            parameters.getWorkingDirectory().set(getWorkingDirectory());
+            parameters.getCommandLine().set(getCommandLine());
+            parameters.getEnvironment().set(getEnvironment());
+            parameters.getRequiredEntries().set(getRequiredEntries());
+            parameters.getForbiddenCoreClasses().set(getForbiddenCoreClasses());
+            parameters.getJavaRuntime().set(getJavaRuntime());
+            parameters.getArtifactFile().set(getArtifactFile());
+            parameters.getLogFile().set(getLogFile());
+        });
+    }
+}

buildSrc/src/main/java/IrisModdedBuildAction.java

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import org.gradle.api.GradleException;
+import org.gradle.api.logging.Logger;
+import org.gradle.api.logging.Logging;
+import org.gradle.process.ExecOperations;
+import org.gradle.workers.WorkAction;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public abstract class IrisModdedBuildAction implements WorkAction<IrisModdedBuildParameters> {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logging.getLogger(IrisModdedBuildAction.class);
+    private static final int LOG_TAIL_BYTES = 16 * 1024;
+    private static final int LOG_TAIL_LINES = 40;
+
+    @Inject
+    protected abstract ExecOperations getExecOperations();
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute() {
+        IrisModdedBuildParameters parameters = getParameters();
+        String label = parameters.getLabel().get();
+        Path log = parameters.getLogFile().get().getAsFile().toPath();
+        long started = System.nanoTime();
+        LOGGER.lifecycle("{} started; log: {}", label, log);
+        try {
+            Files.createDirectories(log.getParent());
+            try (OutputStream output = Files.newOutputStream(log)) {
+                getExecOperations().exec(spec -> {
+                    spec.setWorkingDir(parameters.getWorkingDirectory().get().getAsFile());
+                    spec.commandLine(parameters.getCommandLine().get());
+                    spec.environment(parameters.getEnvironment().get());
+                    spec.setStandardOutput(output);
+                    spec.setErrorOutput(output);
+                }).assertNormalExitValue();
+            }
+            ModdedArtifactVerifier.verify(parameters.getArtifactFile().get().getAsFile(),
+                    parameters.getRequiredEntries().get(), parameters.getForbiddenCoreClasses().get());
+            ModdedArtifactVerifier.verifyJavaRuntime(parameters.getArtifactFile().get().getAsFile(),
+                    parameters.getJavaRuntime().get());
+            LOGGER.lifecycle("{} succeeded in {} ms", label,
+                    TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(System.nanoTime() - started));
+        } catch (Exception failure) {
+            appendFailure(log, failure);
+            String details;
+            try {
+                details = logTail(log);
+            } catch (IOException unreadable) {
+                failure.addSuppressed(unreadable);
+                details = "Log could not be read.";
+            }
+            LOGGER.error(label + " failed; log: " + log + System.lineSeparator() + details, failure);
+            throw new GradleException(label + " failed; log: " + log, failure);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String logTail(Path log) throws IOException {
+        try (RandomAccessFile input = new RandomAccessFile(log.toFile(), "r")) {
+            long offset = Math.max(0L, input.length() - LOG_TAIL_BYTES);
+            input.seek(offset);
+            byte[] bytes = new byte[(int) (input.length() - offset)];
+            input.readFully(bytes);
+            String[] lines = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).split("\\R");
+            return String.join(System.lineSeparator(), Arrays.copyOfRange(lines,
+                    Math.max(0, lines.length - LOG_TAIL_LINES), lines.length));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void appendFailure(Path log, Exception failure) {
+        try (PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(log, StandardCharsets.UTF_8,
+                StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.APPEND))) {
+            failure.printStackTrace(output);
+        } catch (IOException unwritable) {
+            failure.addSuppressed(unwritable);
+        }
+    }
+}

buildSrc/src/main/java/IrisModdedBuildParameters.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import org.gradle.api.file.DirectoryProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.ListProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.MapProperty;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.Property;
+import org.gradle.api.provider.SetProperty;
+import org.gradle.workers.WorkParameters;
+
+public interface IrisModdedBuildParameters extends WorkParameters {
+    Property<String> getLabel();
+
+    DirectoryProperty getWorkingDirectory();
+
+    ListProperty<String> getCommandLine();
+
+    MapProperty<String, String> getEnvironment();
+
+    ListProperty<String> getRequiredEntries();
+
+    SetProperty<String> getForbiddenCoreClasses();
+
+    Property<Integer> getJavaRuntime();
+
+    RegularFileProperty getArtifactFile();
+
+    RegularFileProperty getLogFile();
+}

buildSrc/src/main/java/IrisModdedBuildService.java

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import org.gradle.api.services.BuildService;
+import org.gradle.api.services.BuildServiceParameters;
+
+public abstract class IrisModdedBuildService implements BuildService<BuildServiceParameters.None> {
+}

buildSrc/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/buildtools/GenerationBuildRevision.java

@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ public final class GenerationBuildRevision {
                     throw new IOException("Duplicate dependency artifact entry: " + name);
                 }
             }
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024];
             for (Map.Entry<String, ZipEntry> entry : entries.entrySet()) {
                 update(digest, entry.getKey());
                 try (InputStream input = zip.getInputStream(entry.getValue())) {
                     MessageDigest content = digest();
-                    byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024];
                     int read;
                     while ((read = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
                         content.update(buffer, 0, read);

buildSrc/src/test/java/ApiGeneratorTest.java

@@ -50,9 +50,12 @@ public class ApiGeneratorTest {
 
         assertEquals(jar.getArchiveFile().get().getAsFile(), api.getInputFile().get().getAsFile());
         assertEquals(jar.getArchiveFileName().get(), api.getOutputFile().get().getAsFile().getName());
-        assertEquals(ApiGenerator.targetDirectory(project), api.getOutputFile().get().getAsFile().getParentFile());
+        assertEquals(project.getLayout().getBuildDirectory().dir("api").get().getAsFile(),
+                api.getOutputFile().get().getAsFile().getParentFile());
+        assertTrue(api.getFinalizedBy().getDependencies(api).isEmpty());
 
         PublishingExtension publishing = project.getExtensions().getByType(PublishingExtension.class);
+        assertTrue(publishing.getRepositories().isEmpty());
         MavenPublication publication = (MavenPublication) publishing.getPublications().getByName("maven");
         assertEquals("art.arcane", publication.getGroupId());
         assertEquals("iris", publication.getArtifactId());

buildSrc/src/test/java/GenerationBuildRevisionTest.java

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ public class GenerationBuildRevisionTest {
                 GenerationBuildRevision.capture(fixture.options(), dependencies)));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void hashesLargeShortAndEmptyEntriesIndependently() throws Exception {
+        Path dependency = temporary.newFile("multiple-entries.jar").toPath();
+        Map<String, String> contents = Map.of("example/Large.class", "abc".repeat(11_000),
+                "example/Short.class", "tail", "example/Zero.class", "");
+        try (ZipOutputStream output = new ZipOutputStream(Files.newOutputStream(dependency))) {
+            for (String name : List.of("example/Zero.class", "example/Short.class", "example/Large.class")) {
+                output.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(name));
+                output.write(contents.get(name).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+                output.closeEntry();
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals("49217af891afa3111d1f70a390acacc8bad700528b61b1ecc5637c060aeb52cd",
+                GenerationBuildRevision.artifactHash(dependency));
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void rejectsChangedAddedAndDeletedGenerationSources() throws Exception {
         Fixture fixture = fixture();

buildSrc/src/test/java/IrisModdedBuildTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import org.gradle.api.Project;
+import org.gradle.testfixtures.ProjectBuilder;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class IrisModdedBuildTest {
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder temporary = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    @Test
+    public void capturesTheCompleteTargetConfiguration() throws Exception {
+        Project project = ProjectBuilder.builder().withProjectDir(temporary.newFolder()).build();
+        IrisModdedBuild task = project.getTasks().create("verifyFabric", IrisModdedBuild.class);
+        task.getLabel().set("Fabric 26.3");
+        task.getWorkingDirectory().set(project.getLayout().getProjectDirectory());
+        task.getCommandLine().set(List.of("gradlew", "assemble", "test"));
+        task.getRequiredEntries().set(List.of("fabric.mod.json"));
+        task.getForbiddenCoreClasses().set(Set.of("org/bukkit/Test"));
+        task.getJavaRuntime().set(25);
+        task.getArtifactFile().set(project.getLayout().getProjectDirectory().file("build/mod.jar"));
+        task.getLogFile().set(project.getLayout().getProjectDirectory().file("build/reports/matrix/fabric.log"));
+
+        assertEquals(Map.of(), task.getEnvironment().get());
+        assertEquals(List.of("gradlew", "assemble", "test"), task.getCommandLine().get());
+        assertEquals(List.of("fabric.mod.json"), task.getRequiredEntries().get());
+        assertEquals(Set.of("org/bukkit/Test"), task.getForbiddenCoreClasses().get());
+        assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(25), task.getJavaRuntime().get());
+        assertEquals(Set.of(task.getArtifactFile().get().getAsFile()), task.getOutputs().getFiles().getFiles());
+        assertFalse(task.getOutputs().getFiles().contains(task.getLogFile().get().getAsFile()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failureSummaryRetainsTheFinalLinesWithoutReadingAnEntireLog() throws Exception {
+        Path log = temporary.newFile().toPath();
+        StringBuilder content = new StringBuilder("discarded first line\n");
+        for (int index = 0; index < 2000; index++) {
+            content.append("task output ").append(index).append('\n');
+        }
+        content.append("final failure\n");
+        Files.writeString(log, content);
+
+        String tail = IrisModdedBuildAction.logTail(log);
+
+        assertEquals(40, tail.lines().count());
+        assertTrue(tail.endsWith("final failure"));
+        assertFalse(tail.contains("discarded first line"));
+        assertTrue(tail.length() <= 16 * 1024);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failureSummaryAcceptsEmptyAndUnterminatedLogs() throws Exception {
+        Path log = temporary.newFile().toPath();
+        assertEquals("", IrisModdedBuildAction.logTail(log));
+        Files.writeString(log, "first\r\nlast");
+        assertEquals("first" + System.lineSeparator() + "last", IrisModdedBuildAction.logTail(log));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failureSummaryBoundsAnUnbrokenFailureLine() throws Exception {
+        Path log = temporary.newFile().toPath();
+        Files.writeString(log, "x".repeat(100_000) + "final failure");
+
+        String tail = IrisModdedBuildAction.logTail(log);
+
+        assertEquals(16 * 1024, tail.length());
+        assertTrue(tail.endsWith("final failure"));
+    }
+}

core/build.gradle

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import groovy.json.JsonSlurper
+import com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins.shadow.tasks.ShadowJar
 import io.github.slimjar.resolver.data.Mirror
 import org.gradle.api.attributes.java.TargetJvmVersion
 import org.gradle.api.file.FileTreeElement
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 apply from: rootProject.file('gradle/runtime-relocations.gradle')
+apply from: rootProject.file('gradle/java21-runtime-exclusions.gradle')
 
 def lib = 'art.arcane.iris.util'
 
@@ -176,6 +179,7 @@ dependencies {
 tasks.named('test').configure {
     maxHeapSize = '1g'
     jvmArgs('-XX:+ExitOnOutOfMemoryError')
+    systemProperty('iris.generation.counters', 'true')
 }
 
 java {
@@ -197,8 +201,16 @@ slimJar {
     }
 }
 
+TaskProvider<Task> slimJarTask = tasks.named('slimJar')
+tasks.withType(ShadowJar).configureEach {
+    dependsOn(slimJarTask)
+}
+
 def embeddedAgentJar = project(':core:agent').tasks.named('jar', Jar)
-tasks.named('processResources').configure {
+tasks.named('processResources').configure { Task resources ->
+    resources.setFinalizedBy(resources.finalizedBy.getDependencies(resources).findAll { Task finalizer ->
+        finalizer != slimJarTask.get()
+    })
     from(embeddedAgentJar.map { it.archiveFile }) {
         rename { String ignored -> 'agent.jar' }
     }
@@ -217,6 +229,18 @@ def generateTemplates = tasks.register('generateTemplates', Copy) {
             return 'development'
         },
         commit: providers.provider {
+            String sourceHashesJson = providers.environmentVariable('MULTIPLEXOR_SOURCE_HASHES').orNull
+            if (sourceHashesJson != null) {
+                Object sourceHashes = new JsonSlurper().parseText(sourceHashesJson)
+                if (!(sourceHashes instanceof Map)) {
+                    throw new GradleException('MULTIPLEXOR_SOURCE_HASHES must map project paths to SHA-256 source fingerprints')
+                }
+                Object sourceHash = sourceHashes.get(rootProject.projectDir.canonicalPath)
+                if (!(sourceHash instanceof String) || !(sourceHash ==~ /[a-f0-9]{64}/)) {
+                    throw new GradleException("MULTIPLEXOR_SOURCE_HASHES requires a SHA-256 source fingerprint for ${rootProject.projectDir.canonicalPath}")
+                }
+                return "source-${sourceHash}"
+            }
             String commitId = null
             Exception failure = null
             try {
@@ -447,13 +471,12 @@ List<String> dependencyBuildMetadata = [
 
 String languageTomlSupportClassPattern = 'art/arcane/volmlib/util/config/(?:TomlCodec|ConfigJson|ConfigExposePolicy|ConfigDoc|ConfigDescription|ConfigDocumentation)(?:\\$[^/]+)?\\.class'
 
-tasks.named('shadowJar', com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins.shadow.tasks.ShadowJar).configure {
+tasks.named('shadowJar', ShadowJar).configure {
     inputs.property('languageTomlSupportClassPattern', languageTomlSupportClassPattern)
     dependsOn(embeddedAgentJar)
     mergeServiceFiles()
     if (providers.gradleProperty('irisRuntimeJava').getOrElse(rootProject.irisModTarget.java.toString()) == '21') {
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/NativeBillowLoader*.class')
+        exclude(java21RuntimeExclusions)
-        exclude('art/arcane/volmlib/util/noise/BillowBatch*.class')
     }
     // minimize() stays off. Caffeine reaches its 520 generated cache and node classes through
     // MethodHandles.Lookup.findClass on a computed name, and the VolmLib command, GUI and hotload

core/purity-allowlist.txt

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ art/arcane/iris/generation/block/IrisCustomData.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/block/LegacyTileData.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/block/TileData.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkBiomeHunkView.java
-art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkDataHunkHolder.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkDataHunkView.java
+art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkDataOutput.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkHunkView.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/LinkedTerrainChunk.java
 art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/TerrainChunk.java

core/src/externalProviderTest/java/art/arcane/iris/integration/data/CraftEngineDataProviderTest.java

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineFurniture;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineItems;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.event.CraftEngineReloadEvent;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.item.BukkitItemDefinition;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.entity.furniture.BukkitFurniture;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.plugin.BukkitCraftEngine;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.block.BlockDefinition;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.block.ImmutableBlockState;
@@ -24,10 +25,12 @@ import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.entity.furniture.FurnitureVariant;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.registry.Holder;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.Key;
 import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.Chunk;
 import org.bukkit.Location;
 import org.bukkit.Material;
 import org.bukkit.block.Block;
 import org.bukkit.block.data.BlockData;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Entity;
 import org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack;
 import org.bukkit.plugin.Plugin;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.MissingResourceException;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -48,12 +52,59 @@ import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class CraftEngineDataProviderTest {
+    @Test
+    public void furniturePlacementReturnsExactEntityTokenAndCleanupKeepsReplacement() {
+        FurnitureDefinition definition = furnitureDefinition();
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        SeedManager seeds = mock(SeedManager.class);
+        when(engine.getSeedManager()).thenReturn(seeds);
+        Block block = mock(Block.class);
+        when(block.getLocation()).thenAnswer(invocation -> new Location(null, 0, 70, 0));
+        Chunk chunk = mock(Chunk.class);
+        when(block.getChunk()).thenReturn(chunk);
+        when(chunk.isEntitiesLoaded()).thenReturn(true);
+        Entity original = mock(Entity.class);
+        Entity replacement = mock(Entity.class);
+        UUID originalId = UUID.randomUUID();
+        when(original.getUniqueId()).thenReturn(originalId);
+        when(replacement.getUniqueId()).thenReturn(UUID.randomUUID());
+        when(chunk.getEntities()).thenReturn(new Entity[]{replacement, original});
+        BukkitFurniture placed = mock(BukkitFurniture.class);
+        when(placed.baseEntity()).thenReturn(original);
+        CraftEngineDataProvider provider = new CraftEngineDataProvider();
+        try (MockedStatic<CraftEngineBlocks> blocks = mockStatic(CraftEngineBlocks.class);
+             MockedStatic<CraftEngineFurniture> furniture = mockStatic(CraftEngineFurniture.class)) {
+            furniture.when(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.byId(Key.of("test:chair"))).thenReturn(definition);
+            furniture.when(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.place(any(Location.class), eq(definition), eq("alpha"), eq(false)))
+                    .thenReturn(placed);
+            furniture.when(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.remove(original, false, false)).thenReturn(true);
+
+            String token = provider.processUpdate(engine, block, Identifier.fromString("test:chair"));
+
+            assertEquals(originalId.toString(), token);
+            assertTrue(provider.removeGenerated(block, token));
+            furniture.verify(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.remove(original, false, false));
+            furniture.verify(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.remove(replacement, false, false), never());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void furnitureCleanupWaitsForEntitiesToLoad() {
+        Block block = mock(Block.class);
+        Chunk chunk = mock(Chunk.class);
+        when(block.getChunk()).thenReturn(chunk);
+
+        assertFalse(new CraftEngineDataProvider().removeGenerated(block, UUID.randomUUID().toString()));
+        verify(chunk, never()).getEntities();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void startupWaitsForReloadEventAndEmptyLoadedRegistriesAreReady() {
         CraftEngineDataProvider provider = spy(new CraftEngineDataProvider());

core/src/externalProviderTest/java/art/arcane/iris/platform/generation/CraftEngineStaleRecordTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.platform.generation;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.IrisCustomData;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.mantle.CustomBlockOwnership;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.SeedManager;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.ExternalDataProvider;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.ExternalDataSVC;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.Identifier;
+import art.arcane.iris.integration.data.CraftEngineDataProvider;
+import art.arcane.iris.platform.bukkit.BukkitBlockResolution;
+import art.arcane.iris.platform.registry.RegistryUtil;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisServices;
+import art.arcane.iris.testsupport.BukkitTestServer;
+import art.arcane.iris.world.IrisWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.function.Consumer4;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterSlice;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineBlocks;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineFurniture;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.CraftEngineItems;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.api.event.CraftEngineReloadEvent;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.entity.furniture.BukkitFurniture;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.plugin.BukkitCraftEngine;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.block.BlockDefinition;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.block.ImmutableBlockState;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.entity.furniture.FurnitureDefinition;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.entity.furniture.FurnitureVariant;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.registry.Holder;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.Key;
+import org.bukkit.Chunk;
+import org.bukkit.Location;
+import org.bukkit.Material;
+import org.bukkit.World;
+import org.bukkit.block.Block;
+import org.bukkit.block.data.BlockData;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Entity;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.MockedStatic;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class CraftEngineStaleRecordTest {
+    @Test
+    public void stalePlacementRecordsAreSkippedAndIntactOnesPlaced() throws Exception {
+        BukkitTestServer.install();
+        BlockDefinition lampDefinition = mock(BlockDefinition.class);
+        ImmutableBlockState lamp = mock(ImmutableBlockState.class);
+        when(lamp.owner()).thenReturn(Holder.direct(lampDefinition));
+        when(lamp.toString()).thenReturn("test:lamp");
+        when(lampDefinition.defaultState()).thenReturn(lamp);
+        FurnitureDefinition chairDefinition = mock(FurnitureDefinition.class);
+        when(chairDefinition.id()).thenReturn(Key.of("test:chair"));
+        when(chairDefinition.variants()).thenReturn(Map.of("alpha", mock(FurnitureVariant.class)));
+        BlockData noteBlock = blockData(Material.NOTE_BLOCK);
+        BlockData air = blockData(Material.AIR);
+        CraftEngineDataProvider provider = new CraftEngineDataProvider();
+        ExternalDataSVC service = new ExternalDataSVC();
+        activate(service, provider);
+
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        when(engine.getWorld()).thenReturn(mock(IrisWorld.class));
+        SeedManager seeds = mock(SeedManager.class);
+        when(engine.getSeedManager()).thenReturn(seeds);
+        World world = mock(World.class);
+        when(world.getMinHeight()).thenReturn(0);
+        when(world.getMaxHeight()).thenReturn(256);
+        Chunk chunk = mock(Chunk.class);
+        when(chunk.getWorld()).thenReturn(world);
+        block(chunk, 1, Material.NOTE_BLOCK);
+        block(chunk, 2, Material.AIR);
+        block(chunk, 3, Material.COBBLESTONE);
+        block(chunk, 4, Material.COBBLESTONE);
+
+        try (MockedStatic<BukkitCraftEngine> craftEngine = mockStatic(BukkitCraftEngine.class);
+             MockedStatic<CraftEngineBlocks> blocks = mockStatic(CraftEngineBlocks.class);
+             MockedStatic<CraftEngineFurniture> furniture = mockStatic(CraftEngineFurniture.class);
+             MockedStatic<CraftEngineItems> items = mockStatic(CraftEngineItems.class);
+             MockedStatic<RegistryUtil> registry = materialRegistry();
+             MockedStatic<BukkitBlockResolution> resolution = mockStatic(BukkitBlockResolution.class);
+             MockedStatic<IrisServices> services = mockStatic(IrisServices.class)) {
+            resolution.when(BukkitBlockResolution::getAir).thenReturn(air);
+            services.when(() -> IrisServices.get(ExternalDataSVC.class)).thenReturn(service);
+            blocks.when(CraftEngineBlocks::loadedBlocks).thenReturn(Map.of(Key.of("test:lamp"), lampDefinition));
+            furniture.when(CraftEngineFurniture::loadedFurniture).thenReturn(Map.of(Key.of("test:chair"), chairDefinition));
+            items.when(CraftEngineItems::loadedItems).thenReturn(Map.of());
+            blocks.when(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.byId(Key.of("test:lamp"))).thenReturn(lampDefinition);
+            blocks.when(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.getBukkitBlockData(lamp)).thenReturn(noteBlock);
+            blocks.when(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.place(any(Location.class), eq(lamp), eq(false))).thenReturn(true);
+            furniture.when(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.byId(Key.of("test:chair"))).thenReturn(chairDefinition);
+            BukkitFurniture placed = mock(BukkitFurniture.class);
+            Entity entity = mock(Entity.class);
+            when(placed.baseEntity()).thenReturn(entity);
+            when(entity.getUniqueId()).thenReturn(UUID.randomUUID());
+            furniture.when(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.place(any(Location.class), eq(chairDefinition), eq("alpha"), eq(false)))
+                    .thenReturn(placed);
+            provider.onReload(mock(CraftEngineReloadEvent.class));
+            Identifier lampRecord = generatedRecord(service, "test:lamp");
+            Identifier chairRecord = generatedRecord(service, "test:chair");
+            assertEquals("craftengine:test/lamp", lampRecord.toString());
+            assertEquals("craftengine:test/chair[variant=alpha]", chairRecord.toString());
+
+            EngineBukkitOps.materializeCustomBlocks(engine, chunk, records(
+                    new Placed(1, lampRecord),
+                    new Placed(2, lampRecord),
+                    new Placed(3, lampRecord),
+                    new Placed(4, chairRecord)));
+
+            blocks.verify(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.place(any(Location.class), eq(lamp), eq(false)), times(1));
+            blocks.verify(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.place(location(1), lamp, false));
+            blocks.verify(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.place(location(2), lamp, false), never());
+            blocks.verify(() -> CraftEngineBlocks.place(location(3), lamp, false), never());
+            furniture.verify(() -> CraftEngineFurniture.place(location(4), chairDefinition, "alpha", false));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static MockedStatic<RegistryUtil> materialRegistry() {
+        MockedStatic<RegistryUtil> registry = mockStatic(RegistryUtil.class);
+        registry.when(() -> RegistryUtil.find(Material.class, "grass", "short_grass")).thenReturn(Material.SHORT_GRASS);
+        return registry;
+    }
+
+    private static Identifier generatedRecord(ExternalDataSVC service, String key) {
+        BlockData resolved = service.getBlockData(Identifier.fromString(key)).orElseThrow();
+        return ((IrisCustomData) resolved).getCustom();
+    }
+
+    private static BlockData blockData(Material material) {
+        BlockData data = mock(BlockData.class);
+        when(data.getMaterial()).thenReturn(material);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    private static Block block(Chunk chunk, int offset, Material type) {
+        Block block = mock(Block.class);
+        when(block.getType()).thenReturn(type);
+        when(block.getX()).thenReturn(offset);
+        when(block.getY()).thenReturn(10);
+        when(block.getZ()).thenReturn(offset);
+        when(block.getLocation()).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> location(offset));
+        when(chunk.getBlock(offset, 10, offset)).thenReturn(block);
+        return block;
+    }
+
+    private static Location location(int offset) {
+        return new Location(null, offset, 10, offset);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static MantleChunk<Matter> records(Placed... records) {
+        MantleChunk<Matter> chunk = mock(MantleChunk.class);
+        Matter section = mock(Matter.class);
+        MatterSlice<CustomBlockOwnership> ownership = mock(MatterSlice.class);
+        MatterSlice<Identifier> deferred = mock(MatterSlice.class);
+        when(chunk.getOrCreate(anyInt())).thenReturn(section);
+        when(section.<CustomBlockOwnership>slice(CustomBlockOwnership.class)).thenReturn(ownership);
+        when(section.getSlice(Identifier.class)).thenReturn(deferred);
+        for (Placed record : records) {
+            when(chunk.get(record.offset(), 10, record.offset(), Identifier.class)).thenReturn(record.identifier());
+            when(deferred.get(record.offset(), 10, record.offset())).thenReturn(record.identifier());
+        }
+        doAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+            Consumer4<Integer, Integer, Integer, Identifier> iterator = invocation.getArgument(1);
+            for (Placed record : records) {
+                iterator.accept(record.offset(), 10, record.offset(), record.identifier());
+            }
+            return null;
+        }).when(chunk).iterate(eq(Identifier.class), any());
+        return chunk;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static void activate(ExternalDataSVC service, ExternalDataProvider provider) throws Exception {
+        Field field = ExternalDataSVC.class.getDeclaredField("activeProviders");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        ((List<ExternalDataProvider>) field.get(service)).add(provider);
+    }
+
+    private record Placed(int offset, Identifier identifier) {
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/BakePlane.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+public enum BakePlane {
+    REGION(false),
+    BASE_BIOME(false),
+    BASE_HEIGHT(true),
+    NATURAL_HEIGHT(true),
+    NATURAL_TRUE_BIOME(false),
+    HEIGHT(true),
+    TRUE_BIOME(false),
+    ROCK(false),
+    FLUID(false),
+    CAVE_BIOME(false);
+
+    static final BakePlane[] PLANES = values();
+
+    private final boolean doubles;
+
+    BakePlane(boolean doubles) {
+        this.doubles = doubles;
+    }
+
+    public boolean doubles() {
+        return doubles;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/ChunkBakeCache.java

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.cache.ConcurrentClockCache;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.stream.ProvisionalSampling;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public final class ChunkBakeCache {
+    public static final int MINIMUM_CAPACITY = 2_048;
+    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 32_768;
+    static final long BYTES_PER_ENTRY = 13L * 1_024L;
+    static final int HEAP_SHARE = 32;
+    private static final int RECENT_SLOTS = 16;
+    private static final ThreadLocal<int[]> SPARSE = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new int[1]);
+
+    private final PlaneSource source;
+    private final ConcurrentClockCache<ChunkPlanes> entries;
+    private final ThreadLocal<Recent> recent = ThreadLocal.withInitial(Recent::new);
+    private volatile int generation;
+
+    public ChunkBakeCache(PlaneSource source, int capacityChunks) {
+        this.source = Objects.requireNonNull(source, "Bake plane source");
+        this.entries = new ConcurrentClockCache<>(Math.max(16, capacityChunks));
+    }
+
+    public static int capacityFor(long maxMemory) {
+        long entries = Math.max(0L, maxMemory) / HEAP_SHARE / BYTES_PER_ENTRY;
+        return (int) Math.max(MINIMUM_CAPACITY, Math.min(MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, entries));
+    }
+
+    public int capacity() {
+        return entries.capacity();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void clear() {
+        generation++;
+        entries.forEach(ChunkPlanes::release);
+        entries.clear();
+    }
+
+    public long[] census() {
+        long[] counts = new long[BakePlane.PLANES.length + 1];
+        entries.forEach(planes -> {
+            counts[BakePlane.PLANES.length]++;
+            for (BakePlane plane : BakePlane.PLANES) {
+                if (planes.planeIfPresent(plane) != null) {
+                    counts[plane.ordinal()]++;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        return counts;
+    }
+
+    public ChunkPlanes.Plane planeIfPresent(BakePlane plane, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        long key = key(chunkX, chunkZ);
+        int slot = Recent.slot(chunkX, chunkZ);
+        Recent last = recent.get();
+        int current = generation;
+        ChunkPlanes planes = last.get(key, slot, current);
+        if (planes == null) {
+            planes = entries.get(key);
+            if (planes == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            last.remember(key, slot, planes, current);
+        }
+        return planes.planeIfPresent(plane);
+    }
+
+    public ChunkPlanes.Plane plane(BakePlane plane, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        return planes(chunkX, chunkZ).plane(plane);
+    }
+
+    public Object complete(BakePlane plane, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        return remembered(chunkX, chunkZ).complete(plane, source);
+    }
+
+    public void fillColumns(BakePlane plane, int chunkX, int chunkZ, long[] columns, Object target) {
+        remembered(chunkX, chunkZ).plane(plane).fillColumns(source, chunkX, chunkZ, columns, target);
+    }
+
+    public boolean memoAllowed() {
+        return SPARSE.get()[0] == 0 && !source.mainThread();
+    }
+
+    public void storeDouble(BakePlane plane, int blockX, int blockZ, double value, long revision) {
+        if (revision != ProvisionalSampling.revision()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        remembered(blockX >> 4, blockZ >> 4).plane(plane).storeDouble(((blockZ & 15) << 4) | (blockX & 15), value);
+    }
+
+    public void storeObject(BakePlane plane, int blockX, int blockZ, Object value, long revision) {
+        if (revision != ProvisionalSampling.revision()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        remembered(blockX >> 4, blockZ >> 4).plane(plane).storeObject(((blockZ & 15) << 4) | (blockX & 15), value);
+    }
+
+    private ChunkPlanes planes(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        long key = key(chunkX, chunkZ);
+        ChunkPlanes existing = entries.get(key);
+        return existing != null ? existing : entries.putIfAbsent(key, new ChunkPlanes(chunkX, chunkZ));
+    }
+
+    private ChunkPlanes remembered(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        int current = generation;
+        ChunkPlanes planes = planes(chunkX, chunkZ);
+        recent.get().remember(key(chunkX, chunkZ), Recent.slot(chunkX, chunkZ), planes, current);
+        return planes;
+    }
+
+    public static void enterSparse() {
+        SPARSE.get()[0]++;
+    }
+
+    public static void exitSparse() {
+        SPARSE.get()[0]--;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean inSparseScope() {
+        return SPARSE.get()[0] > 0;
+    }
+
+    public static long key(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        return ((long) chunkX << 32) ^ (chunkZ & 0xffffffffL);
+    }
+
+    private static final class Recent {
+        private final long[] keys = new long[RECENT_SLOTS];
+        private final ChunkPlanes[] planes = new ChunkPlanes[RECENT_SLOTS];
+        private int generation = -1;
+
+        private static int slot(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+            return ((chunkZ & 3) << 2) | (chunkX & 3);
+        }
+
+        private ChunkPlanes get(long key, int slot, int generation) {
+            return this.generation == generation && keys[slot] == key ? planes[slot] : null;
+        }
+
+        private void remember(long key, int slot, ChunkPlanes value, int generation) {
+            if (this.generation != generation) {
+                Arrays.fill(planes, null);
+                this.generation = generation;
+            }
+            keys[slot] = key;
+            planes[slot] = value;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/ChunkPlanes.java

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.stream.ProvisionalSampling;
+
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReferenceArray;
+
+public final class ChunkPlanes {
+    private static final VarHandle READY = MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(long[].class);
+
+    private final int chunkX;
+    private final int chunkZ;
+    private final AtomicReferenceArray<Plane> planes = new AtomicReferenceArray<>(BakePlane.PLANES.length);
+
+    ChunkPlanes(int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+        this.chunkX = chunkX;
+        this.chunkZ = chunkZ;
+    }
+
+    public int chunkX() {
+        return chunkX;
+    }
+
+    public int chunkZ() {
+        return chunkZ;
+    }
+
+    public Plane planeIfPresent(BakePlane kind) {
+        return planes.getAcquire(kind.ordinal());
+    }
+
+    public Plane plane(BakePlane kind) {
+        int slot = kind.ordinal();
+        Plane plane = planes.getAcquire(slot);
+        if (plane != null) {
+            return plane;
+        }
+        Plane created = new Plane(kind);
+        Plane witness = planes.compareAndExchangeRelease(slot, null, created);
+        return witness == null ? created : witness;
+    }
+
+    Object complete(BakePlane kind, PlaneSource source) {
+        Plane plane = plane(kind);
+        while (true) {
+            if (plane.complete) {
+                return plane.values;
+            }
+            Pending running = plane.filling.get();
+            if (running != null) {
+                if (running.owner == Thread.currentThread()) {
+                    return plane.unpublishedFill(source, chunkX, chunkZ);
+                }
+                running.await();
+                continue;
+            }
+            Pending pending = new Pending(Thread.currentThread());
+            if (!plane.filling.compareAndSet(null, pending)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            try {
+                return plane.fill(source, chunkX, chunkZ);
+            } finally {
+                plane.filling.set(null);
+                pending.complete();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void release() {
+        for (int slot = 0; slot < planes.length(); slot++) {
+            planes.setRelease(slot, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class Plane {
+        private final BakePlane kind;
+        private final Object values;
+        private final long[] ready = new long[4];
+        private final AtomicReference<Pending> filling = new AtomicReference<>();
+        private volatile boolean complete;
+
+        private Plane(BakePlane kind) {
+            this.kind = kind;
+            this.values = kind.doubles() ? new double[256] : new Object[256];
+        }
+
+        public boolean ready(int index) {
+            return complete || ((long) READY.getAcquire(ready, index >>> 6) & (1L << (index & 63))) != 0L;
+        }
+
+        public double doubleAt(int index) {
+            return ((double[]) values)[index];
+        }
+
+        public Object objectAt(int index) {
+            return ((Object[]) values)[index];
+        }
+
+        public void storeDouble(int index, double value) {
+            ((double[]) values)[index] = value;
+            markReady(index);
+        }
+
+        public void storeObject(int index, Object value) {
+            ((Object[]) values)[index] = value;
+            markReady(index);
+        }
+
+        private void markReady(int index) {
+            READY.getAndBitwiseOrRelease(ready, index >>> 6, 1L << (index & 63));
+        }
+
+        private long[] missing() {
+            long[] missing = new long[4];
+            for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                missing[word] = ~(long) READY.getAcquire(ready, word);
+            }
+            return missing;
+        }
+
+        private Object fill(PlaneSource source, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+            long[] missing = missing();
+            Object computed = kind.doubles() ? new double[256] : new Object[256];
+            long revision = ProvisionalSampling.revision();
+            source.fill(kind, chunkX, chunkZ, missing, computed);
+            if (revision != ProvisionalSampling.revision()) {
+                return merge(missing, computed);
+            }
+            for (int index = 0; index < 256; index++) {
+                if ((missing[index >>> 6] & (1L << (index & 63))) != 0L) {
+                    if (kind.doubles()) {
+                        ((double[]) values)[index] = ((double[]) computed)[index];
+                    } else {
+                        ((Object[]) values)[index] = ((Object[]) computed)[index];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                READY.setRelease(ready, word, -1L);
+            }
+            complete = true;
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        void fillColumns(PlaneSource source, int chunkX, int chunkZ, long[] columns, Object target) {
+            long[] missing = new long[4];
+            boolean any = false;
+            if (!complete) {
+                for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                    missing[word] = columns[word] & ~(long) READY.getAcquire(ready, word);
+                    any |= missing[word] != 0L;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!any) {
+                copyColumns(columns, values, target);
+                return;
+            }
+            long revision = ProvisionalSampling.revision();
+            source.fill(kind, chunkX, chunkZ, missing, target);
+            long[] known = new long[4];
+            for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                known[word] = columns[word] & ~missing[word];
+            }
+            copyColumns(known, values, target);
+            if (revision == ProvisionalSampling.revision()) {
+                publish(missing, target);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void publish(long[] missing, Object computed) {
+            copyColumns(missing, computed, values);
+            for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                if (missing[word] != 0L) {
+                    READY.getAndBitwiseOrRelease(ready, word, missing[word]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void copyColumns(long[] columns, Object from, Object to) {
+            for (int word = 0; word < 4; word++) {
+                long bits = columns[word];
+                while (bits != 0L) {
+                    int index = (word << 6) | Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(bits);
+                    if (kind.doubles()) {
+                        ((double[]) to)[index] = ((double[]) from)[index];
+                    } else {
+                        ((Object[]) to)[index] = ((Object[]) from)[index];
+                    }
+                    bits &= bits - 1L;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Object unpublishedFill(PlaneSource source, int chunkX, int chunkZ) {
+            long[] missing = missing();
+            Object computed = kind.doubles() ? new double[256] : new Object[256];
+            source.fill(kind, chunkX, chunkZ, missing, computed);
+            return merge(missing, computed);
+        }
+
+        private Object merge(long[] missing, Object computed) {
+            for (int index = 0; index < 256; index++) {
+                if ((missing[index >>> 6] & (1L << (index & 63))) == 0L) {
+                    if (kind.doubles()) {
+                        ((double[]) computed)[index] = ((double[]) values)[index];
+                    } else {
+                        ((Object[]) computed)[index] = ((Object[]) values)[index];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return computed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class Pending {
+        private final Thread owner;
+        private boolean done;
+
+        private Pending(Thread owner) {
+            this.owner = owner;
+        }
+
+        private synchronized void complete() {
+            done = true;
+            notifyAll();
+        }
+
+        private synchronized void await() {
+            boolean interrupted = false;
+            while (!done) {
+                try {
+                    wait();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    interrupted = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if (interrupted) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/GeneratorEvaluations.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.GenerationCounter;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
+
+public final class GeneratorEvaluations {
+    private static final LongAdder BAKED_CHUNKS = new LongAdder();
+    private static final LongAdder BAKED = new LongAdder();
+    private static final LongAdder BATCHED = new LongAdder();
+    private static final LongAdder SCALAR = new LongAdder();
+
+    private GeneratorEvaluations() {
+    }
+
+    public static void bakedChunk(long evaluations) {
+        if (!GenerationCounter.ENABLED) {
+            return;
+        }
+        BAKED_CHUNKS.increment();
+        BAKED.add(evaluations);
+    }
+
+    public static void batched(long evaluations) {
+        if (!GenerationCounter.ENABLED) {
+            return;
+        }
+        BATCHED.add(evaluations);
+    }
+
+    public static void scalar(int evaluations) {
+        if (!GenerationCounter.ENABLED) {
+            return;
+        }
+        SCALAR.add(evaluations);
+    }
+
+    public static Snapshot snapshot() {
+        return new Snapshot(BAKED_CHUNKS.sum(), BAKED.sum(), BATCHED.sum(), SCALAR.sum());
+    }
+
+    public static void reset() {
+        BAKED_CHUNKS.reset();
+        BAKED.reset();
+        BATCHED.reset();
+        SCALAR.reset();
+    }
+
+    public record Snapshot(long bakedChunks, long bakedEvaluations, long batchedEvaluations, long scalarEvaluations) {
+        public double bakedEvaluationsPerChunk() {
+            return bakedChunks == 0L ? 0D : (double) bakedEvaluations / bakedChunks;
+        }
+
+        public Snapshot minus(Snapshot earlier) {
+            return new Snapshot(bakedChunks - earlier.bakedChunks, bakedEvaluations - earlier.bakedEvaluations,
+                    batchedEvaluations - earlier.batchedEvaluations, scalarEvaluations - earlier.scalarEvaluations);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/PlaneSource.java

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+public interface PlaneSource {
+    void fill(BakePlane plane, int chunkX, int chunkZ, long[] missing, Object values);
+
+    boolean mainThread();
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/bake/TerrainProgram.java

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.bake;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.noise.GeneratorProgram;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.noise.IrisGenerator;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.noise.TerrainBatchScratch;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.M;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public final class TerrainProgram {
+    private static final int SKIPPED = 0;
+    private static final int CONSTANT = 1;
+    private static final int ACTIVE = 2;
+
+    private final IrisGenerator[][] generators;
+    private final GeneratorProgram[][] programs;
+    private final long heightSeed;
+
+    private TerrainProgram(IrisGenerator[][] generators, GeneratorProgram[][] programs, long heightSeed) {
+        this.generators = generators;
+        this.programs = programs;
+        this.heightSeed = heightSeed;
+    }
+
+    public static TerrainProgram compile(IrisGenerator[][] generators, long heightSeed) {
+        GeneratorProgram[][] programs = new GeneratorProgram[generators.length][];
+        for (int group = 0; group < generators.length; group++) {
+            programs[group] = new GeneratorProgram[generators[group].length];
+            for (int index = 0; index < generators[group].length; index++) {
+                IrisGenerator generator = generators[group][index];
+                programs[group][index] = generator.supportsBatch() ? generator.compileProgram(heightSeed) : null;
+            }
+        }
+        return new TerrainProgram(generators, programs, heightSeed);
+    }
+
+    public long heightSeed() {
+        return heightSeed;
+    }
+
+    public double average(int group, TerrainBatchScratch scratch, double low, double high, double x, double z) {
+        IrisGenerator[] members = generators[group];
+        if (members.length == 0) {
+            return 0D;
+        }
+        if (!Double.isFinite(low) || !Double.isFinite(high)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Terrain generator bounds were not finite at " + x + "," + z
+                    + " (generator=" + members[0].getLoadKey() + ", bounds=" + low + ".." + high + ").");
+        }
+        double height = 0D;
+        if (low == high) {
+            for (int member = 0; member < members.length; member++) {
+                height += low;
+            }
+            return height / members.length;
+        }
+        GeneratorEvaluations.scalar(members.length);
+        GeneratorProgram[] compiled = programs[group];
+        for (int member = 0; member < members.length; member++) {
+            GeneratorProgram program = compiled[member];
+            double noise = program != null ? program.height(scratch, x, z) : members[member].getHeight(x, z, heightSeed);
+            if (!Double.isFinite(noise)) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Terrain generator noise was not finite at " + x + "," + z
+                        + " (generator=" + members[member].getLoadKey() + ", noise=" + noise
+                        + ", bounds=" + low + ".." + high + ").");
+            }
+            height += M.lerp(low, high, noise);
+        }
+        return height / members.length;
+    }
+
+    public int groups() {
+        return generators.length;
+    }
+
+    public int groupSize(int group) {
+        return generators[group].length;
+    }
+
+    public long accumulate(int group, TerrainBatchScratch scratch, double[] xs, double[] zs, int count,
+                           double[] lows, double[] highs, double[] heights) {
+        IrisGenerator[] members = generators[group];
+        if (members.length == 0 || count == 0) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        int mark = scratch.mark();
+        int indexMark = scratch.indexMark();
+        try {
+            return accumulate(members, group, scratch, xs, zs, count, lows, highs, heights);
+        } finally {
+            scratch.reset(mark);
+            scratch.resetIndices(indexMark);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long accumulate(IrisGenerator[] members, int group, TerrainBatchScratch scratch, double[] xs, double[] zs,
+                            int count, double[] lows, double[] highs, double[] heights) {
+        int[] modes = scratch.indices(count);
+        int activeCount = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+            double low = lows[index];
+            double high = highs[index];
+            if (low == 0D && high == 0D) {
+                modes[index] = SKIPPED;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!Double.isFinite(low) || !Double.isFinite(high)) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Terrain generator bounds were not finite at " + xs[index] + "," + zs[index]
+                        + " (generator=" + members[0].getLoadKey() + ", bounds=" + low + ".." + high + ").");
+            }
+            if (low == high) {
+                modes[index] = CONSTANT;
+                double sum = 0D;
+                for (int member = 0; member < members.length; member++) {
+                    sum += low;
+                }
+                heights[index] += sum / members.length;
+                continue;
+            }
+            modes[index] = ACTIVE;
+            activeCount++;
+        }
+        if (activeCount == 0) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        double[] activeX = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        double[] activeZ = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        double[] activeLow = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        double[] activeHigh = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        int[] activeIndex = scratch.indices(activeCount);
+        int cursor = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+            if (modes[index] == ACTIVE) {
+                activeX[cursor] = xs[index];
+                activeZ[cursor] = zs[index];
+                activeLow[cursor] = lows[index];
+                activeHigh[cursor] = highs[index];
+                activeIndex[cursor++] = index;
+            }
+        }
+        double[] sums = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        double[] noise = scratch.buffer(activeCount);
+        Arrays.fill(sums, 0, activeCount, 0D);
+        GeneratorProgram[] compiled = programs[group];
+        for (int member = 0; member < members.length; member++) {
+            GeneratorProgram program = compiled[member];
+            if (program != null) {
+                program.heights(scratch, activeX, activeZ, activeCount, noise);
+            } else {
+                for (int index = 0; index < activeCount; index++) {
+                    noise[index] = members[member].getHeight(activeX[index], activeZ[index], heightSeed);
+                }
+            }
+            for (int index = 0; index < activeCount; index++) {
+                if (!Double.isFinite(noise[index])) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Terrain generator noise was not finite at " + activeX[index] + "," + activeZ[index]
+                            + " (generator=" + members[member].getLoadKey() + ", noise=" + noise[index]
+                            + ", bounds=" + activeLow[index] + ".." + activeHigh[index] + ").");
+                }
+                sums[index] += M.lerp(activeLow[index], activeHigh[index], noise[index]);
+            }
+        }
+        for (int index = 0; index < activeCount; index++) {
+            heights[activeIndex[index]] += sums[index] / members.length;
+        }
+        return (long) activeCount * members.length;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/biome/IrisBiome.java

@@ -515,7 +515,10 @@ public class IrisBiome extends IrisRegistrant implements Rarity {
     }
 
     public CNG getChildrenGenerator(RNG random, int sig, double scale) {
-        long seed = deriveChildStyleSeed(random, sig).getSeed();
+        return getChildrenGenerator(deriveChildStyleSeed(random, sig).getSeed(), scale);
+    }
+
+    public CNG getChildrenGenerator(long seed, double scale) {
         IrisData data = getLoader();
         Engine engine = data == null ? null : data.getEngine();
         CachedChildGenerator recent = recentChildGenerator;
@@ -533,6 +536,10 @@ public class IrisBiome extends IrisRegistrant implements Rarity {
         return random.nextParallelRNG(signature * CHILDREN_SEED_SALT);
     }
 
+    public static long childStyleSeed(RNG random, int signature) {
+        return deriveChildStyleSeed(random, signature).getSeed();
+    }
+
     public KList<NativeBlockState> generateLayers(IrisDimension dim, double wx, double wz, RNG random, int maxDepth, int height, IrisData rdata, IrisComplex complex) {
         return IrisBiomeLayerGenerator.generateLayers(this, dim, wx, wz, random, maxDepth, height, rdata, complex);
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkDataHunkHolder.java

@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
- * Copyright (c) 2022 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
-package art.arcane.iris.generation.chunk;
-
-import art.arcane.iris.platform.bukkit.nms.INMS;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockVolume;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
-import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.BoundBlockState;
-import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.IrisCustomData;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hunk.storage.StorageHunk;
-import org.bukkit.block.data.BlockData;
-import org.bukkit.generator.ChunkGenerator.ChunkData;
-
-import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
-import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-
-/**
- * Plain-array block buffer for one chunk. Stages write disjoint columns when they fan out and every hand-off
- * between threads is a join, so the cells need no per-access fences. Each column tracks its highest stored y;
- * a raise is a CAS so concurrent writers to one column can never lose the maximum.
- */
-public class ChunkDataHunkHolder extends StorageHunk<NativeBlockState> implements NativeBlockVolume, ColumnExtent {
-    private static final BoundBlockState AIR = BoundBlockState.of("AIR");
-    private static final VarHandle COLUMN_TOPS = MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(int[].class);
-
-    private final ChunkData chunk;
-    private final NativeBlockState[] data;
-    private final int[] columnTops;
-    private final int zStride;
-
-    public ChunkDataHunkHolder(ChunkData chunk) {
-        super(16, chunk.getMaxHeight() - chunk.getMinHeight(), 16);
-        this.chunk = chunk;
-        this.zStride = 16 * getHeight();
-        this.data = new NativeBlockState[zStride * 16];
-        this.columnTops = new int[256];
-        Arrays.fill(columnTops, -1);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getWidth() {
-        return 16;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getDepth() {
-        return 16;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void setRaw(int x, int y, int z, NativeBlockState t) {
-        // Block-hunk contract: null means "no write", never "erase" — ChunkDataHunkView and
-        // the modded ModdedBlockBuffer already discard nulls, and storing one here made the
-        // Bukkit output diverge from the modded loaders for the same engine emission.
-        if (t == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-        data[index(x, y, z)] = t;
-        int column = (z << 4) | x;
-        int top = (int) COLUMN_TOPS.getOpaque(columnTops, column);
-        while (y > top) {
-            int witness = (int) COLUMN_TOPS.compareAndExchange(columnTops, column, top, y);
-            if (witness == top) {
-                break;
-            }
-            top = witness;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NativeBlockState getRaw(int x, int y, int z) {
-        if (y < 0 || y >= getHeight()) {
-            return AIR.get();
-        }
-
-        NativeBlockState b = data[index(x, y, z)];
-
-        return b != null ? b : AIR.get();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public NativeBlockState getStoredRaw(int x, int y, int z) {
-        return data[index(x, y, z)];
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int highestStoredY(int x, int z) {
-        return (int) COLUMN_TOPS.getOpaque(columnTops, (z << 4) | x);
-    }
-
-    private int index(int x, int y, int z) {
-        return (z * zStride) + (y << 4) + x;
-    }
-
-    public void apply() {
-        applyTo(chunk);
-    }
-
-    public void applyTo(ChunkData target) {
-        if (INMS.get().applyChunkDataBlocks(target, this)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        int height = getHeight();
-        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
-            for (int z = 0; z < getDepth(); z++) {
-                BlockData activeBlock = null;
-                int runStart = -1;
-
-                for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-                    NativeBlockState state = getStoredRaw(x, y, z);
-                    BlockData block = state == null ? null : (BlockData) state.nativeHandle();
-                    // Custom wrappers are not real Bukkit data; write the vanilla base like the
-                    // NMS fast path (NMSBinding.applyChunkDataBlocks) does.
-                    if (block instanceof IrisCustomData custom) {
-                        block = custom.getBase();
-                    }
-                    if (block == null) {
-                        flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, y, activeBlock);
-                        activeBlock = null;
-                        runStart = -1;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (activeBlock != null && activeBlock.equals(block)) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, y, activeBlock);
-                    activeBlock = block;
-                    runStart = y;
-                }
-
-                flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, height, activeBlock);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void flushRun(ChunkData target, int x, int z, int startY, int endY, BlockData block) {
-        if (block == null || startY < 0 || endY <= startY) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        int minY = target.getMinHeight();
-        if (endY - startY == 1) {
-            target.setBlock(x, startY + minY, z, block);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        target.setRegion(x, startY + minY, z, x + 1, endY + minY, z + 1, block);
-    }
-}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ChunkDataOutput.java

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.chunk;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.IrisCustomData;
+import art.arcane.iris.platform.bukkit.nms.INMS;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
+import org.bukkit.block.data.BlockData;
+import org.bukkit.generator.ChunkGenerator.ChunkData;
+
+public final class ChunkDataOutput {
+    private ChunkDataOutput() {
+    }
+
+    public static void apply(ChunkData target, SectionBuffer blocks) {
+        if (INMS.get().applyChunkDataBlocks(target, blocks)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int height = blocks.getHeight();
+        for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+            for (int z = 0; z < 16; z++) {
+                BlockData activeBlock = null;
+                int runStart = -1;
+
+                for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+                    NativeBlockState state = blocks.getStoredRaw(x, y, z);
+                    BlockData block = state == null ? null : (BlockData) state.nativeHandle();
+                    if (block instanceof IrisCustomData custom) {
+                        block = custom.getBase();
+                    }
+                    if (block == null) {
+                        flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, y, activeBlock);
+                        activeBlock = null;
+                        runStart = -1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (activeBlock != null && activeBlock.equals(block)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, y, activeBlock);
+                    activeBlock = block;
+                    runStart = y;
+                }
+
+                flushRun(target, x, z, runStart, height, activeBlock);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void flushRun(ChunkData target, int x, int z, int startY, int endY, BlockData block) {
+        if (block == null || startY < 0 || endY <= startY) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int minY = target.getMinHeight();
+        if (endY - startY == 1) {
+            target.setBlock(x, startY + minY, z, block);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        target.setRegion(x, startY + minY, z, x + 1, endY + minY, z + 1, block);
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ColumnExtentListeningHunk.java

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ package art.arcane.iris.generation.chunk;
 
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hunk.Hunk;
 
-public final class ColumnExtentListeningHunk<T> implements Hunk<T>, ColumnExtent {
+public final class ColumnExtentListeningHunk<T> implements Hunk<T>, ColumnExtent, ColumnRunHunk<T> {
     private final Hunk<T> source;
     private final Listener<T> listener;
 
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ public final class ColumnExtentListeningHunk<T> implements Hunk<T>, ColumnExtent
         source.setRaw(x, y, z, t);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void fillColumnRun(int x, int z, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, T value) {
+        listener.onRun(x, z, yFromInclusive, yToInclusive, value);
+        ColumnRunHunk.fillColumnRun(source, x, z, yFromInclusive, yToInclusive, value);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public T getRaw(int x, int y, int z) {
         return source.getRaw(x, y, z);
@@ -63,5 +69,11 @@ public final class ColumnExtentListeningHunk<T> implements Hunk<T>, ColumnExtent
     @FunctionalInterface
     public interface Listener<T> {
         void onWrite(int x, int y, int z, T value);
+
+        default void onRun(int x, int z, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, T value) {
+            for (int y = yToInclusive; y >= yFromInclusive; y--) {
+                onWrite(x, y, z, value);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/ColumnRunHunk.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.chunk;
+
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hunk.Hunk;
+
+public interface ColumnRunHunk<T> {
+    void fillColumnRun(int x, int z, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, T value);
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    static <T> void fillColumnRun(Hunk<T> hunk, int x, int z, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, T value) {
+        if (hunk instanceof ColumnRunHunk<?> runs) {
+            ((ColumnRunHunk<T>) runs).fillColumnRun(x, z, yFromInclusive, yToInclusive, value);
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int y = yToInclusive; y >= yFromInclusive; y--) {
+            hunk.setRaw(x, y, z, value);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/chunk/SectionBuffer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/*
+ * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.chunk;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.block.BoundBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeSectionVolume;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hunk.Hunk;
+
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public final class SectionBuffer implements Hunk<NativeBlockState>, NativeSectionVolume, ColumnExtent, ColumnRunHunk<NativeBlockState> {
+    private static final BoundBlockState AIR = BoundBlockState.of("AIR");
+    private static final VarHandle SECTIONS = MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(short[][].class);
+    private static final VarHandle COLUMN_TOPS = MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(int[].class);
+    private static final int SECTION_CELLS = 4096;
+    private static final int MAX_PALETTE_ID = 0xFFFF;
+    private static final int INITIAL_PALETTE_CAPACITY = 64;
+    private static final int COLUMN_SLICE_SHIFT = 5;
+
+    private final int height;
+    private final short[][] sections;
+    private final int[] columnTops;
+    private final Object paletteLock = new Object();
+    private PaletteEntry[] slots;
+    private NativeBlockState[] states;
+    private int paletteSize;
+
+    public SectionBuffer(int height) {
+        if (height <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported section buffer height " + height);
+        }
+        this.height = height;
+        this.sections = new short[(height + 15) >> 4][];
+        this.columnTops = new int[16 << COLUMN_SLICE_SHIFT];
+        Arrays.fill(columnTops, -1);
+        this.slots = new PaletteEntry[INITIAL_PALETTE_CAPACITY << 1];
+        this.states = new NativeBlockState[INITIAL_PALETTE_CAPACITY];
+        this.paletteSize = 1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getWidth() {
+        return 16;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getHeight() {
+        return height;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDepth() {
+        return 16;
+    }
+
+    public int paletteId(NativeBlockState state) {
+        if (state == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        PaletteEntry[] table = slots;
+        int mask = table.length - 1;
+        int slot = System.identityHashCode(state) & mask;
+        PaletteEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = table[slot]) != null) {
+            if (entry.state == state) {
+                return entry.id;
+            }
+            slot = (slot + 1) & mask;
+        }
+        return insert(state);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setRaw(int x, int y, int z, NativeBlockState t) {
+        if (t == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        writableSection(y >> 4)[((y & 15) << 8) | (z << 4) | x] = (short) paletteId(t);
+        raiseTop((x << COLUMN_SLICE_SHIFT) | z, y);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NativeBlockState getRaw(int x, int y, int z) {
+        if (y < 0 || y >= height) {
+            return AIR.get();
+        }
+        short[] section = sections[y >> 4];
+        if (section != null) {
+            int id = section[((y & 15) << 8) | (z << 4) | x] & 0xFFFF;
+            if (id != 0) {
+                return state(id);
+            }
+        }
+        return AIR.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NativeBlockState getStoredRaw(int x, int y, int z) {
+        if (y < 0 || y >= height) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        short[] section = sections[y >> 4];
+        if (section == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int id = section[((y & 15) << 8) | (z << 4) | x] & 0xFFFF;
+        return id == 0 ? null : state(id);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void fillColumnRun(int x, int z, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, NativeBlockState value) {
+        if (value == null || yToInclusive < yFromInclusive) {
+            return;
+        }
+        fillColumnRun(x, z, yFromInclusive, yToInclusive, paletteId(value));
+    }
+
+    public void fillColumnRun(int localX, int localZ, int yFromInclusive, int yToInclusive, int paletteId) {
+        if (paletteId == 0 || yToInclusive < yFromInclusive) {
+            return;
+        }
+        short value = (short) paletteId;
+        int column = (localZ << 4) | localX;
+        int y = yFromInclusive;
+        while (y <= yToInclusive) {
+            int sectionIndex = y >> 4;
+            short[] section = writableSection(sectionIndex);
+            int last = Math.min(yToInclusive, (sectionIndex << 4) | 15);
+            int end = ((last & 15) << 8) | column;
+            for (int index = ((y & 15) << 8) | column; index <= end; index += 256) {
+                section[index] = value;
+            }
+            y = last + 1;
+        }
+        raiseTop((localX << COLUMN_SLICE_SHIFT) | localZ, yToInclusive);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int highestStoredY(int x, int z) {
+        return (int) COLUMN_TOPS.getOpaque(columnTops, (x << COLUMN_SLICE_SHIFT) | z);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int sectionCount() {
+        return sections.length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public short[] section(int sectionIndex) {
+        return sections[sectionIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NativeBlockState[] palette() {
+        synchronized (paletteLock) {
+            return Arrays.copyOf(states, paletteSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private short[] writableSection(int sectionIndex) {
+        short[] section = sections[sectionIndex];
+        if (section != null) {
+            return section;
+        }
+        short[] created = new short[SECTION_CELLS];
+        short[] witness = (short[]) SECTIONS.compareAndExchange(sections, sectionIndex, (short[]) null, created);
+        return witness == null ? created : witness;
+    }
+
+    private void raiseTop(int column, int y) {
+        int top = (int) COLUMN_TOPS.getOpaque(columnTops, column);
+        while (y > top) {
+            int witness = (int) COLUMN_TOPS.compareAndExchange(columnTops, column, top, y);
+            if (witness == top) {
+                return;
+            }
+            top = witness;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private NativeBlockState state(int id) {
+        NativeBlockState[] current = states;
+        if (id < current.length) {
+            NativeBlockState state = current[id];
+            if (state != null) {
+                return state;
+            }
+        }
+        synchronized (paletteLock) {
+            return states[id];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int insert(NativeBlockState state) {
+        synchronized (paletteLock) {
+            PaletteEntry[] table = slots;
+            int mask = table.length - 1;
+            int slot = System.identityHashCode(state) & mask;
+            PaletteEntry entry;
+            while ((entry = table[slot]) != null) {
+                if (entry.state == state) {
+                    return entry.id;
+                }
+                slot = (slot + 1) & mask;
+            }
+            int id = paletteSize;
+            if (id > MAX_PALETTE_ID) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("A chunk wrote more than " + MAX_PALETTE_ID + " distinct block state instances");
+            }
+            NativeBlockState[] current = states;
+            if (id == current.length) {
+                current = Arrays.copyOf(current, current.length << 1);
+            }
+            current[id] = state;
+            states = current;
+            paletteSize = id + 1;
+            PaletteEntry created = new PaletteEntry(state, id);
+            if (id << 1 >= table.length) {
+                slots = rehash(table, created);
+            } else {
+                table[slot] = created;
+            }
+            return id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static PaletteEntry[] rehash(PaletteEntry[] table, PaletteEntry created) {
+        PaletteEntry[] grown = new PaletteEntry[table.length << 1];
+        for (PaletteEntry entry : table) {
+            if (entry != null) {
+                place(grown, entry);
+            }
+        }
+        place(grown, created);
+        return grown;
+    }
+
+    private static void place(PaletteEntry[] table, PaletteEntry entry) {
+        int mask = table.length - 1;
+        int slot = System.identityHashCode(entry.state) & mask;
+        while (table[slot] != null) {
+            slot = (slot + 1) & mask;
+        }
+        table[slot] = entry;
+    }
+
+    private record PaletteEntry(NativeBlockState state, int id) {
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/concurrent/MultiBurst.java

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public class MultiBurst extends MultiBurstSupport {
     private final AtomicInteger parallelismBaseline = new AtomicInteger();
 
     public MultiBurst() {
-        this("Iris");
+        this("Iris", Thread.MIN_PRIORITY, MultiBurstSupport::performanceProcessors);
     }
 
     public MultiBurst(String name) {
@@ -140,8 +140,15 @@ public class MultiBurst extends MultiBurstSupport {
 
     static final class HydrologyBurst extends MultiBurst {
         HydrologyBurst() {
-            super("Iris Hydrology", () -> Math.max(2,
+            super("Iris Hydrology", HydrologyBurst::plannerParallelism);
-                    IrisSettings.getThreadCount(IrisSettings.get().getConcurrency().getParallelism())));
+        }
+
+        static int plannerParallelism() {
+            return plannerParallelism(MultiBurstSupport.performanceProcessors(), Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
+        }
+
+        static int plannerParallelism(int performanceProcessors, int availableProcessors) {
+            return Math.max(2, Math.min(Math.max(4, performanceProcessors), availableProcessors));
         }
 
         @Override

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/context/ChunkContext.java

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBiome;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hunk.Hunk;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.concurrent.MultiBurst;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 
 public class ChunkContext {
@@ -95,38 +93,11 @@ public class ChunkContext {
             if (hydrologyRuntime != null && (resolvedPlan.height || resolvedPlan.biome)) {
                 hydrologyRuntime.prepareChunkColumns(x, z);
             }
-            List<Runnable> fillTasks = new ArrayList<>(6);
+            if (shouldPrefillAsync(resolvedPlan, complex.isPlatformMainThread())) {
-            if (resolvedPlan.height) {
+                prefillAsync(resolvedPlan);
-                fillTasks.add(() -> height.fillRounded(roundedHeight));
-            }
-            if (resolvedPlan.biome) {
-                fillTasks.add(new PrefillFillTask(biome));
-            }
-            if (resolvedPlan.rock) {
-                fillTasks.add(new PrefillFillTask(rock));
-            }
-            if (resolvedPlan.fluid) {
-                fillTasks.add(new PrefillFillTask(fluid));
-            }
-            if (resolvedPlan.region) {
-                fillTasks.add(new PrefillFillTask(region));
-            }
-            if (resolvedPlan.cave) {
-                fillTasks.add(new PrefillFillTask(cave));
-            }
-
-            if (!shouldPrefillAsync(resolvedPlan, fillTasks.size())) {
-                for (Runnable fillTask : fillTasks) {
-                    fillTask.run();
-                }
             } else {
-                List<CompletableFuture<Void>> futures = new ArrayList<>(fillTasks.size());
+                prefillSurface(resolvedPlan);
-                for (Runnable fillTask : fillTasks) {
+                prefillPalettes(resolvedPlan);
-                    futures.add(CompletableFuture.runAsync(fillTask, MultiBurst.burst));
-                }
-                for (CompletableFuture<Void> future : futures) {
-                    future.join();
-                }
             }
             if (capturePrefillMetric) {
                 metrics.getContextPrefill().put((System.nanoTime() - totalStartNanos) / 1_000_000D);
@@ -134,14 +105,46 @@ public class ChunkContext {
         }
     }
 
-    static boolean shouldPrefillAsync(PrefillPlan prefillPlan, int fillTaskCount) {
+    static boolean shouldPrefillAsync(PrefillPlan prefillPlan, boolean platformMainThread) {
-        if (prefillPlan == PrefillPlan.NATURAL_TERRAIN || fillTaskCount <= 1 || !IrisPlatforms.isBound()) {
+        if (!platformMainThread || prefillPlan == PrefillPlan.NATURAL_TERRAIN || prefillPlan == PrefillPlan.NONE
+                || !IrisPlatforms.isBound()) {
             return false;
         }
 
         return !MultiBurst.burst.ownsCurrentThread();
     }
 
+    private void prefillSurface(PrefillPlan prefillPlan) {
+        if (prefillPlan.height) {
+            height.fillRounded(roundedHeight);
+        }
+        if (prefillPlan.biome) {
+            biome.fill();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prefillPalettes(PrefillPlan prefillPlan) {
+        if (prefillPlan.rock) {
+            rock.fill();
+        }
+        if (prefillPlan.fluid) {
+            fluid.fill();
+        }
+        if (prefillPlan.region) {
+            region.fill();
+        }
+        if (prefillPlan.cave) {
+            cave.fill();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prefillAsync(PrefillPlan prefillPlan) {
+        CompletableFuture<Void> surface = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> prefillSurface(prefillPlan), MultiBurst.burst);
+        CompletableFuture<Void> palettes = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> prefillPalettes(prefillPlan), MultiBurst.burst);
+        surface.join();
+        palettes.join();
+    }
+
     public void setTerrainBiomeOutput(Hunk<NativeBiome> terrainBiomes) {
         this.terrainBiomes = terrainBiomes;
     }
@@ -295,17 +298,4 @@ public class ChunkContext {
 
     public record TransitionTerrainColumn(Terrain3DColumn solids, int fluidHeight) {
     }
-
-    private static final class PrefillFillTask implements Runnable {
-        private final ChunkedDataCache<?> dataCache;
-
-        private PrefillFillTask(ChunkedDataCache<?> dataCache) {
-            this.dataCache = dataCache;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void run() {
-            dataCache.fill();
-        }
-    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/DepositRandom.java

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.decoration;
+
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+
+public final class DepositRandom extends RNG {
+    private static final long MULTIPLIER = 0x5DEECE66DL;
+    private static final long ADDEND = 0xBL;
+    private static final long MASK = (1L << 48) - 1L;
+    private static final int JUMP_TABLE_SIZE = 48;
+    private static final long[] JUMP_MULTIPLIERS = new long[JUMP_TABLE_SIZE];
+    private static final long[] JUMP_ADDENDS = new long[JUMP_TABLE_SIZE];
+
+    static {
+        long multiplier = MULTIPLIER;
+        long addend = ADDEND;
+        for (int bit = 0; bit < JUMP_TABLE_SIZE; bit++) {
+            JUMP_MULTIPLIERS[bit] = multiplier;
+            JUMP_ADDENDS[bit] = addend;
+            addend = (addend * multiplier + addend) & MASK;
+            multiplier = (multiplier * multiplier) & MASK;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long state;
+
+    public DepositRandom() {
+        super(0L);
+    }
+
+    public DepositRandom(long seed) {
+        super(seed);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setSeed(long seed) {
+        state = (seed ^ MULTIPLIER) & MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int next(int bits) {
+        long advanced = (state * MULTIPLIER + ADDEND) & MASK;
+        state = advanced;
+        return (int) (advanced >>> (48 - bits));
+    }
+
+    public long state() {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    public void restore(long state) {
+        this.state = state & MASK;
+    }
+
+    public void skip(long steps) {
+        long remaining = steps;
+        long advanced = state;
+        for (int bit = 0; remaining != 0L && bit < JUMP_TABLE_SIZE; bit++, remaining >>>= 1) {
+            if ((remaining & 1L) != 0L) {
+                advanced = (advanced * JUMP_MULTIPLIERS[bit] + JUMP_ADDENDS[bit]) & MASK;
+            }
+        }
+        state = advanced;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/IrisDepositGenerator.java

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KSet;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.BlockPosition;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ import lombok.experimental.Accessors;
 public class IrisDepositGenerator {
     private static final int FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE = 64;
     private static final ThreadLocal<FootprintCells> FOOTPRINT_CELLS = ThreadLocal.withInitial(FootprintCells::new);
+    private static final double[][] NODE_SINES = nodeSines();
     private static final long FNV_OFFSET_BASIS = 0xcbf29ce484222325L;
     private static final long FNV_PRIME = 0x100000001b3L;
 
@@ -282,28 +284,52 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
      * only for clumps it keeps. Returns null without drawing when the shape has no footprint path.
      */
     public ClumpFootprint sampleClumpFootprint(RNG rng, IrisData rdata) {
-        if (shape != IrisDepositShape.VANILLA_ELLIPSOID || minSize > FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE
+        if (!usesClumpFootprints(rdata)) {
-                || maxSize > FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        int paletteSize = getBlockData(rdata).size();
-        if (paletteSize == 0) {
             return null;
         }
+        KList<NativeBlockState> resolvedPalette = getBlockData(rdata);
+        int paletteSize = resolvedPalette.size();
         int size = rng.i(minSize, maxSize + 1);
         if (size <= 0) {
             return ClumpFootprint.EMPTY;
         }
         FootprintCells cells = FOOTPRINT_CELLS.get();
         cells.reset();
-        vanillaEllipsoidCells(rng, size, cells);
+        if (paletteSize == 1) {
+            emitEllipsoidRows(rng, size, cells);
+            if (cells.count == 0) {
+                return ClumpFootprint.EMPTY;
+            }
+            skipUniformPicks(rng, cells.count);
+        } else {
+            emitEllipsoidCells(rng, size, cells, cells.scratch);
             if (cells.count == 0) {
                 return ClumpFootprint.EMPTY;
             }
             for (int cell = 0; cell < cells.count; cell++) {
-            rng.i(0, paletteSize);
+                cells.picks[cell] = rng.i(0, paletteSize);
+            }
+        }
+        return new ClumpFootprint(cells.extentX * 2 + 1, cells.minY, cells, cells.stamp, resolvedPalette);
+    }
+
+    public boolean usesClumpFootprints(IrisData rdata) {
+        return shape == IrisDepositShape.VANILLA_ELLIPSOID && minSize <= FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE
+                && maxSize <= FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE && !getBlockData(rdata).isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    public static int lowestFootprintOffset(int size) {
+        return -4 - (Math.max(0, size) + 15) / 16;
+    }
+
+    private static void skipUniformPicks(RNG rng, int count) {
+        if (rng instanceof DepositRandom random) {
+            random.skip(2L * count);
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int cell = 0; cell < count; cell++) {
+            rng.nextDouble();
         }
-        return new ClumpFootprint(cells.extentX * 2 + 1, cells.minY, false);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -312,15 +338,87 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
      * test is bit-identical to evaluating {@code nx * nx + ny * ny + nz * nz} in place.
      */
     static void vanillaEllipsoidCells(RNG rng, int size, CellSink sink) {
+        emitEllipsoidCells(rng, size, sink, new EllipsoidScratch());
+    }
+
+    private static void emitEllipsoidCells(RNG rng, int size, CellSink sink, EllipsoidScratch scratch) {
+        double[] nodes = ellipsoidNodes(rng, size, scratch);
+        for (int node = 0; node < size; node++) {
+            if (!scratch.sphere(nodes, node)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            double[] squaredY = scratch.squaredY;
+            double[] squaredZ = scratch.squaredZ;
+            for (int x = scratch.minX; x <= scratch.maxX; x++) {
+                double nx = (x + 0.5D - scratch.centerX) / scratch.radius;
+                double squaredX = nx * nx;
+                if (squaredX >= 1D) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (int y = 0; y < scratch.spanY; y++) {
+                    double squaredXY = squaredX + squaredY[y];
+                    if (squaredXY >= 1D) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for (int z = 0; z < scratch.spanZ; z++) {
+                        if (squaredXY + squaredZ[z] < 1D) {
+                            sink.add(x, scratch.minY + y, scratch.minZ + z);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void emitEllipsoidRows(RNG rng, int size, FootprintCells cells) {
+        EllipsoidScratch scratch = cells.scratch;
+        double[] nodes = ellipsoidNodes(rng, size, scratch);
+        for (int node = 0; node < size; node++) {
+            if (!scratch.sphere(nodes, node)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            double[] squaredY = scratch.squaredY;
+            double[] squaredZ = scratch.squaredZ;
+            int zShift = scratch.minZ + FootprintCells.OFFSET;
+            for (int x = scratch.minX; x <= scratch.maxX; x++) {
+                double nx = (x + 0.5D - scratch.centerX) / scratch.radius;
+                double squaredX = nx * nx;
+                if (squaredX >= 1D) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (int y = 0; y < scratch.spanY; y++) {
+                    double squaredXY = squaredX + squaredY[y];
+                    if (squaredXY >= 1D) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    long row = 0L;
+                    for (int z = 0; z < scratch.spanZ; z++) {
+                        if (squaredXY + squaredZ[z] < 1D) {
+                            row |= 1L << (zShift + z);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (row != 0L) {
+                        cells.addRow(x, scratch.minY + y, row);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cells.finishRows();
+    }
+
+    private static double[] ellipsoidNodes(RNG rng, int size, EllipsoidScratch scratch) {
         float angle = rng.nextFloat() * (float) Math.PI;
         float reach = size / 8F;
-        double startX = Math.sin(angle) * reach;
+        double sine = Math.sin(angle);
-        double endX = -Math.sin(angle) * reach;
+        double cosine = Math.cos(angle);
-        double startZ = Math.cos(angle) * reach;
+        double startX = sine * reach;
-        double endZ = -Math.cos(angle) * reach;
+        double endX = -sine * reach;
+        double startZ = cosine * reach;
+        double endZ = -cosine * reach;
         double startY = rng.nextInt(3) - 2;
         double endY = rng.nextInt(3) - 2;
-        double[] nodes = new double[size * 4];
+        double[] nodes = scratch.nodes(size * 4);
+        double[] sines = size < NODE_SINES.length ? NODE_SINES[size] : null;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             float progress = (float) i / size;
@@ -328,7 +426,8 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
             nodes[i * 4] = startX + (endX - startX) * progress;
             nodes[i * 4 + 1] = startY + (endY - startY) * progress;
             nodes[i * 4 + 2] = startZ + (endZ - startZ) * progress;
-            nodes[i * 4 + 3] = ((Math.sin(Math.PI * progress) + 1D) * radiusNoise + 1D) / 2D;
+            double arc = sines == null ? Math.sin(Math.PI * progress) : sines[i];
+            nodes[i * 4 + 3] = ((arc + 1D) * radiusNoise + 1D) / 2D;
         }
 
         for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
@@ -353,59 +452,20 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
                 }
             }
         }
+        return nodes;
+    }
 
-        double[] squaredY = new double[16];
+    private static double[][] nodeSines() {
-        double[] squaredZ = new double[16];
+        double[][] sines = new double[FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE + 1][];
+        for (int size = 1; size <= FOOTPRINT_MAXIMUM_SIZE; size++) {
+            double[] values = new double[size];
             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            double radius = nodes[i * 4 + 3];
+                float progress = (float) i / size;
-            if (radius < 0D) {
+                values[i] = Math.sin(Math.PI * progress);
-                continue;
-            }
-            double centerX = nodes[i * 4];
-            double centerY = nodes[i * 4 + 1];
-            double centerZ = nodes[i * 4 + 2];
-            int minX = (int) Math.floor(centerX - radius);
-            int maxX = Math.max((int) Math.floor(centerX + radius), minX);
-            int minY = (int) Math.floor(centerY - radius);
-            int maxY = Math.max((int) Math.floor(centerY + radius), minY);
-            int minZ = (int) Math.floor(centerZ - radius);
-            int maxZ = Math.max((int) Math.floor(centerZ + radius), minZ);
-            int spanY = maxY - minY + 1;
-            int spanZ = maxZ - minZ + 1;
-            if (spanY > squaredY.length) {
-                squaredY = new double[spanY];
-            }
-            if (spanZ > squaredZ.length) {
-                squaredZ = new double[spanZ];
-            }
-            for (int y = 0; y < spanY; y++) {
-                double ny = (minY + y + 0.5D - centerY) / radius;
-                squaredY[y] = ny * ny;
-            }
-            for (int z = 0; z < spanZ; z++) {
-                double nz = (minZ + z + 0.5D - centerZ) / radius;
-                squaredZ[z] = nz * nz;
-            }
-
-            for (int x = minX; x <= maxX; x++) {
-                double nx = (x + 0.5D - centerX) / radius;
-                double squaredX = nx * nx;
-                if (squaredX >= 1D) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                for (int y = 0; y < spanY; y++) {
-                    double squaredXY = squaredX + squaredY[y];
-                    if (squaredXY >= 1D) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    for (int z = 0; z < spanZ; z++) {
-                        if (squaredXY + squaredZ[z] < 1D) {
-                            sink.add(x, minY + y, minZ + z);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
             }
+            sines[size] = values;
         }
+        return sines;
     }
 
     IrisObject generateVanillaScattered(RNG rng, IrisData rdata, int size) {
@@ -630,8 +690,134 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
         void add(int x, int y, int z);
     }
 
-    public record ClumpFootprint(int width, int minY, boolean empty) {
+    public static final class ClumpFootprint {
-        static final ClumpFootprint EMPTY = new ClumpFootprint(1, 0, true);
+        static final ClumpFootprint EMPTY = new ClumpFootprint(1, 0, null, 0L, null);
+
+        private final int width;
+        private final int minY;
+        private final FootprintCells source;
+        private final long stamp;
+        private final KList<NativeBlockState> palette;
+
+        private ClumpFootprint(int width, int minY, FootprintCells source, long stamp, KList<NativeBlockState> palette) {
+            this.width = width;
+            this.minY = minY;
+            this.source = source;
+            this.stamp = stamp;
+            this.palette = palette;
+        }
+
+        public int width() {
+            return width;
+        }
+
+        public int minY() {
+            return minY;
+        }
+
+        public boolean empty() {
+            return source == null;
+        }
+
+        public ClumpCells cells() {
+            if (source == null) {
+                return ClumpCells.EMPTY;
+            }
+            if (source.stamp != stamp) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Deposit footprint cells were resampled before they were read");
+            }
+            return source.toCells(palette);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static final class ClumpCells {
+        static final ClumpCells EMPTY = new ClumpCells(new int[0], new NativeBlockState[0], null);
+
+        private final int[] positions;
+        private final NativeBlockState[] blocks;
+        private final NativeBlockState uniform;
+
+        private ClumpCells(int[] positions, NativeBlockState[] blocks, NativeBlockState uniform) {
+            this.positions = positions;
+            this.blocks = blocks;
+            this.uniform = uniform;
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return positions.length;
+        }
+
+        public int x(int cell) {
+            return (positions[cell] >> 12) - FootprintCells.OFFSET;
+        }
+
+        public int y(int cell) {
+            return ((positions[cell] >> 6) & (FootprintCells.AXIS - 1)) - FootprintCells.OFFSET;
+        }
+
+        public int z(int cell) {
+            return (positions[cell] & (FootprintCells.AXIS - 1)) - FootprintCells.OFFSET;
+        }
+
+        public NativeBlockState block(int cell) {
+            return blocks == null ? uniform : blocks[cell];
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class EllipsoidScratch {
+        private double[] nodes = new double[256];
+        private double[] squaredY = new double[16];
+        private double[] squaredZ = new double[16];
+        private double centerX;
+        private double radius;
+        private int minX;
+        private int maxX;
+        private int minY;
+        private int spanY;
+        private int minZ;
+        private int spanZ;
+
+        private double[] nodes(int length) {
+            if (nodes.length < length) {
+                nodes = new double[length];
+            }
+            return nodes;
+        }
+
+        private boolean sphere(double[] values, int node) {
+            double sphereRadius = values[node * 4 + 3];
+            if (sphereRadius < 0D) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            double sphereX = values[node * 4];
+            double sphereY = values[node * 4 + 1];
+            double sphereZ = values[node * 4 + 2];
+            minX = (int) Math.floor(sphereX - sphereRadius);
+            maxX = Math.max((int) Math.floor(sphereX + sphereRadius), minX);
+            minY = (int) Math.floor(sphereY - sphereRadius);
+            int maxY = Math.max((int) Math.floor(sphereY + sphereRadius), minY);
+            minZ = (int) Math.floor(sphereZ - sphereRadius);
+            int maxZ = Math.max((int) Math.floor(sphereZ + sphereRadius), minZ);
+            spanY = maxY - minY + 1;
+            spanZ = maxZ - minZ + 1;
+            if (spanY > squaredY.length) {
+                squaredY = new double[spanY];
+            }
+            if (spanZ > squaredZ.length) {
+                squaredZ = new double[spanZ];
+            }
+            for (int y = 0; y < spanY; y++) {
+                double ny = (minY + y + 0.5D - sphereY) / sphereRadius;
+                squaredY[y] = ny * ny;
+            }
+            for (int z = 0; z < spanZ; z++) {
+                double nz = (minZ + z + 0.5D - sphereZ) / sphereRadius;
+                squaredZ[z] = nz * nz;
+            }
+            centerX = sphereX;
+            radius = sphereRadius;
+            return true;
+        }
     }
 
     private static final class FootprintCells implements CellSink {
@@ -639,10 +825,16 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
         private static final int AXIS = 64;
         private final long[] occupied = new long[AXIS * AXIS * AXIS / 64];
         private final int[] touched = new int[AXIS * AXIS * AXIS / 64];
+        private final EllipsoidScratch scratch = new EllipsoidScratch();
+        private int[] order = new int[256];
+        private int[] picks = new int[256];
+        private long[] sortKeys = new long[256];
         private int touchedCount;
         private int count;
         private int extentX;
         private int minY;
+        private boolean uniform;
+        private long stamp;
 
         private void reset() {
             for (int index = 0; index < touchedCount; index++) {
@@ -652,6 +844,8 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
             count = 0;
             extentX = 0;
             minY = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            uniform = false;
+            stamp++;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -667,9 +861,72 @@ public class IrisDepositGenerator {
                 touched[touchedCount++] = word;
             }
             occupied[word] = current | bit;
-            count++;
+            if (count == order.length) {
+                order = Arrays.copyOf(order, count * 2);
+                picks = Arrays.copyOf(picks, count * 2);
+                sortKeys = new long[count * 2];
+            }
+            order[count++] = index;
             extentX = Math.max(extentX, Math.abs(x));
             minY = Math.min(minY, y);
         }
+
+        private void addRow(int x, int y, long row) {
+            int word = (x + OFFSET) * AXIS + (y + OFFSET);
+            long current = occupied[word];
+            if (current == 0L) {
+                touched[touchedCount++] = word;
+            }
+            occupied[word] = current | row;
+        }
+
+        private void finishRows() {
+            int cells = 0;
+            int extent = 0;
+            int lowest = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            for (int index = 0; index < touchedCount; index++) {
+                int word = touched[index];
+                cells += Long.bitCount(occupied[word]);
+                extent = Math.max(extent, Math.abs(word / AXIS - OFFSET));
+                lowest = Math.min(lowest, word % AXIS - OFFSET);
+            }
+            count = cells;
+            extentX = extent;
+            minY = lowest;
+            uniform = true;
+        }
+
+        private ClumpCells toCells(KList<NativeBlockState> palette) {
+            if (uniform) {
+                return toUniformCells(palette.get(0));
+            }
+            for (int cell = 0; cell < count; cell++) {
+                sortKeys[cell] = ((long) order[cell] << 32) | picks[cell];
+            }
+            Arrays.sort(sortKeys, 0, count);
+            int[] positions = new int[count];
+            NativeBlockState[] blocks = new NativeBlockState[count];
+            for (int cell = 0; cell < count; cell++) {
+                long key = sortKeys[cell];
+                positions[cell] = (int) (key >>> 32);
+                blocks[cell] = palette.get((int) key);
+            }
+            return new ClumpCells(positions, blocks, null);
+        }
+
+        private ClumpCells toUniformCells(NativeBlockState block) {
+            Arrays.sort(touched, 0, touchedCount);
+            int[] positions = new int[count];
+            int cell = 0;
+            for (int index = 0; index < touchedCount; index++) {
+                int word = touched[index];
+                long row = occupied[word];
+                while (row != 0L) {
+                    positions[cell++] = (word << 6) | Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(row);
+                    row &= row - 1L;
+                }
+            }
+            return new ClumpCells(positions, null, block);
+        }
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/IrisOreBands.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.generation.decoration;
 
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.pack.loading.IrisData;
 import art.arcane.iris.pack.value.IrisRange;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
@@ -79,6 +80,14 @@ public final class IrisOreBands {
         return minY <= maxY;
     }
 
+    public int lowestY() {
+        return minY;
+    }
+
+    public int highestY() {
+        return maxY;
+    }
+
     public boolean contains(int y) {
         return y >= minY && y <= maxY;
     }
@@ -86,10 +95,10 @@ public final class IrisOreBands {
     /**
      * The ore placed at a Y inside {@link #contains(int)}, or null when no generator places one.
      */
-    public NativeBlockState generate(int x, int y, int z, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
+    public NativeBlockState generate(int x, int y, int z, RNG rng, IrisData data, Engine engine) {
         IrisOreGenerator[] candidates = byY == null ? generators : byY[y - minY];
         for (IrisOreGenerator candidate : candidates) {
-            NativeBlockState ore = candidate.generate(x, y, z, rng, data);
+            NativeBlockState ore = candidate.generate(x, y, z, rng, data, engine);
             if (ore != null) {
                 return ore;
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/IrisOreGenerator.java

@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ public class IrisOreGenerator {
     }
 
     public NativeBlockState generate(int x, int y, int z, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
+        return generate(x, y, z, rng, data, data == null ? null : data.getEngine());
+    }
+
+    public NativeBlockState generate(int x, int y, int z, RNG rng, IrisData data, Engine engine) {
         if (threshold <= 0 || !range.contains(y)) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ public class IrisOreGenerator {
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (chance(rng, data).sample(x, y, z) > threshold) {
+        if (chance(rng, data, engine).sample(x, y, z) > threshold) {
             return null;
         }
 
@@ -81,8 +85,11 @@ public class IrisOreGenerator {
     }
 
     private OreChance chance(RNG rng, IrisData data) {
+        return chance(rng, data, data == null ? null : data.getEngine());
+    }
+
+    private OreChance chance(RNG rng, IrisData data, Engine engine) {
         long seed = rng.getSeed();
-        Engine engine = data == null ? null : data.getEngine();
         CachedChance recent = recentChance;
         if (recent != null && recent.key.seed == seed && recent.key.data == data && recent.key.engine == engine) {
             return recent.chance;

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/tree/IrisProceduralTree.java

@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ public class IrisProceduralTree implements IrisProceduralPlacement {
     private IrisTreeRootStyle rootStyle = IrisTreeRootStyle.BUTTRESS;
 
     @MinNumber(0)
-    @Description("Override the root depth/reach in blocks. 0 means auto (scales with tree height).")
+    @Description("Root depth in blocks, also used for ground-contact extension up to 16 blocks. 0 scales with tree height.")
     private int rootDepth = 0;
 
     @MinNumber(0)
-    @Description("Override the root flare radius in blocks. 0 means auto.")
+    @Description("Horizontal reach of buttress and stilt roots. 0 uses a compact radius based on trunk width. Taproots ignore this field.")
     private double rootFlare = 0;
 
     @MinNumber(1)

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/tree/ProceduralTreeGenerator.java

@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ public final class ProceduralTreeGenerator {
         long baseSeed = rng.getSeed();
 
         List<TreeTrunkBuilder.Limb> limbs = TreeTrunkBuilder.build(canvas, tree, height);
+        Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> supportPositions = new HashSet<>();
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec position : canvas.getTrunk()) {
+            if (position.y() == 0) {
+                supportPositions.add(position);
+            }
+        }
 
         boolean wantEndpoints = tree.getDecorators() != null && !tree.getDecorators().isEmpty();
         List<int[]> branchEndpoints = wantEndpoints ? new ArrayList<>() : null;
@@ -55,7 +61,13 @@ public final class ProceduralTreeGenerator {
         }
 
         if (tree.isRoots()) {
+            Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> existingWood = new HashSet<>(canvas.getTrunk());
             TreeRootBuilder.build(canvas, tree, height, baseSeed);
+            for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec position : canvas.getTrunk()) {
+                if (position.y() <= 0 && !existingWood.contains(position)) {
+                    supportPositions.add(position);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if (tree.isPlausible()) {
@@ -82,10 +94,14 @@ public final class ProceduralTreeGenerator {
 
         TreePlausibility.apply(resolved, trunkPositions, leafPositions, tree);
 
-        return assemble(resolved);
+        int rootReach = tree.isRoots() ? tree.getRootDepth() > 0 ? tree.getRootDepth()
+                : Math.max(2, (int) Math.round(height * 0.18)) : 0;
+        return assemble(resolved, supportPositions, leafPositions, rootReach);
     }
 
-    private static IrisObject assemble(Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, NativeBlockState> resolved) {
+    private static IrisObject assemble(Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, NativeBlockState> resolved,
+                                       Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> supportPositions,
+                                       Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> leafPositions, int rootReach) {
         if (resolved.isEmpty()) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -105,21 +121,26 @@ public final class ProceduralTreeGenerator {
             maxZ = Math.max(maxZ, v.z());
         }
 
-        int w = maxX - minX + 1;
+        int w = 2 * Math.max(Math.abs(minX), Math.abs(maxX)) + 1;
         int h = maxY - minY + 1;
-        int d = maxZ - minZ + 1;
+        int d = 2 * Math.max(Math.abs(minZ), Math.abs(maxZ)) + 1;
-        int cx = w / 2;
         int cy = h / 2;
-        int cz = d / 2;
 
         IrisObject object = new IrisObject(w, h, d);
+        List<TreeGrounding.Root> roots = new ArrayList<>(supportPositions.size());
+        Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> canopy = new HashSet<>(leafPositions.size());
         for (Map.Entry<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, NativeBlockState> entry : resolved.entrySet()) {
             TreeBlockCanvas.Vec v = entry.getKey();
-            int nx = v.x() - minX - cx;
             int ny = v.y() - cy + 1;
-            int nz = v.z() - minZ - cz;
+            object.getBlocks().put(new IrisBlockVector(v.x(), ny, v.z()), entry.getValue());
-            object.getBlocks().put(new IrisBlockVector(nx, ny, nz), entry.getValue());
+            if (supportPositions.contains(v)) {
+                roots.add(new TreeGrounding.Root(v.x(), ny, v.z(), entry.getValue()));
             }
+            if (leafPositions.contains(v)) {
+                canopy.add(new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(v.x(), ny, v.z()));
+            }
+        }
+        object.setTreeGrounding(TreeGrounding.create(roots, rootReach, canopy));
 
         return object;
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/tree/TreeCanopyBuilder.java

@@ -335,7 +335,9 @@ public final class TreeCanopyBuilder {
             int x = (int) Math.round(ox + dx * t);
             int y = (int) Math.round(oy + dy * t - sagBlocks * t * t);
             int z = (int) Math.round(oz + dz * t);
-            if (!canvas.has(x, y, z)) {
+            TreeBlockCanvas.Cell existing = canvas.get(x, y, z);
+            if (existing == null || existing.role() == TreeBlockCanvas.Role.LEAF
+                    || existing.role() == TreeBlockCanvas.Role.SECONDARY_LEAF) {
                 canvas.setTrunk(x, y, z, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.TRUNK, axis);
             }
             tip = new int[]{x, y, z};

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/tree/TreeGrounding.java

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.generation.decoration.tree;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.geometry.IrisBlockVector;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.pack.loading.IrisData;
+import art.arcane.iris.structure.object.IObjectPlacer;
+import art.arcane.iris.structure.object.IrisObjectPlacement;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.NativeBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.nativelib.terrain.structure.NativeStructureVolume;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.BlockPosition;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public record TreeGrounding(List<Root> roots, int maxExtension, Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> canopy) {
+    public TreeGrounding {
+        roots = List.copyOf(roots);
+        maxExtension = Math.max(0, Math.min(16, maxExtension));
+        canopy = Set.copyOf(canopy);
+    }
+
+    public static TreeGrounding create(List<Root> roots, int maxExtension, Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> canopy) {
+        Map<Long, Root> columns = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Root root : roots) {
+            long key = ((long) root.x() << 32) | (root.z() & 0xffffffffL);
+            Root previous = columns.get(key);
+            if (previous == null || root.y() < previous.y()) {
+                columns.put(key, root);
+            }
+        }
+        List<Root> lowest = new ArrayList<>(columns.values());
+        lowest.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(Root::x).thenComparingInt(Root::z));
+        return new TreeGrounding(lowest, maxExtension, canopy);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isCanopy(int x, int y, int z) {
+        return canopy.contains(new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, y, z));
+    }
+
+    public KList<IrisBlockVector> supportOffsets() {
+        KList<IrisBlockVector> offsets = new KList<>();
+        for (Root root : roots) {
+            offsets.add(new IrisBlockVector(root.x(), root.y(), root.z()));
+        }
+        return offsets;
+    }
+
+    public Plan plan(IObjectPlacer placer, Placement placement) {
+        List<Extension> extensions = new ArrayList<>();
+        IrisObjectPlacement config = placement.config();
+        BlockPosition origin = placement.origin();
+        BlockPosition spin = placement.spin();
+        int solidDepth = Math.max(1, config.getSurfaceSupportDepth());
+        for (Root root : roots) {
+            IrisBlockVector offset = config.getRotation().rotate(
+                    new IrisBlockVector(root.x(), root.y(), root.z()), spin.getX(), spin.getY(), spin.getZ());
+            offset = config.getTranslate().translate(offset, config.getRotation(), spin.getX(), spin.getY(), spin.getZ());
+            int x = origin.getX() + (int) Math.round(offset.getX());
+            int y = origin.getY() + (int) Math.round(offset.getY());
+            int z = origin.getZ() + (int) Math.round(offset.getZ());
+            int surface = placer.getHighest(x, z, placement.data(), true);
+            int contact = Math.min(surface, y - 1);
+            if (y - contact - 1 > maxExtension) {
+                return Plan.UNSUPPORTED;
+            }
+            for (int below = 0; below < solidDepth; below++) {
+                if (placer.isCarved(x, contact - below, z) || !placer.isSurfaceSolid(x, contact - below, z)) {
+                    return Plan.UNSUPPORTED;
+                }
+            }
+            if (contact < y - 1) {
+                NativeBlockState state = config.getRotation().rotate(root.state(), spin.getX(), spin.getY(), spin.getZ());
+                if (state == null) {
+                    return Plan.UNSUPPORTED;
+                }
+                Extension extension = new Extension(x, y - 1, contact, z, state);
+                if (intersectsStructure(placer, extension)) {
+                    return Plan.UNSUPPORTED;
+                }
+                extensions.add(extension);
+            }
+        }
+        return new Plan(!roots.isEmpty(), List.copyOf(extensions));
+    }
+
+    private static boolean intersectsStructure(IObjectPlacer placer, Extension extension) {
+        Engine engine = placer.getEngine();
+        if (engine == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = engine.getNativeStructureVolumes(
+                extension.x(), extension.z(), extension.x(), extension.z());
+        if (volumes == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (NativeStructureVolume volume : volumes) {
+            if (volume.intersects(extension.x(), extension.bottomY() + engine.getMinHeight(), extension.z(),
+                    extension.x(), extension.topY() + engine.getMinHeight(), extension.z())) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public record Root(int x, int y, int z, NativeBlockState state) {
+    }
+
+    public record Placement(IrisData data, IrisObjectPlacement config, BlockPosition origin, BlockPosition spin) {
+    }
+
+    public record Extension(int x, int topY, int bottomY, int z, NativeBlockState state) {
+    }
+
+    public record Plan(boolean supported, List<Extension> extensions) {
+        private static final Plan UNSUPPORTED = new Plan(false, List.of());
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/decoration/tree/TreeRootBuilder.java

@@ -28,120 +28,152 @@ public final class TreeRootBuilder {
     }
 
     public static void build(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, IrisProceduralTree tree, int height, long baseSeed) {
-        List<int[]> cells = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> cells = new ArrayList<>();
         for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec v : canvas.getTrunk()) {
             if (v.y() == 0) {
-                cells.add(new int[]{v.x(), v.z()});
+                cells.add(v);
             }
         }
         if (cells.isEmpty()) {
             return;
         }
+        cells.sort(TreeBlockCanvas.Vec::compareTo);
 
         int depth = tree.getRootDepth() > 0 ? tree.getRootDepth() : autoDepth(height);
         RNG rng = new RNG(baseSeed ^ 0x5009L);
 
         double cx = 0;
         double cz = 0;
-        for (int[] c : cells) {
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec cell : cells) {
-            cx += c[0];
+            cx += cell.x();
-            cz += c[1];
+            cz += cell.z();
         }
         cx /= cells.size();
         cz /= cells.size();
 
         double baseRadius = 1.0;
-        for (int[] c : cells) {
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec cell : cells) {
-            baseRadius = Math.max(baseRadius, Math.hypot(c[0] - cx, c[1] - cz) + 0.5);
+            baseRadius = Math.max(baseRadius, Math.hypot(cell.x() - cx, cell.z() - cz) + 0.5);
         }
-        double flare = tree.getRootFlare() > 0 ? tree.getRootFlare() : baseRadius + Math.max(2.0, depth * 0.6);
+        double flare = tree.getRootFlare() > 0 ? tree.getRootFlare() : baseRadius + Math.max(0.75, baseRadius * 0.35);
+        RootShape shape = new RootShape(cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, depth, flare);
 
         IrisTreeRootStyle style = tree.getRootStyle();
         switch (style) {
-            case TAPROOT -> taproot(canvas, cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, depth);
+            case TAPROOT -> taproot(canvas, shape);
             case BUTTRESS -> {
-                taproot(canvas, cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, depth);
+                taproot(canvas, shape);
-                buttress(canvas, cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, depth, flare, rng);
+                buttress(canvas, shape, rng);
             }
             case STILT -> {
-                taproot(canvas, cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, Math.min(depth, 3));
+                stilts(canvas, shape, height, rng);
-                stilts(canvas, cx, cz, baseRadius, flare, height, cells.size(), rng);
+                taproot(canvas, new RootShape(cells, cx, cz, baseRadius, Math.min(depth, 3), flare));
             }
         }
     }
 
-    private static void taproot(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, List<int[]> cells, double cx, double cz, double baseRadius, int depth) {
+    private static void taproot(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, RootShape shape) {
-        int icx = (int) Math.round(cx);
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Vec center = nearestCell(shape.cells(), shape.centerX(), shape.centerZ());
-        int icz = (int) Math.round(cz);
+        for (int k = 1; k <= shape.depth(); k++) {
-        for (int k = 1; k <= depth; k++) {
+            double fraction = k / (double) shape.depth();
-            double frac = k / (double) depth;
+            double keepRadius = shape.radius() * (1.0 - fraction);
-            double keepR = baseRadius * (1.0 - 0.6 * frac);
+            for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec cell : shape.cells()) {
-            for (int[] c : cells) {
+                if (Math.hypot(cell.x() - shape.centerX(), cell.z() - shape.centerZ()) <= keepRadius) {
-                if (Math.hypot(c[0] - cx, c[1] - cz) <= keepR + 1e-6) {
+                    placeRoot(canvas, cell.x(), -k, cell.z(), TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
-                    placeRoot(canvas, c[0], -k, c[1], TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
                 }
             }
-            placeRoot(canvas, icx, -k, icz, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
+            placeRoot(canvas, center.x(), -k, center.z(), TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
         }
     }
 
-    private static void buttress(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, List<int[]> cells, double cx, double cz, double baseRadius,
+    private static void buttress(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, RootShape shape, RNG rng) {
-                                 int depth, double flare, RNG rng) {
+        int legs = Math.max(3, Math.min(8, shape.cells().size() + 2));
-        int nLegs = Math.max(4, Math.min(12, cells.size() + 2));
+        for (int leg = 0; leg < legs; leg++) {
-        for (int li = 0; li < nLegs; li++) {
+            double angle = 2.0 * Math.PI * leg / legs + rng.d(-0.25, 0.25);
-            double ang = 2.0 * Math.PI * li / nLegs + rng.d(-0.25, 0.25);
+            double reach = shape.flare() * rng.d(0.8, 1.0);
-            double ca = Math.cos(ang);
+            int x = (int) Math.round(shape.centerX() + reach * Math.cos(angle));
-            double sa = Math.sin(ang);
+            int z = (int) Math.round(shape.centerZ() + reach * Math.sin(angle));
-            int prevX = (int) Math.round(cx + baseRadius * ca);
+            int depth = legDepth(shape.depth(), leg, legs);
-            int prevZ = (int) Math.round(cz + baseRadius * sa);
+            TreeBlockCanvas.Vec start = nearestCell(shape.cells(), x, z);
-            for (int k = 1; k <= depth; k++) {
+            rasterizeRoot(canvas, start, new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, -depth, z));
-                double frac = k / (double) depth;
-                double r = baseRadius + (flare - baseRadius) * frac;
-                int x = (int) Math.round(cx + r * ca);
-                int z = (int) Math.round(cz + r * sa);
-                placeRoot(canvas, x, -k, z, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
-                if (x != prevX || z != prevZ) {
-                    placeRoot(canvas, prevX, -k, prevZ, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.Y);
-                }
-                prevX = x;
-                prevZ = z;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void stilts(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, double cx, double cz, double baseRadius, double flare,
-                               int height, int cellCount, RNG rng) {
-        int stiltTop = Math.max(2, Math.min(7, (int) Math.round(0.25 * height)));
-        int nProps = Math.max(4, Math.min(10, cellCount + 2));
-        for (int p = 0; p < nProps; p++) {
-            double ang = 2.0 * Math.PI * p / nProps + rng.d(-0.25, 0.25);
-            double ca = Math.cos(ang);
-            double sa = Math.sin(ang);
-            int sx = (int) Math.round(cx + baseRadius * ca);
-            int sz = (int) Math.round(cz + baseRadius * sa);
-            int fx = (int) Math.round(cx + flare * ca);
-            int fz = (int) Math.round(cz + flare * sa);
-            rasterizeRoot(canvas, sx, stiltTop, sz, fx, -2, fz);
         }
     }
 
-    private static void rasterizeRoot(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, int ox, int oy, int oz, int ex, int ey, int ez) {
+    private static void stilts(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, RootShape shape, int height, RNG rng) {
-        int dx = ex - ox;
+        int stiltTop = Math.min(height - 1, Math.max(2, Math.min(7, (int) Math.round(0.25 * height))));
-        int dy = ey - oy;
+        List<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> attachments = new ArrayList<>();
-        int dz = ez - oz;
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec cell : canvas.getTrunk()) {
+            if (cell.y() == stiltTop) {
+                attachments.add(cell);
+            }
+        }
+        if (attachments.isEmpty()) {
+            attachments.addAll(shape.cells());
+        }
+        attachments.sort(TreeBlockCanvas.Vec::compareTo);
+        int props = Math.max(3, Math.min(8, shape.cells().size() + 2));
+        for (int prop = 0; prop < props; prop++) {
+            double angle = 2.0 * Math.PI * prop / props + rng.d(-0.25, 0.25);
+            double reach = shape.flare() * rng.d(0.8, 1.0);
+            int x = (int) Math.round(shape.centerX() + reach * Math.cos(angle));
+            int z = (int) Math.round(shape.centerZ() + reach * Math.sin(angle));
+            int depth = legDepth(Math.min(shape.depth(), 3), prop, props);
+            TreeBlockCanvas.Vec start = nearestCell(attachments, x, z);
+            rasterizeRoot(canvas, start, new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, -depth, z));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int legDepth(int depth, int leg, int count) {
+        return Math.max(1, (int) Math.round(depth * (0.55 + 0.45 * leg / Math.max(1, count - 1))));
+    }
+
+    private static TreeBlockCanvas.Vec nearestCell(List<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> cells, double x, double z) {
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Vec nearest = cells.getFirst();
+        double distance = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec cell : cells) {
+            double dx = cell.x() - x;
+            double dz = cell.z() - z;
+            double candidateDistance = dx * dx + dz * dz;
+            if (candidateDistance < distance) {
+                nearest = cell;
+                distance = candidateDistance;
+            }
+        }
+        return nearest;
+    }
+
+    private static void rasterizeRoot(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec start, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec end) {
+        int dx = end.x() - start.x();
+        int dy = end.y() - start.y();
+        int dz = end.z() - start.z();
         int steps = Math.max(Math.max(Math.abs(dx), Math.abs(dy)), Math.max(Math.abs(dz), 1));
         TreeBlockCanvas.Axis axis = TreeFunctions.logAxis(dx, dy, dz);
-        for (int i = 0; i <= steps; i++) {
+        int x = start.x();
+        int y = start.y();
+        int z = start.z();
+        for (int i = 1; i <= steps; i++) {
             double t = i / (double) steps;
-            int x = (int) Math.round(ox + dx * t);
+            int nextX = (int) Math.round(start.x() + dx * t);
-            int y = (int) Math.round(oy + dy * t);
+            int nextY = (int) Math.round(start.y() + dy * t);
-            int z = (int) Math.round(oz + dz * t);
+            int nextZ = (int) Math.round(start.z() + dz * t);
+            while (y != nextY) {
+                y += Integer.signum(nextY - y);
                 placeRoot(canvas, x, y, z, axis);
             }
+            while (x != nextX) {
+                x += Integer.signum(nextX - x);
+                placeRoot(canvas, x, y, z, axis);
+            }
+            while (z != nextZ) {
+                z += Integer.signum(nextZ - z);
+                placeRoot(canvas, x, y, z, axis);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private static void placeRoot(TreeBlockCanvas canvas, int x, int y, int z, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis axis) {
-        if (!canvas.has(x, y, z)) {
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell = canvas.get(x, y, z);
+        if (cell == null || cell.role() != TreeBlockCanvas.Role.TRUNK && cell.role() != TreeBlockCanvas.Role.SECONDARY_TRUNK) {
             canvas.setTrunk(x, y, z, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.TRUNK, axis);
         }
     }
@@ -149,4 +181,8 @@ public final class TreeRootBuilder {
     private static int autoDepth(int height) {
         return Math.max(2, Math.min(16, (int) Math.round(0.18 * height)));
     }
+
+    private record RootShape(List<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> cells, double centerX, double centerZ,
+                             double radius, int depth, double flare) {
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/HydrologyCrossTileResolver.java

@@ -20,14 +20,29 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinWorkerThread;
 
 final class HydrologyCrossTileResolver {
     private static final int FALLBACK_TRIAL_PARALLELISM = 16;
+    private static final int MINIMUM_FALLBACK_TRIAL_BATCH = 2;
     private final HydrologyPlanner planner;
+    private final int trialLimit;
 
-    HydrologyCrossTileResolver(HydrologyPlanner planner) {
+    HydrologyCrossTileResolver(HydrologyPlanner planner, int trialLimit) {
+        if (trialLimit < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hydrology fallback trial limit must be positive.");
+        }
         this.planner = planner;
+        this.trialLimit = trialLimit;
+    }
+
+    static int fallbackTrialBatch(int parallelism, int idleWorkers, int trialLimit) {
+        if (parallelism <= 2) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        int workers = Math.clamp(idleWorkers + 1L, MINIMUM_FALLBACK_TRIAL_BATCH, parallelism);
+        return Math.max(1, Math.min(workers, Math.min(trialLimit, FALLBACK_TRIAL_PARALLELISM)));
     }
 
     HydrologyOwnerDraft compileOwnerDraft(
@@ -285,12 +300,18 @@ final class HydrologyCrossTileResolver {
             List<OutletCandidate> outlets,
             int start
     ) {
-        int parallelism = HydrologyPlanningAdmission.effectiveParallelism(
+        int parallelism;
-                Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread worker
+        int idleWorkers;
-                        ? worker.getPool().getParallelism()
+        if (Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread worker) {
-                        : IrisPlatforms.isBound() ? MultiBurst.hydrology.parallelism() : 1);
+            ForkJoinPool pool = worker.getPool();
-        int batchSize = parallelism <= 2 ? 1 : Math.max(1, Math.min(HydrologyPlanningAdmission.maximumTrials(),
+            parallelism = HydrologyPlanningAdmission.effectiveParallelism(pool.getParallelism());
-                Math.min(FALLBACK_TRIAL_PARALLELISM, parallelism)));
+            idleWorkers = pool.getParallelism() - pool.getActiveThreadCount();
+        } else {
+            parallelism = HydrologyPlanningAdmission.effectiveParallelism(
+                    IrisPlatforms.isBound() ? MultiBurst.hydrology.parallelism() : 1);
+            idleWorkers = 0;
+        }
+        int batchSize = fallbackTrialBatch(parallelism, idleWorkers, trialLimit);
         int end = Math.min(outlets.size(), start + batchSize);
         ArrayList<Callable<FallbackTrial>> tasks = new ArrayList<>(end - start);
         HydrologyPlanner.PlanningSamples ownerSamples = planner.planningSamples.get();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/HydrologyPlanner.java

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ public final class HydrologyPlanner {
                 geometrySampler,
                 settings.seaLevel()
         );
-        this.crossTile = new HydrologyCrossTileResolver(this);
+        this.crossTile = new HydrologyCrossTileResolver(this, HydrologyPlanningAdmission.maximumTrials());
         this.outletPlanner = new HydrologyOutletPlanner(this);
         this.sourcePlanner = new HydrologySourcePlanner(this);
         this.routeGeometry = new HydrologyRouteGeometry(this);

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/HydrologyPlanningAdmission.java

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import java.util.function.BooleanSupplier;
 
 final class HydrologyPlanningAdmission {
     private static final long BYTES_PER_ROOT = 2L * 1024L * 1024L * 1024L;
+    private static final long BYTES_PER_TRIAL = 128L * 1024L * 1024L;
+    private static final int MAXIMUM_TRIAL_LIMIT = 16;
     private static final int MAXIMUM_ROOTS = rootLimit(
             Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory(), Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
     private static final int MAXIMUM_TRIALS = trialLimit(Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory(), MAXIMUM_ROOTS);
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ final class HydrologyPlanningAdmission {
         if (maximumRoots < 1) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Maximum hydrology roots must be positive.");
         }
-        return (int) Math.clamp(maximumHeap / maximumRoots / (1024L * 1024L * 1024L), 1L, 16L);
+        return (int) Math.clamp(maximumHeap / maximumRoots / BYTES_PER_TRIAL, 1L, MAXIMUM_TRIAL_LIMIT);
     }
 
     static int rootLimit(long maximumHeap, int processors) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/HydrologyTileCache.java

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.generation.hydrology;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.GenerationClosedException;
+import art.arcane.iris.generation.runtime.GenerationCounter;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.concurrent.MultiBurst;
 import art.arcane.iris.generation.stream.ProvisionalSampling;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     private static final byte AROUND_EMPTY = 1;
     private static final byte AROUND_PUBLISHED = 2;
     private static final int MAXIMUM_PREGENERATION_TILES = 4096;
-    private static final int PREGENERATION_HALO_BLOCKS = 512;
+    private static final int PREGENERATION_HALO_BLOCKS = 256;
     private static final HydrologyColumnSample[] NO_COLUMNS = new HydrologyColumnSample[CHUNK_COLUMN_COUNT];
     private static final Cache<SharedTileKey, HydrologyTile> SHARED_TILES = Caffeine.newBuilder()
             .maximumWeight(HydrologyCacheBudget.sharedStudioBytes())
@@ -79,7 +80,6 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     private volatile SharedCacheScope sharedCacheScope;
     private volatile PreparedHydrologyTileStore persistentStore;
     private volatile boolean neighbourPrefetchEnabled;
-    private volatile Runnable terrainPreparation;
     private PregenerationScope pregenerationScope;
     private int demandBatches;
     private int activePrefetches;
@@ -267,7 +267,6 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     private List<HydrologyDiagnosticCandidate> planDiagnostics(HydrologyTileKey key, long epoch) {
         HydrologyTile tile = planInline(key, epoch);
         try (HydrologyPlanningAdmission.Permit ignored = HydrologyPlanningAdmission.acquireRoot(closed::get)) {
-            prepareTerrain();
             return List.copyOf(planner.diagnosticCandidates(tile));
         }
     }
@@ -458,7 +457,6 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     /** Plans the tile under a root permit; a persisted plan is restored before any permit is taken. */
     private HydrologyTile planAdmitted(HydrologyTileKey key, long planningEpoch,
                                        SharedTileKey sharedKey, PreparedHydrologyTileStore store) {
-        prepareTerrain();
         HydrologyTile planned = planner.plan(key);
         synchronized (publicationLock) {
             if (sharedKey != null && !closed.get() && planningEpoch == cacheEpoch.get()) {
@@ -499,6 +497,9 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     }
 
     public Optional<HydrologyColumnSample> columnAt(int blockX, int blockZ) {
+        if (GenerationCounter.ENABLED) {
+            GenerationCounter.HYDROLOGY_LOOKUPS.increment();
+        }
         return chunkColumns(blockX, blockZ).columnAt(blockX, blockZ);
     }
 
@@ -507,6 +508,9 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
         if (!waitsForbidden()) {
             return HydrologyColumnSnapshot.ready(columnAt(blockX, blockZ).orElse(null));
         }
+        if (GenerationCounter.ENABLED) {
+            GenerationCounter.HYDROLOGY_LOOKUPS.increment();
+        }
         int chunkX = Math.floorDiv(blockX, CHUNK_SIZE);
         int chunkZ = Math.floorDiv(blockZ, CHUNK_SIZE);
         ChunkColumns local = localChunks(cacheEpoch.get()).get(chunkX, chunkZ);
@@ -770,17 +774,6 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
         clear();
     }
 
-    public void setTerrainPreparation(Runnable preparation) {
-        terrainPreparation = Objects.requireNonNull(preparation, "terrainPreparation");
-    }
-
-    private void prepareTerrain() {
-        Runnable preparation = terrainPreparation;
-        if (preparation != null) {
-            preparation.run();
-        }
-    }
-
     private static void collectActiveLoad(List<CompletableFuture<?>> active, PendingLoad<?> load) {
         if (load.owner() == Thread.currentThread()) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Hydrology tile cache cannot close from an active load.");

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/runtime/IrisHydrologyRuntime.java

@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ public final class IrisHydrologyRuntime implements AutoCloseable {
                 IrisPlatforms.isBound() ? MultiBurst.hydrology : null,
                 context.waitingForbidden()
         );
-        this.cache.setTerrainPreparation(context.terrainPreparation());
         IrisLogging.debug("Hydrology runtime: tileSize=%d publicationRadius=%d planningThreads=%d",
                 settings.routing().tileSize(), settings.publicationRadius(), MultiBurst.hydrology.parallelism());
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/generation/hydrology/runtime/IrisHydrologyRuntimeContext.java

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ public record IrisHydrologyRuntimeContext(
         IrisHydrologyNaturalHeightDescriber naturalHeightDescriber,
         IrisHydrologyNaturalOceanClassifier naturalOceanClassifier,
         HydrologyCaveVoxelViewFactory caveViewFactory,
-        BooleanSupplier waitingForbidden,
+        BooleanSupplier waitingForbidden
-        Runnable terrainPreparation
 ) {
     /**
      * {@code waitingForbidden} is true on a thread that must never wait for a cold hydrology plan,
@@ -37,6 +36,5 @@ public record IrisHydrologyRuntimeContext(
         Objects.requireNonNull(naturalOceanClassifier);
         Objects.requireNonNull(caveViewFactory);
         Objects.requireNonNull(waitingForbidden);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(terrainPreparation);
     }
 }