object cleanup

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/Iris.java

@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KMap;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.exceptions.IrisException;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.format.C;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.function.NastyRunnable;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hotload.ConfigHotloadEngine;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hud.HudActionBar;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hud.HudBossBarLane;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.io.IO;
@@ -165,7 +164,6 @@ public class Iris extends VolmitPlugin implements Listener, ReloadAware {
     public static Bindings.Adventure audiences;
     public static MultiverseCoreLink linkMultiverseCore;
     public static IrisCompat compat;
-    public static ConfigHotloadEngine configHotloadEngine;
     public static ChunkTickets tickets;
     private static VolmitSender sender;
     private static Thread shutdownHook;
@@ -663,13 +661,6 @@ public class Iris extends VolmitPlugin implements Listener, ReloadAware {
         IrisServices.register(ManagedWorldLoader.class, (ManagedWorldLoader) this::loadManagedWorld);
         SettingsHotloadWatch watch = new SettingsHotloadWatch(getDataFile("settings.json"));
         settingsHotloadWatch = watch;
-        configHotloadEngine = new ConfigHotloadEngine(
-                watch::isSettingsFile,
-                watch::knownSettingsFiles,
-                watch::readSettingsContent,
-                watch::normalizeSettingsContent
-        );
-        configHotloadEngine.configure(500L, 3_000L, List.of(watch.settingsFile()), List.of());
         // Stale-temp cleanup must complete before services enable: StudioSVC.onEnable downloads
         // packs through cache/temp on an async thread, and a concurrent delete of that folder
         // truncated pack imports mid-copy (partial packs/<key> without dimensions/).
@@ -714,7 +705,7 @@ public class Iris extends VolmitPlugin implements Listener, ReloadAware {
             pendingWorldReplacements.captureVanillaLevelContext();
             pendingWorldReplacements.verifyLoadedPublishedWorlds();
             J.a(this::bstats);
-            J.ar(() -> settingsHotloadWatch.checkConfigHotload(configHotloadEngine), 10);
+            J.ar(watch::checkConfigHotload, 10);
             J.sr(this::tickQueue, 0);
             J.s(this::setupPapi);
             if (IrisStartupValidation.isReady()) {
@@ -883,9 +874,10 @@ public class Iris extends VolmitPlugin implements Listener, ReloadAware {
             BukkitPlatform.hudBar().shutdown();
             BukkitPlatform.hudLanes().shutdown();
         }
-        if (configHotloadEngine != null) {
-            configHotloadEngine.clear();
-            configHotloadEngine = null;
+        SettingsHotloadWatch activeSettingsHotloadWatch = settingsHotloadWatch;
+        settingsHotloadWatch = null;
+        if (activeSettingsHotloadWatch != null) {
+            activeSettingsHotloadWatch.close();
         }
         // super.onDisable() cancels plugin tasks and unregisters every listener.
         super.onDisable();

adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/SettingsHotloadWatch.java

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Iris is a World Generator for Minecraft Bukkit Servers
- * Copyright (c) 2026 Arcane Arts (Volmit Software)
- *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- * (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
-package art.arcane.iris.core;
-
-import art.arcane.iris.Iris;
-import art.arcane.iris.core.localization.IrisLanguage;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hotload.ConfigHotloadEngine;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * Identity and hotload handling for settings.json. Supplies the predicates the
- * {@link ConfigHotloadEngine} is built from and drains the touched-file queue.
- */
-public final class SettingsHotloadWatch {
-    private static final int MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
-
-    private final File settingsFile;
-
-    public SettingsHotloadWatch(File settingsFile) {
-        this.settingsFile = settingsFile;
-    }
-
-    public File settingsFile() {
-        return settingsFile;
-    }
-
-    public void checkConfigHotload(ConfigHotloadEngine engine) {
-        if (engine == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot snapshot : engine.pollTouchedSnapshots()) {
-            if ("missing".equals(snapshot.signature())) {
-                engine.processSnapshotChange(snapshot, ignored -> true, null);
-                Iris.warn("settings.json was removed; retaining the last valid runtime settings.");
-                continue;
-            }
-            engine.processSnapshotChange(
-                    snapshot,
-                    stable -> applySettingsSnapshot(stable.file(), stable.normalizedContent()),
-                    ignored -> Iris.info("Hotloaded settings.json ")
-            );
-        }
-        IrisLanguage.update();
-    }
-
-    public boolean isSettingsFile(File file) {
-        if (file == null || settingsFile == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        return settingsFile.getAbsoluteFile().equals(file.getAbsoluteFile());
-    }
-
-    public List<File> knownSettingsFiles() {
-        if (settingsFile == null) {
-            return List.of();
-        }
-        return List.of(settingsFile);
-    }
-
-    public String readSettingsContent(File file) {
-        if (file == null || !file.exists() || !file.isFile()) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        try (InputStream input = Files.newInputStream(file.toPath())) {
-            byte[] content = input.readNBytes(MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES + 1);
-            if (content.length > MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES) {
-                throw new IOException("Settings exceed " + MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES + " bytes: " + file);
-            }
-            return new String(content, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        } catch (Throwable ex) {
-            Iris.warn("Failed to read settings file %s: %s%s",
-                    file.getAbsolutePath(),
-                    ex.getClass().getSimpleName(),
-                    ex.getMessage() == null ? "" : " - " + ex.getMessage());
-            Iris.reportError(ex);
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public String normalizeSettingsContent(String text) {
-        if (text == null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        return text.replace("\r\n", "\n").trim();
-    }
-
-    private boolean applySettingsSnapshot(File file, String content) {
-        if (content == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        try {
-            return IrisSettings.applyHotloadSnapshot(content, IrisLanguage::reload);
-        } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
-            Iris.warn("Rejected invalid settings hotload from %s: %s",
-                    file.getAbsolutePath(),
-                    failure.getMessage() == null ? failure.getClass().getSimpleName() : failure.getMessage());
-            Iris.reportError(failure);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-}

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedSettingsHotloadService.java

@@ -18,121 +18,45 @@
 
 package art.arcane.iris.modded.service;
 
-import art.arcane.iris.core.IrisSettings;
-import art.arcane.iris.core.localization.IrisLanguage;
+import art.arcane.iris.core.SettingsHotloadWatch;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hotload.ConfigHotloadEngine;
 import net.minecraft.server.MinecraftServer;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 public final class ModdedSettingsHotloadService implements ModdedTickableService {
-    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger("Iris");
-    private static final long POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS = 500L;
-    private static final long HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_MILLIS = 3_000L;
-    private static final int MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
-
-    private ConfigHotloadEngine hotloadEngine;
+    private SettingsHotloadWatch hotloadWatch;
     private long lastPollAtNanos;
 
     @Override
     public void onEnable() {
-        File settingsFile = settingsFile();
-        hotloadEngine = new ConfigHotloadEngine(
-                this::isSettingsFile,
-                () -> List.of(settingsFile),
-                this::readSettings,
-                this::normalizeSettings
-        );
-        hotloadEngine.configure(
-                POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS,
-                HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_MILLIS,
-                List.of(settingsFile),
-                List.of()
-        );
+        hotloadWatch = new SettingsHotloadWatch(settingsFile());
         lastPollAtNanos = 0L;
     }
 
     @Override
     public void onDisable() {
-        ConfigHotloadEngine active = hotloadEngine;
-        hotloadEngine = null;
+        SettingsHotloadWatch active = hotloadWatch;
+        hotloadWatch = null;
         if (active != null) {
-            active.clear();
+            active.close();
         }
     }
 
     @Override
     public void onServerTick(MinecraftServer server) {
-        ConfigHotloadEngine active = hotloadEngine;
+        SettingsHotloadWatch active = hotloadWatch;
         if (active == null) {
             return;
         }
 
         long now = System.nanoTime();
-        if (now - lastPollAtNanos < TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS)) {
+        if (now - lastPollAtNanos < TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(SettingsHotloadWatch.POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS)) {
             return;
         }
         lastPollAtNanos = now;
-
-        try {
-            for (ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot snapshot : active.pollTouchedSnapshots()) {
-                if ("missing".equals(snapshot.signature())) {
-                    active.processSnapshotChange(snapshot, ignored -> true, null);
-                    LOGGER.warn("settings.json was removed; retaining the last valid runtime settings");
-                    continue;
-                }
-                active.processSnapshotChange(snapshot, this::reloadSettings, ignored -> LOGGER.info("Hotloaded settings.json"));
-            }
-            IrisLanguage.update();
-        } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
-            LOGGER.error("Iris settings hotload watcher failed", failure);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private boolean reloadSettings(ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot snapshot) {
-        try {
-            String content = snapshot.normalizedContent();
-            if (content == null) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            return IrisSettings.applyHotloadSnapshot(content, IrisLanguage::reload);
-        } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
-            LOGGER.error("Iris settings hotload failed; keeping the previous runtime settings", failure);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private boolean isSettingsFile(File file) {
-        return file != null && settingsFile().getAbsoluteFile().equals(file.getAbsoluteFile());
-    }
-
-    private String readSettings(File file) {
-        if (file == null || !file.isFile()) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        try (InputStream input = Files.newInputStream(file.toPath())) {
-            byte[] content = input.readNBytes(MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES + 1);
-            if (content.length > MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES) {
-                throw new IOException("Settings exceed " + MAX_SETTINGS_BYTES + " bytes: " + file);
-            }
-            return new String(content, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        } catch (IOException failure) {
-            throw new UncheckedIOException("Failed to read Iris settings from " + file, failure);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private String normalizeSettings(String content) {
-        return content == null ? null : content.replace("\r\n", "\n").trim();
+        active.checkConfigHotload();
     }
 
     private static File settingsFile() {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/SettingsHotloadWatch.java

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.core;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.core.localization.IrisLanguage;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hotload.ConfigHotloadEngine;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;
+import java.nio.charset.CodingErrorAction;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+public final class SettingsHotloadWatch implements AutoCloseable {
+    public static final long POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS = 500L;
+    public static final long HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_MILLIS = 3_000L;
+    private static final int MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+    private static final Timing PRODUCTION_TIMING = new Timing(
+            POLL_PERIOD_MILLIS,
+            HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_MILLIS,
+            ConfigHotloadEngine.DEFAULT_FULL_WATCH_SCAN_WINDOW_MS,
+            ConfigHotloadEngine.DEFAULT_SIGNATURE_SCAN_WINDOW_MS
+    );
+
+    private final File settingsFile;
+    private final File localeOverrideFolder;
+    private final ConfigHotloadEngine hotloadEngine;
+    private final Map<String, String> reportedCaptureFailures = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final Consumer<ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot> beforeSnapshotApply;
+    private final BiConsumer<File, String> manualReloadListener;
+    private volatile boolean closed;
+
+    public SettingsHotloadWatch(File settingsFile) {
+        this(settingsFile, PRODUCTION_TIMING);
+    }
+
+    SettingsHotloadWatch(File settingsFile, Timing timing) {
+        this(settingsFile, timing, snapshot -> {
+        });
+    }
+
+    SettingsHotloadWatch(
+            File settingsFile,
+            Timing timing,
+            Consumer<ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot> beforeSnapshotApply
+    ) {
+        this.settingsFile = Objects.requireNonNull(settingsFile, "Settings file cannot be null").getAbsoluteFile();
+        File dataFolder = Objects.requireNonNull(this.settingsFile.getParentFile(), "Settings data folder cannot be null");
+        localeOverrideFolder = new File(dataFolder, "languages/overrides").getAbsoluteFile();
+        Timing resolvedTiming = Objects.requireNonNull(timing, "Hotload timing cannot be null");
+        this.beforeSnapshotApply = Objects.requireNonNull(beforeSnapshotApply, "Snapshot apply observer cannot be null");
+        manualReloadListener = this::acknowledgeManualLocaleReload;
+        hotloadEngine = new ConfigHotloadEngine(
+                this::isManagedFile,
+                this::knownFiles,
+                this::readContent,
+                this::normalizeContent,
+                resolvedTiming.fullScanWindowMillis(),
+                resolvedTiming.signatureScanWindowMillis()
+        );
+        hotloadEngine.configure(
+                resolvedTiming.pollPeriodMillis(),
+                resolvedTiming.cooldownMillis(),
+                List.of(this.settingsFile),
+                List.of(localeOverrideFolder)
+        );
+        IrisLanguage.addManualReloadListener(manualReloadListener);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void checkConfigHotload() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (IrisLanguage.class) {
+            try {
+                for (ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot snapshot : hotloadEngine.pollTouchedSnapshots()) {
+                    beforeSnapshotApply.accept(snapshot);
+                    hotloadEngine.processSnapshotChange(snapshot, this::applySnapshot, this::reportApplied);
+                }
+            } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
+                IrisLogging.error("Iris settings and locale hotload watcher failed: " + failureDetail(failure));
+                IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+                failure.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void close() {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        closed = true;
+        IrisLanguage.removeManualReloadListener(manualReloadListener);
+        hotloadEngine.clear();
+        reportedCaptureFailures.clear();
+    }
+
+    boolean applySnapshot(ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot snapshot) {
+        File file = snapshot.file();
+        boolean missing = "missing".equals(snapshot.signature());
+        if (isSettingsFile(file)) {
+            if (missing) {
+                IrisLogging.warn("settings.json was removed; retaining the last valid runtime settings.");
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (snapshot.normalizedContent() == null) {
+                reportUnavailableSnapshot(file);
+                return false;
+            }
+            return applySettingsSnapshot(file, snapshot.normalizedContent());
+        }
+        if (!isLocaleOverrideFile(file) || !IrisLanguage.isActiveOverrideFile(file)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!missing && snapshot.normalizedContent() == null) {
+            reportUnavailableSnapshot(file);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return applyLocaleSnapshot(file, missing ? null : snapshot.normalizedContent());
+    }
+
+    boolean isSettingsFile(File file) {
+        return file != null && settingsFile.equals(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+    }
+
+    boolean isLocaleOverrideFile(File file) {
+        if (file == null || !file.getName().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT).endsWith(".json")) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        File parent = file.getAbsoluteFile().getParentFile();
+        return localeOverrideFolder.equals(parent);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isManagedFile(File file) {
+        return isSettingsFile(file) || isLocaleOverrideFile(file);
+    }
+
+    private Collection<File> knownFiles() {
+        List<File> files = new ArrayList<>();
+        files.add(settingsFile);
+        File[] overrides = localeOverrideFolder.listFiles();
+        if (overrides == null) {
+            return files;
+        }
+        for (File override : overrides) {
+            if (isLocaleOverrideFile(override) && override.isFile()) {
+                files.add(override.getAbsoluteFile());
+            }
+        }
+        return files;
+    }
+
+    private String readContent(File file) {
+        if (file == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (!file.isFile()) {
+            clearCaptureFailure(file);
+            return null;
+        }
+        try (InputStream input = Files.newInputStream(file.toPath())) {
+            byte[] content = input.readNBytes(MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES + 1);
+            if (content.length > MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES) {
+                throw new IOException("Hotload file exceeds " + MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES + " bytes: " + file);
+            }
+            String decoded = decodeUtf8(content, file);
+            clearCaptureFailure(file);
+            return decoded;
+        } catch (NoSuchFileException missing) {
+            clearCaptureFailure(file);
+            return null;
+        } catch (IOException | SecurityException failure) {
+            reportCaptureFailure(file, failure);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String normalizeContent(String content) {
+        return content == null ? null : content.replace("\r\n", "\n").trim();
+    }
+
+    private String decodeUtf8(byte[] content, File file) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            return StandardCharsets.UTF_8.newDecoder()
+                    .onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPORT)
+                    .onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPORT)
+                    .decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(content))
+                    .toString();
+        } catch (CharacterCodingException failure) {
+            throw new IOException("Hotload file is not valid UTF-8: " + file, failure);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean applySettingsSnapshot(File file, String content) {
+        try {
+            return IrisSettings.applyHotloadSnapshot(content, IrisLanguage::reload);
+        } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
+            IrisLogging.error("Rejected invalid settings hotload from " + file.getAbsolutePath() + ": " + failureDetail(failure));
+            IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+            failure.printStackTrace();
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean applyLocaleSnapshot(File file, String content) {
+        try {
+            return IrisLanguage.reloadOverride(file, content);
+        } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
+            IrisLogging.error("Rejected invalid locale hotload from " + file.getAbsolutePath() + ": " + failureDetail(failure));
+            IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+            failure.printStackTrace();
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void acknowledgeManualLocaleReload(File file, String content) {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        hotloadEngine.noteSelfWrite(file, content);
+        clearCaptureFailure(file);
+    }
+
+    private void reportUnavailableSnapshot(File file) {
+        if (file.isFile() && file.length() > MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES) {
+            reportCaptureFailure(
+                    file,
+                    new IOException("Hotload file exceeds " + MAX_HOTLOAD_BYTES + " bytes: " + file)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void reportCaptureFailure(File file, Throwable failure) {
+        String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
+        String failureKey = failure.getClass().getName() + ":" + failureDetail(failure);
+        if (Objects.equals(reportedCaptureFailures.put(path, failureKey), failureKey)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        IrisLogging.error("Failed to read watched Iris file " + path + ": " + failureDetail(failure));
+        IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+        failure.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    private void clearCaptureFailure(File file) {
+        reportedCaptureFailures.remove(file.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    private void reportApplied(ConfigHotloadEngine.ContentDelta delta) {
+        File file = delta.file();
+        if (isSettingsFile(file)) {
+            if (delta.after() != null) {
+                IrisLogging.info("Hotloaded settings.json");
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (IrisLanguage.isActiveOverrideFile(file)) {
+            IrisLogging.info("Hotloaded locale override " + file.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String failureDetail(Throwable failure) {
+        String message = failure.getMessage();
+        return failure.getClass().getSimpleName() + (message == null || message.isBlank() ? "" : " - " + message);
+    }
+
+    record Timing(
+            long pollPeriodMillis,
+            long cooldownMillis,
+            long fullScanWindowMillis,
+            long signatureScanWindowMillis
+    ) {
+        Timing {
+            if (pollPeriodMillis <= 0L
+                    || cooldownMillis <= 0L
+                    || fullScanWindowMillis <= 0L
+                    || signatureScanWindowMillis <= 0L) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hotload timing values must be positive");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/localization/IrisLanguage.java

@@ -45,15 +45,13 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 public final class IrisLanguage {
     private static final long MAX_LOCALE_BYTES = 2L * 1024L * 1024L;
-    private static final long HOTLOAD_CONTENT_STABILITY_NANOS = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(250L);
-    private static final long HOTLOAD_DELETION_GRACE_NANOS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(3L);
-    private static final long HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_NANOS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(3L);
     private static final int MAX_REPORTED_ISSUES = 12;
     private static final Pattern LOCALE_NAME = Pattern.compile("[A-Za-z0-9_-]+");
     private static final Pattern LEGACY_COLOR = Pattern.compile("(?i)\\u00a7[0-9A-FK-ORX]");
@@ -68,17 +66,9 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
      * new snapshot and the whole memo is discarded. Bounded by the catalog size.
      */
     private static final AtomicReference<PlainMemo> PLAIN_MEMO = new AtomicReference<>(null);
-    private static final LocaleHotloadGate HOTLOAD_GATE = new LocaleHotloadGate(
-            new LocaleHotloadGate.Timing(
-                    HOTLOAD_CONTENT_STABILITY_NANOS,
-                    HOTLOAD_DELETION_GRACE_NANOS,
-                    HOTLOAD_COOLDOWN_NANOS
-            )
-    );
-
+    private static final CopyOnWriteArrayList<BiConsumer<File, String>> MANUAL_RELOAD_LISTENERS =
+            new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
     private static volatile File dataFolder;
-    private static volatile String lastCaptureFailureKey;
-    private static volatile String lastInvalidHotloadLocale;
     private static volatile String activeLocale = CATALOG.englishLocale();
 
     private IrisLanguage() {
@@ -113,10 +103,22 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
         }
         IrisSettings.IrisSettingsGeneral general = resolvedCandidate.getGeneral();
         String locale = general == null ? CATALOG.englishLocale() : general.getLanguage();
-        return reload(root, locale);
+        return reloadResolved(root, locale, false);
     }
 
     public static synchronized boolean reload(File root, String locale) {
+        return reloadResolved(root, locale, true);
+    }
+
+    public static void addManualReloadListener(BiConsumer<File, String> listener) {
+        MANUAL_RELOAD_LISTENERS.add(Objects.requireNonNull(listener, "Manual reload listener cannot be null"));
+    }
+
+    public static void removeManualReloadListener(BiConsumer<File, String> listener) {
+        MANUAL_RELOAD_LISTENERS.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean reloadResolved(File root, String locale, boolean notifyManualReload) {
         File resolvedRoot = root == null ? null : root.getAbsoluteFile();
         if (resolvedRoot == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Iris locale data folder cannot be null");
@@ -126,7 +128,6 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
             requestedLocale = normalizeLocale(locale);
         } catch (RuntimeException exception) {
             dataFolder = resolvedRoot;
-            HOTLOAD_GATE.reset(null);
             IrisLogging.error("Rejected locale setting '" + locale + "'; continuing with " + activeLocale + ".");
             IrisLogging.reportError(exception);
             exception.printStackTrace();
@@ -135,17 +136,77 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
 
         File override = overrideFile(resolvedRoot, requestedLocale);
         SnapshotCapture capture = captureForReload(override, requestedLocale);
+        boolean applied = applyReload(resolvedRoot, requestedLocale, capture);
+        if (applied && notifyManualReload) {
+            notifyManualReload(capture.snapshot());
+        }
+        return applied;
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized boolean reloadOverride(File override, String rawContent) {
+        File root = dataFolder;
+        if (root == null && IrisPlatforms.isBound()) {
+            root = IrisPlatforms.get().dataFolder();
+        }
+        if (root == null || override == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String configured = configuredLocale();
+        String requestedLocale;
+        try {
+            requestedLocale = normalizeLocale(configured);
+        } catch (RuntimeException exception) {
+            IrisLogging.error("Rejected locale setting '" + configured + "'; continuing with " + activeLocale + ".");
+            IrisLogging.reportError(exception);
+            exception.printStackTrace();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        File expected = overrideFile(root, requestedLocale);
+        if (!expected.equals(override.getAbsoluteFile())) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot = rawContent == null
+                ? LocaleHotloadSnapshot.missing(expected, requestedLocale)
+                : LocaleHotloadSnapshot.present(
+                        expected,
+                        requestedLocale,
+                        rawContent,
+                        sha256(rawContent.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
+                );
+        return applyReload(root.getAbsoluteFile(), requestedLocale, new SnapshotCapture(snapshot, null));
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isActiveOverrideFile(File file) {
+        if (file == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        File root = dataFolder;
+        if (root == null && IrisPlatforms.isBound()) {
+            root = IrisPlatforms.get().dataFolder();
+        }
+        if (root == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            return overrideFile(root, configuredLocale()).equals(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+        } catch (RuntimeException ignored) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean applyReload(File root, String requestedLocale, SnapshotCapture capture) {
         LocalizationReloadResult result;
         if (capture.failure() == null) {
-            result = MANAGER.reload(() -> loadCandidate(resolvedRoot, requestedLocale, capture.snapshot()));
+            result = MANAGER.reload(() -> loadCandidate(root, requestedLocale, capture.snapshot()));
         } else {
             result = MANAGER.reload(() -> {
                 throw capture.failure();
             });
         }
-        dataFolder = resolvedRoot;
-        HOTLOAD_GATE.reset(capture.snapshot());
-        lastCaptureFailureKey = null;
+        dataFolder = root;
         if (!result.applied()) {
             reportRejectedReload(requestedLocale, result);
             return false;
@@ -158,56 +219,18 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
         return true;
     }
 
-    public static synchronized boolean update() {
-        File root = dataFolder;
-        if (root == null) {
-            return initialize();
-        }
-        String locale;
+    private static void notifyManualReload(LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot) {
+        for (BiConsumer<File, String> listener : MANUAL_RELOAD_LISTENERS) {
             try {
-            locale = normalizeLocale(configuredLocale());
-        } catch (RuntimeException exception) {
-            String invalidLocale = configuredLocale();
-            if (Objects.equals(lastInvalidHotloadLocale, invalidLocale)) {
-                return false;
+                listener.accept(snapshot.file(), snapshot.content());
+            } catch (RuntimeException failure) {
+                IrisLogging.error("Failed to acknowledge a manual locale reload: "
+                        + failure.getClass().getSimpleName()
+                        + (failure.getMessage() == null ? "" : " - " + failure.getMessage()));
+                IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+                failure.printStackTrace();
             }
-            lastInvalidHotloadLocale = invalidLocale;
-            return reload(root, invalidLocale);
         }
-        lastInvalidHotloadLocale = null;
-        File expected = overrideFile(root, locale);
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot;
-        try {
-            snapshot = captureHotloadSnapshot(expected, locale);
-        } catch (IOException | RuntimeException failure) {
-            HOTLOAD_GATE.unavailable();
-            reportCaptureFailure(expected, failure);
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (snapshot == null) {
-            HOTLOAD_GATE.unavailable();
-            return true;
-        }
-        lastCaptureFailureKey = null;
-
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt attempt = HOTLOAD_GATE.observe(snapshot, System.nanoTime());
-        if (attempt == null) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        LocalizationReloadResult result = MANAGER.reload(() -> loadCandidate(root, locale, attempt.snapshot()));
-        boolean applied = result.applied();
-        HOTLOAD_GATE.complete(attempt, System.nanoTime(), applied);
-        if (!applied) {
-            reportRejectedReload(locale, result);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        activeLocale = locale;
-        int warnings = result.validation().warnings().size();
-        IrisLogging.info("Loaded locale " + locale + " with " + warnings + " fallback "
-                + (warnings == 1 ? "entry" : "entries") + ".");
-        return true;
     }
 
     public static String activeLocale() {
@@ -606,18 +629,6 @@ public final class IrisLanguage {
         }
     }
 
-    private static void reportCaptureFailure(File file, Exception failure) {
-        String detail = failure.getMessage() == null ? failure.getClass().getSimpleName() : failure.getMessage();
-        String failureKey = file.getAbsolutePath() + ":" + failure.getClass().getName() + ":" + detail;
-        if (Objects.equals(failureKey, lastCaptureFailureKey)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        lastCaptureFailureKey = failureKey;
-        IrisLogging.error("Failed to capture stable locale override " + file.getPath() + ": " + detail);
-        IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
-        failure.printStackTrace();
-    }
-
     private static void reportRejectedReload(String locale, LocalizationReloadResult result) {
         IrisLogging.error("Rejected locale reload for " + locale + "; continuing with " + activeLocale + ".");
         List<LocalizationIssue> issues = result.validation().errors();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/localization/LocaleHotloadGate.java

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package art.arcane.iris.core.localization;
-
-import java.util.Objects;
-
-final class LocaleHotloadGate {
-    private final Timing timing;
-
-    private long generation;
-    private LocaleHotloadSnapshot baseline;
-    private LocaleHotloadSnapshot observed;
-    private long observedSinceNanos;
-    private LocaleHotloadSnapshot pending;
-    private Attempt inFlight;
-    private long lastCompletedAtNanos;
-    private boolean hasCompleted;
-
-    LocaleHotloadGate(Timing timing) {
-        this.timing = Objects.requireNonNull(timing, "Locale hotload timing cannot be null");
-    }
-
-    synchronized Attempt observe(LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot, long nowNanos) {
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot current = Objects.requireNonNull(snapshot, "Locale hotload snapshot cannot be null");
-        if (!current.equals(observed)) {
-            observed = current;
-            observedSinceNanos = nowNanos;
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        long stabilityNanos = current.missing()
-                ? timing.deletionGraceNanos()
-                : timing.contentStabilityNanos();
-        if (!elapsed(nowNanos, observedSinceNanos, stabilityNanos)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        pending = current.equals(baseline) ? null : current;
-        if (pending == null || inFlight != null || !pending.equals(observed)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        if (hasCompleted && !elapsed(nowNanos, lastCompletedAtNanos, timing.cooldownNanos())) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        Attempt attempt = new Attempt(generation, pending);
-        inFlight = attempt;
-        return attempt;
-    }
-
-    synchronized void unavailable() {
-        observed = null;
-        observedSinceNanos = 0L;
-    }
-
-    synchronized void complete(Attempt attempt, long nowNanos, boolean applied) {
-        if (attempt == null || inFlight == null || !inFlight.equals(attempt) || attempt.generation() != generation) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        inFlight = null;
-        lastCompletedAtNanos = nowNanos;
-        hasCompleted = true;
-        if (!applied) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        baseline = attempt.snapshot();
-        if (attempt.snapshot().equals(pending)) {
-            pending = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    synchronized void reset(LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot) {
-        generation++;
-        baseline = snapshot;
-        observed = snapshot;
-        observedSinceNanos = 0L;
-        pending = null;
-        inFlight = null;
-        lastCompletedAtNanos = 0L;
-        hasCompleted = false;
-    }
-
-    private boolean elapsed(long nowNanos, long startNanos, long durationNanos) {
-        return nowNanos - startNanos >= durationNanos;
-    }
-
-    record Timing(long contentStabilityNanos, long deletionGraceNanos, long cooldownNanos) {
-        Timing {
-            if (contentStabilityNanos < 0L || deletionGraceNanos < 0L || cooldownNanos < 0L) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Locale hotload timing cannot be negative");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    record Attempt(long generation, LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot) {
-        Attempt {
-            snapshot = Objects.requireNonNull(snapshot, "Locale hotload attempt snapshot cannot be null");
-        }
-    }
-}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectPlacementRunner.java

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.Position2;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterMarker;
 
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
@@ -61,10 +62,14 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
     }
 
     int place(int x, int yv, int z, IObjectPlacer oplacer, IrisObjectPlacement config, RNG rng, BiConsumer<BlockPosition, PlatformBlockState> listener, CarveResult c, IrisData rdata) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(oplacer, "Object placer is required.");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(config, "Object placement config is required.");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(rng, "Object placement RNG is required.");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(rdata, "Object placement data is required.");
         IObjectPlacer placer = config.getHeightmap() != null ? new HeightmapObjectPlacer(rng, x, yv, z, config, oplacer) : oplacer;
 
         boolean evaluateSlopeCondition = !config.isForcePlace() && !config.getSlopeCondition().isDefault();
-        if (rdata != null && (evaluateSlopeCondition || config.isRotateTowardsSlope())) {
+        if (evaluateSlopeCondition || config.isRotateTowardsSlope()) {
             Engine placementEngine = requireSlopeEngine(placer);
             if (evaluateSlopeCondition &&
                     !config.getSlopeCondition().isValid(placementEngine.getComplex().getSlopeStream().get(x, z))) {
@@ -108,7 +113,7 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
         }
 
         if (config.isSmartBore()) {
-            IrisObjectShaping.ensureSmartBored(self, placer.isDebugSmartBore());
+            IrisObjectShaping.ensureSmartBored(self);
         }
 
         boolean warped = !config.getWarp().isFlat();
@@ -148,6 +153,8 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
         int xx, zz;
         int yrand = config.getTranslate().getYRandom();
         yrand = yrand > 0 ? rng.i(0, yrand) : yrand < 0 ? rng.i(yrand, 0) : yrand;
+        int warpMargin = warped ? (int) Math.ceil(Math.abs(config.getWarp().getMultiplier()) / 2D) : 0;
+        TransformedBounds placementBounds = transformedBounds(spin, translating, translateOffset, ceilingHang, warpMargin);
         boolean bail = false;
 
         if (config.isFromBottom()) {
@@ -168,14 +175,10 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     }
                 }
             } else if (config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.MAX_HEIGHT) || config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.STILT)) {
-                IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-                IrisBlockVector rotatedDimensions = config.getRotation().rotate(new IrisBlockVector(self.getW(), self.getH(), self.getD()), spinx, spiny, spinz).clone();
-                int xLength = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockX() / 2) + offset.getBlockX();
-                int minX = Math.min(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int maxX = Math.max(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int zLength = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockZ() / 2) + offset.getBlockZ();
-                int minZ = Math.min(z - zLength, z + zLength);
-                int maxZ = Math.max(z - zLength, z + zLength);
+                int minX = x + placementBounds.minX();
+                int maxX = x + placementBounds.maxX();
+                int minZ = z + placementBounds.minZ();
+                int maxZ = z + placementBounds.maxZ();
                 for (int i = minX; i <= maxX; i++) {
                     for (int ii = minZ; ii <= maxZ; ii++) {
                         int h = placer.getHighest(i, ii, self.getLoader(), config.isUnderwater()) + rty;
@@ -190,17 +193,12 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     }
                 }
             } else if (config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.FAST_MAX_HEIGHT) || config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.FAST_STILT)) {
-                IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-                IrisBlockVector rotatedDimensions = config.getRotation().rotate(new IrisBlockVector(self.getW(), self.getH(), self.getD()), spinx, spiny, spinz).clone();
-
-                int xRadius = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockX() / 2);
-                int xLength = xRadius + offset.getBlockX();
-                int minX = Math.min(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int maxX = Math.max(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int zRadius = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockZ() / 2);
-                int zLength = zRadius + offset.getBlockZ();
-                int minZ = Math.min(z - zLength, z + zLength);
-                int maxZ = Math.max(z - zLength, z + zLength);
+                int minX = x + placementBounds.minX();
+                int maxX = x + placementBounds.maxX();
+                int minZ = z + placementBounds.minZ();
+                int maxZ = z + placementBounds.maxZ();
+                int xRadius = Math.max(0, (maxX - minX) / 2);
+                int zRadius = Math.max(0, (maxZ - minZ) / 2);
 
                 for (int i = minX; i <= maxX; i += Math.abs(xRadius) + 1) {
                     for (int ii = minZ; ii <= maxZ; ii += Math.abs(zRadius) + 1) {
@@ -216,16 +214,11 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     }
                 }
             } else if (config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.MIN_HEIGHT) || config.getMode() == ObjectPlaceMode.MIN_STILT) {
-                y = rdata.getEngine().getHeight() + 1;
-                IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-                IrisBlockVector rotatedDimensions = config.getRotation().rotate(new IrisBlockVector(self.getW(), self.getH(), self.getD()), spinx, spiny, spinz).clone();
-
-                int xLength = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockX() / 2) + offset.getBlockX();
-                int minX = Math.min(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int maxX = Math.max(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int zLength = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockZ() / 2) + offset.getBlockZ();
-                int minZ = Math.min(z - zLength, z + zLength);
-                int maxZ = Math.max(z - zLength, z + zLength);
+                y = requireDataEngine(rdata, "minimum-height mode").getHeight() + 1;
+                int minX = x + placementBounds.minX();
+                int maxX = x + placementBounds.maxX();
+                int minZ = z + placementBounds.minZ();
+                int maxZ = z + placementBounds.maxZ();
                 for (int i = minX; i <= maxX; i++) {
                     for (int ii = minZ; ii <= maxZ; ii++) {
                         int h = placer.getHighest(i, ii, self.getLoader(), config.isUnderwater()) + rty;
@@ -241,18 +234,13 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     }
                 }
             } else if (config.getMode().equals(ObjectPlaceMode.FAST_MIN_HEIGHT) || config.getMode() == ObjectPlaceMode.FAST_MIN_STILT) {
-                y = rdata.getEngine().getHeight() + 1;
-                IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-                IrisBlockVector rotatedDimensions = config.getRotation().rotate(new IrisBlockVector(self.getW(), self.getH(), self.getD()), spinx, spiny, spinz).clone();
-
-                int xRadius = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockX() / 2);
-                int xLength = xRadius + offset.getBlockX();
-                int minX = Math.min(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int maxX = Math.max(x - xLength, x + xLength);
-                int zRadius = (rotatedDimensions.getBlockZ() / 2);
-                int zLength = zRadius + offset.getBlockZ();
-                int minZ = Math.min(z - zLength, z + zLength);
-                int maxZ = Math.max(z - zLength, z + zLength);
+                y = requireDataEngine(rdata, "fast minimum-height mode").getHeight() + 1;
+                int minX = x + placementBounds.minX();
+                int maxX = x + placementBounds.maxX();
+                int minZ = z + placementBounds.minZ();
+                int maxZ = z + placementBounds.maxZ();
+                int xRadius = Math.max(0, (maxX - minX) / 2);
+                int zRadius = Math.max(0, (maxZ - minZ) / 2);
 
                 for (int i = minX; i <= maxX; i += Math.abs(xRadius) + 1) {
                     for (int ii = minZ; ii <= maxZ; ii += Math.abs(zRadius) + 1) {
@@ -352,18 +340,23 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
             return -1;
         }
 
-        int warpMargin = warped ? (int) Math.ceil(Math.abs(config.getWarp().getMultiplier()) / 2D) : 0;
         if (!rawStructurePiece && nativeStructureVetoes(placer, config, spin, translating, translateOffset, ceilingHang,
                 yv < 0 && config.getMode() == ObjectPlaceMode.PAINT, warpMargin, x, y + yrand, z)) {
             return -1;
         }
 
+        boolean paint = yv < 0 && config.getMode() == ObjectPlaceMode.PAINT;
+        WorldBounds worldBounds = null;
+        if (config.isBore() || (!config.isForcePlace() && !rawStructurePiece
+                && (!config.getAllowedCollisions().isEmpty() || !config.getForbiddenCollisions().isEmpty()))) {
+            worldBounds = resolveWorldBounds(placer, config, placementBounds, paint, x, y + yrand, z);
+        }
+
         if (!config.isForcePlace() && !rawStructurePiece && (!config.getAllowedCollisions().isEmpty() || !config.getForbiddenCollisions().isEmpty())) {
-            Engine engine = rdata.getEngine();
-            IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-            for (int i = x - Math.floorDiv(self.w, 2) + (int) offset.getX(); i <= x + Math.floorDiv(self.w, 2) - (self.w % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getX(); i++) {
-                for (int j = y - Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2)  + (int) offset.getY(); j <= y + Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2) - (self.h % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getY(); j++) {
-                    for (int k = z - Math.floorDiv(self.d, 2) + (int) offset.getZ(); k <= z + Math.floorDiv(self.d, 2) - (self.d % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getZ(); k++) {
+            Engine engine = requireDataEngine(rdata, "collision settings");
+            for (int i = worldBounds.minX(); i <= worldBounds.maxX(); i++) {
+                for (int j = worldBounds.minY(); j <= worldBounds.maxY(); j++) {
+                    for (int k = worldBounds.minZ(); k <= worldBounds.maxZ(); k++) {
                         PlacedObject p = engine.getObjectPlacement(i, j, k);
                         if (p == null) continue;
                         IrisObject o = p.getObject();
@@ -379,11 +372,12 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
             }
         }
 
+        y += yrand;
+
         if (config.isBore()) {
-            IrisBlockVector offset = new IrisBlockVector(config.getTranslate().getX(), config.getTranslate().getY(), config.getTranslate().getZ());
-            for (int i = x - Math.floorDiv(self.w, 2) + (int) offset.getX(); i <= x + Math.floorDiv(self.w, 2) - (self.w % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getX(); i++) {
-                for (int j = y - Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2) - config.getBoreExtendMinY() + (int) offset.getY(); j <= y + Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2) + config.getBoreExtendMaxY() - (self.h % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getY(); j++) {
-                    for (int k = z - Math.floorDiv(self.d, 2) + (int) offset.getZ(); k <= z + Math.floorDiv(self.d, 2) - (self.d % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0) + (int) offset.getZ(); k++) {
+            for (int i = worldBounds.minX(); i <= worldBounds.maxX(); i++) {
+                for (int j = worldBounds.minY() - config.getBoreExtendMinY(); j <= worldBounds.maxY() + config.getBoreExtendMaxY(); j++) {
+                    for (int k = worldBounds.minZ(); k <= worldBounds.maxZ(); k++) {
                         placer.set(i, j, k, IrisObject.States.AIR);
                     }
                 }
@@ -394,7 +388,6 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
         int topLayer = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
         int vacuumLowest = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
         int vacuumHighest = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-        y += yrand;
         self.readLock.lock();
 
         KMap<IrisBlockVector, String> markers = null;
@@ -407,7 +400,7 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
 
             if (config.getMarkers().isNotEmpty() && placer.getEngine() != null) {
                 markers = new KMap<>();
-                var list = StreamSupport.stream(blocks.keys().spliterator(), false)
+                KList<IrisBlockVector> list = StreamSupport.stream(blocks.keys().spliterator(), false)
                         .collect(KList.collector());
                 // Marker selection persists into the mantle, so it must be seed-deterministic.
                 // Derive a side stream keyed on the placement position instead of consuming the
@@ -476,6 +469,10 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     d = IrisObject.States.AIR;
                 }
 
+                if (placer.isDebugSmartBore() && IrisObject.States.VAIR.equals(d)) {
+                    d = IrisObject.States.VAIR_DEBUG;
+                }
+
                 PlatformBlockState data = d;
                 IrisBlockVector i = g.clone();
                 spin.rotate(i);
@@ -536,18 +533,6 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     yy = (int) Math.round(i.getY()) + Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2) + placer.getHighest(xx, zz, self.getLoader(), config.isUnderwater());
                 }
 
-                if (heightmap != null) {
-                    Position2 pos = new Position2(xx, zz);
-
-                    if (!heightmap.containsKey(pos)) {
-                        heightmap.put(pos, yy);
-                    }
-
-                    if (heightmap.get(pos) < yy) {
-                        heightmap.put(pos, yy);
-                    }
-                }
-
                 if (config.isMeld() && !rawStructurePiece && !placer.isSolid(xx, yy, zz)) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -569,6 +554,13 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
 
                 if (data.isCustom() || place) {
                     placer.set(xx, yy, zz, data);
+                    if (heightmap != null) {
+                        Position2 pos = new Position2(xx, zz);
+                        Integer currentHeight = heightmap.get(pos);
+                        if (currentHeight == null || currentHeight < yy) {
+                            heightmap.put(pos, yy);
+                        }
+                    }
                     if (tile != null) {
                         placer.setTile(xx, yy, zz, tile);
                     }
@@ -586,9 +578,6 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                     }
                 }
             }
-        } catch (Throwable e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-            IrisLogging.reportError(e);
         } finally {
             self.readLock.unlock();
         }
@@ -832,14 +821,8 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
         }
 
         if (vacuuming && vacuumLowest != Integer.MAX_VALUE && placer.getEngine() != null) {
-            IrisBlockVector rotDim = config.getRotation().rotate(new IrisBlockVector(self.getW(), self.getH(), self.getD()), spinx, spiny, spinz).clone();
-            int lowX = IrisObjectVacuum.footprintLow(rotDim.getBlockX());
-            int highX = IrisObjectVacuum.footprintHigh(rotDim.getBlockX());
-            int lowZ = IrisObjectVacuum.footprintLow(rotDim.getBlockZ());
-            int highZ = IrisObjectVacuum.footprintHigh(rotDim.getBlockZ());
-            int centerX = x + config.getTranslate().getX();
-            int centerZ = z + config.getTranslate().getZ();
-            vacuumTerrain(placer, config, centerX, centerZ, lowX, highX, lowZ, highZ, vacuumLowest, vacuumHighest);
+            vacuumTerrain(placer, config, x, z, placementBounds.minX(), placementBounds.maxX(),
+                    placementBounds.minZ(), placementBounds.maxZ(), vacuumLowest, vacuumHighest);
         }
 
         if (heightmap != null) {
@@ -864,10 +847,91 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
         return !wouldReplace && (rawStructurePiece || !air);
     }
 
+    private TransformedBounds transformedBounds(SpinKernel spin, boolean translating, IrisBlockVector translateOffset,
+                                                boolean ceilingHang, int margin) {
+        int sourceMinX = -self.getCenter().getBlockX();
+        int sourceMaxX = self.getW() - self.getCenter().getBlockX() - 1;
+        int sourceMinY = -self.getCenter().getBlockY();
+        int sourceMaxY = self.getH() - self.getCenter().getBlockY() - 1;
+        int sourceMinZ = -self.getCenter().getBlockZ();
+        int sourceMaxZ = self.getD() - self.getCenter().getBlockZ() - 1;
+        int minX = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int maxX = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        int minY = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int maxY = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        int minZ = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int maxZ = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+
+        for (int xCorner = 0; xCorner < 2; xCorner++) {
+            int sourceX = xCorner == 0 ? sourceMinX : sourceMaxX;
+            for (int yCorner = 0; yCorner < 2; yCorner++) {
+                int sourceY = yCorner == 0 ? sourceMinY : sourceMaxY;
+                for (int zCorner = 0; zCorner < 2; zCorner++) {
+                    int sourceZ = zCorner == 0 ? sourceMinZ : sourceMaxZ;
+                    IrisBlockVector corner = new IrisBlockVector(sourceX, sourceY, sourceZ);
+                    spin.rotate(corner);
+                    if (ceilingHang) {
+                        corner.setY(-corner.getBlockY());
+                    }
+                    if (translating) {
+                        corner.add(translateOffset);
+                    }
+                    int transformedX = (int) Math.round(corner.getX());
+                    int transformedY = (int) Math.round(corner.getY());
+                    int transformedZ = (int) Math.round(corner.getZ());
+                    minX = Math.min(minX, transformedX);
+                    maxX = Math.max(maxX, transformedX);
+                    minY = Math.min(minY, transformedY);
+                    maxY = Math.max(maxY, transformedY);
+                    minZ = Math.min(minZ, transformedZ);
+                    maxZ = Math.max(maxZ, transformedZ);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new TransformedBounds(minX - margin, maxX + margin, minY, maxY, minZ - margin, maxZ + margin);
+    }
+
+    private WorldBounds resolveWorldBounds(IObjectPlacer placer, IrisObjectPlacement config, TransformedBounds bounds,
+                                           boolean paint, int x, int y, int z) {
+        int minX = x + bounds.minX();
+        int maxX = x + bounds.maxX();
+        int minZ = z + bounds.minZ();
+        int maxZ = z + bounds.maxZ();
+        if (!paint) {
+            return new WorldBounds(minX, maxX, y + bounds.minY(), y + bounds.maxY(), minZ, maxZ);
+        }
+
+        int minimumSurface = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int maximumSurface = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        for (int worldX = minX; worldX <= maxX; worldX++) {
+            for (int worldZ = minZ; worldZ <= maxZ; worldZ++) {
+                int surface = placer.getHighest(worldX, worldZ, self.getLoader(), config.isUnderwater());
+                minimumSurface = Math.min(minimumSurface, surface);
+                maximumSurface = Math.max(maximumSurface, surface);
+            }
+        }
+        int paintOffset = Math.floorDiv(self.h, 2);
+        return new WorldBounds(minX, maxX, minimumSurface + bounds.minY() + paintOffset,
+                maximumSurface + bounds.maxY() + paintOffset, minZ, maxZ);
+    }
+
     private static Engine requireSlopeEngine(IObjectPlacer placer) {
+        return requirePlacementEngine(placer, "slope settings");
+    }
+
+    private static Engine requirePlacementEngine(IObjectPlacer placer, String feature) {
         Engine engine = placer.getEngine();
         if (engine == null) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Object placement slope settings require an active Iris engine for the target world.");
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Object placement requires an active Iris engine for " + feature + ".");
+        }
+        return engine;
+    }
+
+    private static Engine requireDataEngine(IrisData data, String feature) {
+        Engine engine = data.getEngine();
+        if (engine == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Object placement requires active Iris data for " + feature + ".");
         }
         return engine;
     }
@@ -1229,4 +1293,10 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    private record TransformedBounds(int minX, int maxX, int minY, int maxY, int minZ, int maxZ) {
+    }
+
+    private record WorldBounds(int minX, int maxX, int minY, int maxY, int minZ, int maxZ) {
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectShaping.java

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ final class IrisObjectShaping {
     private IrisObjectShaping() {
     }
 
-    static void ensureSmartBored(IrisObject self, boolean debug) {
+    static void ensureSmartBored(IrisObject self) {
         if (self.smartBored) {
             return;
         }
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ final class IrisObjectShaping {
             if (self.smartBored) {
                 return;
             }
-            ensureSmartBoredLocked(self, debug);
+            ensureSmartBoredLocked(self);
         } finally {
             self.writeLock.unlock();
         }
     }
 
-    private static void ensureSmartBoredLocked(IrisObject self, boolean debug) {
+    private static void ensureSmartBoredLocked(IrisObject self) {
         PrecisionStopwatch p = PrecisionStopwatch.start();
-        PlatformBlockState vair = debug ? IrisObject.States.VAIR_DEBUG : IrisObject.States.VAIR;
+        PlatformBlockState vair = IrisObject.States.VAIR;
         AtomicInteger applied = new AtomicInteger();
         IrisBlockVector max = new IrisBlockVector(Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE);
         IrisBlockVector min = new IrisBlockVector(Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.MAX_VALUE);

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/core/SettingsHotloadWatchTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.core;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.core.localization.IrisLanguage;
+import art.arcane.iris.core.localization.IrisMessages;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.hotload.ConfigHotloadEngine;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.localization.MessageArgument;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.FileTime;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class SettingsHotloadWatchTest {
+    private static final String PERMISSION = "iris.all";
+
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder temporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    private IrisSettings previousSettings;
+    private File dataFolder;
+    private File settingsFile;
+    private File overrideFolder;
+    private SettingsHotloadWatch watch;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        previousSettings = IrisSettings.settings;
+        dataFolder = temporaryFolder.newFolder("iris-hotload");
+        settingsFile = new File(dataFolder, "settings.json");
+        overrideFolder = new File(dataFolder, "languages/overrides");
+        Files.createDirectories(overrideFolder.toPath());
+        String settings = settings("en_US");
+        Files.writeString(settingsFile.toPath(), settings, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        IrisSettings.settings = IrisSettings.parseHotloadSnapshot(settings);
+        assertTrue(IrisLanguage.reload(dataFolder, "en_US"));
+        watch = new SettingsHotloadWatch(
+                settingsFile,
+                new SettingsHotloadWatch.Timing(100L, 100L, 100L, 100L)
+        );
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        if (watch != null) {
+            watch.close();
+        }
+        IrisLanguage.reload(dataFolder, "en_US");
+        IrisSettings.settings = previousSettings;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void activeLocaleSnapshotAppliesAndInvalidSnapshotRetainsLastGood() {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        String valid = locale("en_US", "Active {permission}");
+
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(override, valid)));
+        assertEquals("Active " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+
+        assertFalse(watch.applySnapshot(present(override, "{ invalid")));
+        assertEquals("Active " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void activeLocaleDeletionFallsBackToCodeOwnedEnglish() {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(override, locale("en_US", "Temporary {permission}"))));
+        assertEquals("Temporary " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(missing(override)));
+
+        assertEquals("You lack the permission '" + PERMISSION + "'", permissionMessage());
+        assertEquals("en_US", IrisLanguage.activeLocale());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void inactiveLocaleSnapshotDoesNotChangeTheRuntimeCatalog() {
+        String before = permissionMessage();
+
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(
+                override("de_DE"),
+                locale("de_DE", "Inaktiv {permission}")
+        )));
+
+        assertEquals(before, permissionMessage());
+        assertEquals("en_US", IrisLanguage.activeLocale());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void settingsSnapshotChangesTheActiveLocaleFromItsImmutableOverride() throws Exception {
+        Files.writeString(
+                override("de_DE").toPath(),
+                locale("de_DE", "Berechtigung {permission}"),
+                StandardCharsets.UTF_8
+        );
+
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(settingsFile, settings("de_DE"))));
+
+        assertEquals("de_DE", IrisSettings.get().getGeneral().getLanguage());
+        assertEquals("de_DE", IrisLanguage.activeLocale());
+        assertEquals("Berechtigung " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void invalidLocaleBlocksItsSettingsSwitchAndRetainsThePreviousRuntime() throws Exception {
+        Files.writeString(override("de_DE").toPath(), "{ invalid", StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        assertFalse(watch.applySnapshot(present(settingsFile, settings("de_DE"))));
+
+        assertEquals("en_US", IrisSettings.get().getGeneral().getLanguage());
+        assertEquals("en_US", IrisLanguage.activeLocale());
+        assertEquals("You lack the permission '" + PERMISSION + "'", permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 8_000L)
+    public void sameMetadataLocaleReplacementStillHotloads() throws Exception {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        FileTime fixedTime = FileTime.fromMillis(10_000L);
+        String first = locale("en_US", "First {permission}");
+        String second = locale("en_US", "Other {permission}");
+        assertEquals(first.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length, second.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length);
+
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), first, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        Files.setLastModifiedTime(override.toPath(), fixedTime);
+        awaitPermissionMessage("First " + PERMISSION);
+
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), second, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        Files.setLastModifiedTime(override.toPath(), fixedTime);
+        awaitPermissionMessage("Other " + PERMISSION);
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 8_000L)
+    public void closeWaitsForInFlightSnapshotAndStopsLaterApplies() throws Exception {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        CountDownLatch applyEntered = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch releaseApply = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AtomicInteger automaticApplies = new AtomicInteger();
+        replaceWatch(new SettingsHotloadWatch.Timing(100L, 100L, 100L, 100L), snapshot -> {
+            if (!override.equals(snapshot.file())) {
+                return;
+            }
+            automaticApplies.incrementAndGet();
+            applyEntered.countDown();
+            try {
+                releaseApply.await();
+            } catch (InterruptedException failure) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Interrupted while holding the hotload apply boundary", failure);
+            }
+        });
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), locale("en_US", "During {permission}"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        Thread checker = new Thread(() -> checkUntilEntered(applyEntered), "Iris-Hotload-Lifecycle-Test");
+        checker.start();
+        assertTrue(applyEntered.await(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+        CountDownLatch closeStarted = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AtomicBoolean closeCompleted = new AtomicBoolean();
+        Thread closer = new Thread(() -> {
+            closeStarted.countDown();
+            watch.close();
+            closeCompleted.set(true);
+        }, "Iris-Hotload-Close-Test");
+        closer.start();
+        assertTrue(closeStarted.await(1L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        awaitThreadState(closer, Thread.State.BLOCKED);
+        assertFalse(closeCompleted.get());
+
+        releaseApply.countDown();
+        checker.join(2_000L);
+        closer.join(2_000L);
+        assertFalse(checker.isAlive());
+        assertFalse(closer.isAlive());
+        assertTrue(closeCompleted.get());
+        assertEquals("During " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), locale("en_US", "After {permission}"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        watch.checkConfigHotload();
+        assertEquals(1, automaticApplies.get());
+        assertEquals("During " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 8_000L)
+    public void manualReloadInvalidatesPendingAutomaticLocaleWork() throws Exception {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        AtomicInteger automaticApplies = new AtomicInteger();
+        replaceWatch(
+                new SettingsHotloadWatch.Timing(100L, 400L, 100L, 100L),
+                snapshot -> {
+                    if (override.equals(snapshot.file())) {
+                        automaticApplies.incrementAndGet();
+                    }
+                }
+        );
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), locale("en_US", "First {permission}"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        awaitPermissionMessage("First " + PERMISSION);
+        assertEquals(1, automaticApplies.get());
+
+        Files.writeString(override.toPath(), locale("en_US", "Manual {permission}"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        pollFor(125L);
+        assertEquals("First " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+        assertTrue(IrisLanguage.reload(dataFolder, "en_US"));
+        assertEquals("Manual " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+
+        pollFor(650L);
+        assertEquals(1, automaticApplies.get());
+        assertEquals("Manual " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 8_000L)
+    public void oversizedActiveOverrideReportsOnceAndRetainsLastGoodCatalog() throws Exception {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(override, locale("en_US", "Active {permission}"))));
+        byte[] oversized = new byte[2 * 1024 * 1024 + 1];
+        Files.write(override.toPath(), oversized);
+
+        String diagnostic = captureErrorsWhilePolling("Hotload file exceeds 2097152 bytes", 1_200L);
+
+        assertEquals(1, countOccurrences(
+                diagnostic,
+                "Failed to read watched Iris file " + override.getAbsolutePath()
+        ));
+        assertEquals("Active " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 8_000L)
+    public void malformedUtf8FailureIsDeduplicatedAndRetainsLastGoodCatalog() throws Exception {
+        File override = override("en_US");
+        assertTrue(watch.applySnapshot(present(override, locale("en_US", "Active {permission}"))));
+        Files.write(override.toPath(), new byte[]{(byte) 0xC3, 0x28});
+
+        String diagnostic = captureErrorsWhilePolling("Hotload file is not valid UTF-8", 1_200L);
+
+        assertEquals(1, countOccurrences(
+                diagnostic,
+                "Failed to read watched Iris file " + override.getAbsolutePath()
+        ));
+        assertEquals("Active " + PERMISSION, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void bukkitAndModdedUseTheSameCoreCoordinator() throws Exception {
+        String bukkit = Files.readString(Path.of(
+                "../adapters/bukkit/plugin/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/Iris.java"
+        ));
+        String modded = Files.readString(Path.of(
+                "../adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/service/ModdedSettingsHotloadService.java"
+        ));
+
+        assertTrue(bukkit.contains("new SettingsHotloadWatch("));
+        assertTrue(modded.contains("new SettingsHotloadWatch("));
+        assertFalse(bukkit.contains("new ConfigHotloadEngine("));
+        assertFalse(modded.contains("new ConfigHotloadEngine("));
+        assertFalse(bukkit.contains("IrisLanguage.update()"));
+        assertFalse(modded.contains("IrisLanguage.update()"));
+    }
+
+    private void awaitPermissionMessage(String expected) throws Exception {
+        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(6L);
+        while (System.nanoTime() < deadline) {
+            watch.checkConfigHotload();
+            if (expected.equals(permissionMessage())) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(25L);
+        }
+        assertEquals(expected, permissionMessage());
+    }
+
+    private void replaceWatch(
+            SettingsHotloadWatch.Timing timing,
+            Consumer<ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot> beforeSnapshotApply
+    ) {
+        watch.close();
+        watch = new SettingsHotloadWatch(settingsFile, timing, beforeSnapshotApply);
+    }
+
+    private void checkUntilEntered(CountDownLatch entered) {
+        try {
+            while (entered.getCount() > 0L) {
+                watch.checkConfigHotload();
+                Thread.sleep(10L);
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException failure) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Interrupted while waiting for a hotload snapshot", failure);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void awaitThreadState(Thread thread, Thread.State expected) throws InterruptedException {
+        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(1L);
+        while (System.nanoTime() < deadline && thread.getState() != expected) {
+            Thread.sleep(5L);
+        }
+        assertEquals(expected, thread.getState());
+    }
+
+    private void pollFor(long durationMillis) throws InterruptedException {
+        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(durationMillis);
+        while (System.nanoTime() < deadline) {
+            watch.checkConfigHotload();
+            Thread.sleep(25L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String captureErrorsWhilePolling(String expected, long durationMillis) throws Exception {
+        PrintStream originalError = System.err;
+        ByteArrayOutputStream captured = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        try (PrintStream capture = new PrintStream(captured, true, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+            System.setErr(capture);
+            long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(durationMillis);
+            boolean found = false;
+            while (System.nanoTime() < deadline) {
+                watch.checkConfigHotload();
+                found |= captured.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).contains(expected);
+                Thread.sleep(25L);
+            }
+            assertTrue(found);
+        } finally {
+            System.setErr(originalError);
+        }
+        return captured.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    }
+
+    private int countOccurrences(String value, String target) {
+        int count = 0;
+        int cursor = 0;
+        while ((cursor = value.indexOf(target, cursor)) >= 0) {
+            count++;
+            cursor += target.length();
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    private ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot present(File file, String content) {
+        return new ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot(file, "present", content.trim());
+    }
+
+    private ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot missing(File file) {
+        return new ConfigHotloadEngine.StableContentSnapshot(file, "missing", null);
+    }
+
+    private File override(String locale) {
+        return new File(overrideFolder, locale + ".json").getAbsoluteFile();
+    }
+
+    private String permissionMessage() {
+        return IrisLanguage.plain(
+                IrisMessages.COMMAND_PERMISSION_DENIED,
+                MessageArgument.untrusted("permission", PERMISSION)
+        );
+    }
+
+    private String settings(String locale) {
+        return "{\"general\":{\"language\":\"" + locale + "\"}}";
+    }
+
+    private String locale(String locale, String permissionMessage) {
+        return "{\"locale\":\"" + locale + "\",\"messages\":{"
+                + "\"iris.command.permission_denied\":\"" + permissionMessage + "\"}}";
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/core/localization/LocaleHotloadGateTest.java

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-package art.arcane.iris.core.localization;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import java.io.File;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
-
-public class LocaleHotloadGateTest {
-    @Test
-    public void anchorsCooldownAtCompletedApplication() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot initial = snapshot("initial");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot first = snapshot("first");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot second = snapshot("second");
-        gate.reset(initial);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(first, 0L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt firstAttempt = gate.observe(first, 100L);
-        assertNotNull(firstAttempt);
-        gate.complete(firstAttempt, 500L, true);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(second, 600L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(second, 700L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(second, 3_499L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt secondAttempt = gate.observe(second, 3_500L);
-
-        assertNotNull(secondAttempt);
-        assertEquals(second, secondAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void coalescesCooldownBurstToLatestStableSnapshot() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot first = snapshot("first");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot intermediate = snapshot("intermediate");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot latest = snapshot("latest");
-        gate.reset(snapshot("initial"));
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(first, 0L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt firstAttempt = gate.observe(first, 100L);
-        assertNotNull(firstAttempt);
-        gate.complete(firstAttempt, 200L, true);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(intermediate, 250L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(intermediate, 350L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(latest, 400L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(latest, 500L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(latest, 3_199L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt latestAttempt = gate.observe(latest, 3_200L);
-
-        assertNotNull(latestAttempt);
-        assertEquals(latest, latestAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void requiresDeletionGraceAndCancelsTransientMissingSnapshot() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot initial = snapshot("initial");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot replacement = snapshot("replacement");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot missing = LocaleHotloadSnapshot.missing(initial.file(), "en_US");
-        gate.reset(initial);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(missing, 0L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(missing, 499L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(replacement, 500L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt replacementAttempt = gate.observe(replacement, 600L);
-        assertNotNull(replacementAttempt);
-        assertEquals(replacement, replacementAttempt.snapshot());
-        gate.complete(replacementAttempt, 600L, true);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(missing, 700L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(missing, 1_199L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(missing, 1_200L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt deletionAttempt = gate.observe(missing, 3_600L);
-
-        assertNotNull(deletionAttempt);
-        assertEquals(missing, deletionAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void unavailableReadBlocksStalePendingSnapshot() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot first = snapshot("first");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot pending = snapshot("pending");
-        gate.reset(snapshot("initial"));
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(first, 0L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt firstAttempt = gate.observe(first, 100L);
-        assertNotNull(firstAttempt);
-        gate.complete(firstAttempt, 200L, true);
-        assertNull(gate.observe(pending, 300L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(pending, 400L));
-
-        gate.unavailable();
-        assertNull(gate.observe(pending, 3_200L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt recoveredAttempt = gate.observe(pending, 3_300L);
-
-        assertNotNull(recoveredAttempt);
-        assertEquals(pending, recoveredAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void failedApplicationRetriesOnlyAfterCooldown() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot changed = snapshot("changed");
-        gate.reset(snapshot("initial"));
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(changed, 0L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt failedAttempt = gate.observe(changed, 100L);
-        assertNotNull(failedAttempt);
-        gate.complete(failedAttempt, 500L, false);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(changed, 3_499L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt retryAttempt = gate.observe(changed, 3_500L);
-
-        assertNotNull(retryAttempt);
-        assertEquals(changed, retryAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void manualResetInvalidatesInFlightAutomaticAttempt() {
-        LocaleHotloadGate gate = gate();
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot automatic = snapshot("automatic");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot manual = snapshot("manual");
-        LocaleHotloadSnapshot changed = snapshot("changed");
-        gate.reset(snapshot("initial"));
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(automatic, 0L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt staleAttempt = gate.observe(automatic, 100L);
-        assertNotNull(staleAttempt);
-        gate.reset(manual);
-        gate.complete(staleAttempt, 200L, true);
-
-        assertNull(gate.observe(manual, 200L));
-        assertNull(gate.observe(changed, 300L));
-        LocaleHotloadGate.Attempt currentAttempt = gate.observe(changed, 400L);
-
-        assertNotNull(currentAttempt);
-        assertNotEquals(staleAttempt.generation(), currentAttempt.generation());
-        assertEquals(changed, currentAttempt.snapshot());
-    }
-
-    private LocaleHotloadGate gate() {
-        return new LocaleHotloadGate(new LocaleHotloadGate.Timing(100L, 500L, 3_000L));
-    }
-
-    private LocaleHotloadSnapshot snapshot(String content) {
-        return LocaleHotloadSnapshot.present(
-                new File("locale.json"),
-                "en_US",
-                content,
-                content
-        );
-    }
-}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectPlacementRunnerRegressionTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.core.loader.IrisData;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.PlacedObject;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisObjectPlacementRunnerRegressionTest {
+    private static final int ANCHOR_Y = 80;
+
+    private IrisData data;
+    private Engine engine;
+    private PlatformBlockState solid;
+    private PlatformBlockState schematicAir;
+
+    @Before
+    public void bindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+        PlatformRegistries registries = mock(PlatformRegistries.class);
+        Map<String, PlatformBlockState> registryStates = new HashMap<>();
+        when(registries.block(anyString())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            String key = invocation.getArgument(0);
+            return registryStates.computeIfAbsent(key, value -> state(value.toLowerCase(), !value.toLowerCase().contains("air")));
+        });
+        IrisPlatform platform = mock(IrisPlatform.class);
+        when(platform.registries()).thenReturn(registries);
+        IrisPlatforms.bind(platform);
+
+        engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        when(engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(256);
+        data = mock(IrisData.class);
+        when(data.getEngine()).thenReturn(engine);
+        solid = state("minecraft:stone", true);
+        schematicAir = state("minecraft:air", false);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void unbindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void placementFailurePropagatesToTheCaller() {
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        placer.failAfterWrites(1);
+        IrisObject object = lineObject(3);
+
+        IllegalStateException error = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> object.place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, placer, placement(), new RNG(2L), data));
+
+        assertTrue(error.getMessage().contains("write failed"));
+        assertEquals(1, placer.writes().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void boreUsesRotatedTranslationAndRandomizedAnchor() {
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setBore(true);
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 90, 0));
+        placement.setTranslate(new IrisObjectTranslate().setX(4).setYRandom(3));
+
+        int resultY = lineObject(3).place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+
+        List<BlockWrite> airWrites = placer.writesOf(IrisObject.States.AIR);
+        assertFalse(airWrites.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(airWrites.stream().allMatch(write -> write.y() >= resultY && write.y() <= resultY));
+        assertTrue(airWrites.stream().allMatch(write -> write.x() == 0));
+        assertTrue(airWrites.stream().allMatch(write -> write.z() <= -3 && write.z() >= -5));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void collisionCheckUsesTheTransformedBounds() {
+        PlacedObject forbidden = new PlacedObject(null, object("forbidden"), 1, 0, 0);
+        when(engine.getObjectPlacement(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            int x = invocation.getArgument(0);
+            int y = invocation.getArgument(1);
+            int z = invocation.getArgument(2);
+            return x == 0 && y == ANCHOR_Y && z == -4 ? forbidden : null;
+        });
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(engine);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 90, 0));
+        placement.setTranslate(new IrisObjectTranslate().setX(4));
+        placement.getForbiddenCollisions().add("forbidden");
+
+        int result = lineObject(3).place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+
+        assertEquals(-1, result);
+        assertTrue(placer.writes().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void arbitraryRotationSamplesEveryTransformedFootprintColumn() {
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setMode(ObjectPlaceMode.MAX_HEIGHT);
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 45, 0));
+
+        boxObject(5, 1, 3).place(0, -1, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+
+        assertTrue(placer.sampledColumns().contains("-2:-2"));
+        assertTrue(placer.sampledColumns().contains("2:2"));
+        assertTrue(placer.sampledColumns().size() >= 25);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void snowUsesOnlyBlocksThatWereWritten() {
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(1, 3, 1);
+        object.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, solid);
+        object.setUnsigned(0, 2, 0, schematicAir);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setSnow(0.1);
+
+        object.place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+
+        List<BlockWrite> snowWrites = placer.writesOf(IrisObject.States.SNOW_LAYERS[0]);
+        assertEquals(1, snowWrites.size());
+        assertEquals(ANCHOR_Y, snowWrites.get(0).y());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void debugPlacementDoesNotMutateSmartBoreCache() {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
+        object.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, IrisObject.States.VAIR);
+        object.setSmartBored(true);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setSmartBore(true);
+        RecordingPlacer debug = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        debug.setDebugSmartBore(true);
+        RecordingPlacer normal = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+
+        object.place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, debug, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+        object.place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, normal, placement, new RNG(2L), data);
+
+        PlatformBlockState cachedState = object.getBlocks().get(object.getSigned(0, 0, 0));
+        assertSame(IrisObject.States.VAIR, cachedState);
+        if (IrisObject.States.VAIR != IrisObject.States.VAIR_DEBUG) {
+            assertTrue(cachedState != IrisObject.States.VAIR_DEBUG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void placementDataIsRequiredAtTheBoundary() {
+        NullPointerException error = assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> lineObject(1).place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, new RecordingPlacer(null), placement(), new RNG(2L), null));
+
+        assertEquals("Object placement data is required.", error.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    private IrisObjectPlacement placement() {
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = new IrisObjectPlacement();
+        placement.setMode(ObjectPlaceMode.CENTER_HEIGHT);
+        placement.setRequireSurfaceSupport(false);
+        return placement;
+    }
+
+    private IrisObject lineObject(int width) {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(width, 1, 1);
+        for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            object.setUnsigned(x, 0, 0, solid);
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    private IrisObject boxObject(int width, int height, int depth) {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(width, height, depth);
+        for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+                for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++) {
+                    object.setUnsigned(x, y, z, solid);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    private IrisObject object(String key) {
+        IrisObject object = lineObject(1);
+        object.setLoadKey(key);
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    private static PlatformBlockState state(String key, boolean solid) {
+        PlatformBlockState state = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        when(state.key()).thenReturn(key);
+        when(state.materialKey()).thenReturn(key);
+        when(state.isSolid()).thenReturn(solid);
+        when(state.isOccluding()).thenReturn(solid);
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    private static final class RecordingPlacer implements IObjectPlacer {
+        private final List<BlockWrite> writes = new ArrayList<>();
+        private final Map<String, PlatformBlockState> world = new HashMap<>();
+        private final List<String> sampledColumns = new ArrayList<>();
+        private final Engine engine;
+        private int failAfterWrites = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        private boolean debugSmartBore;
+
+        private RecordingPlacer(Engine engine) {
+            this.engine = engine;
+        }
+
+        private void failAfterWrites(int writes) {
+            failAfterWrites = writes;
+        }
+
+        private void setDebugSmartBore(boolean debugSmartBore) {
+            this.debugSmartBore = debugSmartBore;
+        }
+
+        private List<BlockWrite> writes() {
+            return writes;
+        }
+
+        private List<BlockWrite> writesOf(PlatformBlockState state) {
+            return writes.stream().filter(write -> write.state() == state).toList();
+        }
+
+        private List<String> sampledColumns() {
+            return sampledColumns;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getHighest(int x, int z, IrisData data) {
+            sampledColumns.add(x + ":" + z);
+            return ANCHOR_Y;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getHighest(int x, int z, IrisData data, boolean ignoreFluid) {
+            sampledColumns.add(x + ":" + z);
+            return ANCHOR_Y;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void set(int x, int y, int z, PlatformBlockState state) {
+            if (writes.size() >= failAfterWrites) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("write failed");
+            }
+            writes.add(new BlockWrite(x, y, z, state));
+            world.put(x + ":" + y + ":" + z, state);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PlatformBlockState get(int x, int y, int z) {
+            return world.get(x + ":" + y + ":" + z);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isPreventingDecay() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isCarved(int x, int y, int z) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isSolid(int x, int y, int z) {
+            PlatformBlockState state = get(x, y, z);
+            return state != null && state.isSolid();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isUnderwater(int x, int z) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getFluidHeight() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isDebugSmartBore() {
+            return debugSmartBore;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void setTile(int x, int y, int z, TileData tile) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public <T> void setData(int x, int y, int z, T data) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public <T> T getData(int x, int y, int z, Class<T> type) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Engine getEngine() {
+            return engine;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record BlockWrite(int x, int y, int z, PlatformBlockState state) {
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectSurfaceSupportPlacementTest.java

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ public class IrisObjectSurfaceSupportPlacementTest {
         IllegalStateException error = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
                 () -> place(placer, placement, SURFACE_Y));
 
-        assertTrue(error.getMessage().contains("require an active Iris engine"));
+        assertTrue(error.getMessage().contains("requires an active Iris engine"));
         assertTrue(placer.written().isEmpty());
         verify(data, never()).getEngine();
     }