Refined Iris generation core

- Terrain, hydrology, and feature generation avoid repeated work and temporary allocations
- Deposits preserve configured ordering and independent chance samples
- Object transforms and layer boundaries handle previously failing cases
- Runtime shutdown, storage failures, and world reload retain resource ownership through completion

.gitignore

@@ -74,3 +74,5 @@ BUILDS/
 
 # Version-content compat lane worktree. Generated, never source.
 .compatwt/
+
+.worktrees/

adapters/modded-common/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/modded/ModdedWorldEngines.java

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationActivation;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationEpoch;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationEpochContractFactory;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistory;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationAdmission;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.IrisBoundarySignatureSampler;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.TransitionGenerationPlan;
@@ -191,44 +192,46 @@ public final class ModdedWorldEngines {
             ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.ActivePack opened
     ) throws IOException {
         GenerationHistory history = opened.history();
-        history.prepareCurrentGenerator(IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks());
+        try (GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease startupAdmission = history.retainRuntime()) {
-        opened = ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.resolveActive(history);
+            history.prepareCurrentGenerator(IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks());
-        long openedActivationId = history.activeActivation().activationId();
+            opened = ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.resolveActive(history);
-        IrisEngine candidate = buildEngine(level, seed, opened);
+            long openedActivationId = history.activeActivation().activationId();
-        boolean ready = false;
+            IrisEngine candidate = buildEngine(level, seed, opened);
-        try {
+            boolean ready = false;
-            GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = candidate.attachGenerationHistory(
+            try {
-                    history,
+                GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = candidate.attachGenerationHistory(
-                    IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE,
-                    IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks()
-            );
-            router.preloadActiveRuntimes();
-            if (history.activeActivation().activationId() != openedActivationId) {
-                close(candidate);
-                ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.ActivePack promoted =
-                        ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.resolveActive(history);
-                candidate = buildEngine(level, seed, promoted);
-                router = GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.attach(
-                        candidate,
                         history,
-                        IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE
+                        IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE,
+                        IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks()
                 );
                 router.preloadActiveRuntimes();
-            }
+                if (history.activeActivation().activationId() != openedActivationId) {
-            requireReady(candidate, level, ModdedGenerationMode.PERSISTENT_RESTORE);
+                    close(candidate);
-            ready = true;
+                    ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.ActivePack promoted =
-            ModdedIrisLog.info("Iris engine up for {}: pack={} dim={} seed={} height={}..{} activation={}",
+                            ModdedGenerationHistoryStorage.resolveActive(history);
-                    level.dimension().identifier(),
+                    candidate = buildEngine(level, seed, promoted);
-                    candidate.getData().getDataFolder().getAbsolutePath(),
+                    router = GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.attach(
-                    candidate.getDimension().getLoadKey(),
+                            candidate,
-                    seed,
+                            history,
-                    candidate.getDimension().getMinHeight(),
+                            IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE
-                    candidate.getDimension().getMaxHeight(),
+                    );
-                    history.activeActivation().activationId());
+                    router.preloadActiveRuntimes();
-            return candidate;
+                }
-        } finally {
+                requireReady(candidate, level, ModdedGenerationMode.PERSISTENT_RESTORE);
-            if (!ready) {
+                ready = true;
-                close(candidate);
+                ModdedIrisLog.info("Iris engine up for {}: pack={} dim={} seed={} height={}..{} activation={}",
+                        level.dimension().identifier(),
+                        candidate.getData().getDataFolder().getAbsolutePath(),
+                        candidate.getDimension().getLoadKey(),
+                        seed,
+                        candidate.getDimension().getMinHeight(),
+                        candidate.getDimension().getMaxHeight(),
+                        history.activeActivation().activationId());
+                return candidate;
+            } finally {
+                if (!ready) {
+                    close(candidate);
+                }
             }
         }
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/pack/PackBiomeLayerValidator.java

@@ -22,24 +22,15 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.json.JSONArray;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.json.JSONObject;
 
 import java.io.File;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
 
-/**
- * Validates biome layer stacks. caveCeilingLayers reuses the height generators built from layers,
- * so a biome with more ceiling entries than surface entries has no generator for the extras; the
- * engine skips them, and this validator surfaces the mistake to the author at validate time.
- */
 final class PackBiomeLayerValidator {
-    private static final int DEFAULT_LAYER_COUNT = 1;
-
     private PackBiomeLayerValidator() {
     }
 
-    static List<String> validateCeilingLayerCounts(File biomesFolder) {
+    static List<String> validateLayers(File biomesFolder) {
         List<String> blockingErrors = new ArrayList<>();
         if (biomesFolder == null || !biomesFolder.isDirectory()) {
             return blockingErrors;
@@ -49,24 +40,13 @@ final class PackBiomeLayerValidator {
         biomeFiles.sort(Comparator.comparing(File::getPath));
         for (File biomeFile : biomeFiles) {
             String biomeKey = PackValidationIo.deriveKey(biomesFolder, biomeFile);
-            JSONObject biome;
+            JSONObject biome = PackValidationIo.readJson(biomeFile);
-            try {
+            if (biome == null) {
-                biome = new JSONObject(Files.readString(biomeFile.toPath(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
-            } catch (Throwable e) {
-                // Invalid JSON is reported by the graph validators; layer counts have nothing to add.
                 continue;
             }
 
-            Integer layers = arrayLength(biome, "layers", biomeKey, DEFAULT_LAYER_COUNT, blockingErrors);
+            validateLayerArray(biome, "layers", biomeKey, blockingErrors);
-            Integer ceiling = arrayLength(biome, "caveCeilingLayers", biomeKey, 0, blockingErrors);
+            validateLayerArray(biome, "caveCeilingLayers", biomeKey, blockingErrors);
-            if (layers == null || ceiling == null) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (ceiling > layers) {
-                blockingErrors.add("Biome '" + biomeKey + "' declares " + ceiling + " caveCeilingLayers but only "
-                        + layers + " layers. caveCeilingLayers reuses the layers height generators and must not have more entries.");
-            }
         }
         return blockingErrors;
     }
@@ -126,17 +106,15 @@ final class PackBiomeLayerValidator {
         }
     }
 
-    private static Integer arrayLength(JSONObject biome, String field, String biomeKey, int defaultCount,
+    private static void validateLayerArray(JSONObject biome, String field, String biomeKey,
                                        List<String> blockingErrors) {
         if (!biome.has(field) || biome.isNull(field)) {
-            return defaultCount;
+            return;
         }
 
         JSONArray array = biome.optJSONArray(field);
         if (array == null) {
             blockingErrors.add("Biome '" + biomeKey + "' " + field + " must be an array.");
-            return null;
         }
-        return array.length();
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/core/pack/PackValidator.java

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public final class PackValidator {
                 new File(packFolder, "spawners"), new File(packFolder, "entities")));
         blockingErrors.addAll(PackSpawnValidator.validateCustomBiomeSpawns(
                 new File(packFolder, "biomes"), PackSpawnValidator::resolveEntitySpawnCategory));
-        blockingErrors.addAll(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateCeilingLayerCounts(new File(packFolder, "biomes")));
+        blockingErrors.addAll(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateLayers(new File(packFolder, "biomes")));
         blockingErrors.addAll(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateDecoratorPalettes(
                 new File(packFolder, "biomes"), new File(packFolder, "snippet/decorator")));
         PackStyledRangeDefaultValidator.Validation styledRanges = PackStyledRangeDefaultValidator.validate(packFolder);

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineHotloader.java

@@ -68,11 +68,12 @@ final class EngineHotloader {
             engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.HOTLOADING;
             EngineRuntime previous = engine.runtime;
             GenerationRuntime previousGeneration = previous.generation();
-            IrisComplex nextComplex = null;
+            RuntimeAssembly assembly = null;
+            boolean published = false;
             try {
                 engine.sealForTransition("complex hotload", false);
                 engine.prepareRuntimeHotload();
-                RuntimeAssembly assembly = new RuntimeAssembly(
+                assembly = new RuntimeAssembly(
                         RuntimeAssembly.nextRuntimeId(),
                         previousGeneration.target(),
                         previousGeneration.mantleStorageDirectory(),
@@ -82,7 +83,6 @@ final class EngineHotloader {
                 EngineRuntime next;
                 try (IrisContext.Scope ignored = IrisContext.open(engine, engine.getGenerationSessions().currentSessionId(), null)) {
                     assembly.complex = assembly.runtimeKernel.createComplex(engine, assembly.transitionPlan);
-                    nextComplex = assembly.complex;
                     assembly.dimensionStackContext = assembly.runtimeKernel.createDimensionStackContext(engine);
                     assembly.upperContext = assembly.runtimeKernel.createUpperContext(engine);
                     BiomeMaxes biomeMaxes = engine.runtimeBuilder.computeBiomeMaxes();
@@ -98,25 +98,30 @@ final class EngineHotloader {
                 }
                 Throwable retirementFailure = runCleanup(null, previousGeneration.complex()::close);
                 if (retirementFailure != null) {
-                    retirementFailure = runCleanup(retirementFailure, nextComplex::close);
-                    nextComplex = null;
                     engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
                     throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to retire the previous Iris biome complex.", retirementFailure);
                 }
                 engine.runtime = next;
+                published = true;
                 engine.getGenerationSessions().activateNextSession();
                 engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.RUNNING;
                 engine.getClosing().set(false);
                 engine.backgroundTasks.openBackgroundTaskAdmission();
             } catch (Throwable e) {
-                if (nextComplex != null && nextComplex != previousGeneration.complex()) {
+                if (published) {
-                    Throwable cleanupFailure = runCleanup(null, nextComplex::close);
+                    engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
-                    if (cleanupFailure != null) {
+                    engine.getClosing().set(true);
-                        e.addSuppressed(cleanupFailure);
+                    engine.backgroundTasks.closeBackgroundTaskAdmission();
+                } else {
+                    if (assembly != null && assembly.complex != previousGeneration.complex()) {
+                        Throwable cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeAssembly(assembly, null);
+                        if (cleanupFailure != null) {
+                            e.addSuppressed(cleanupFailure);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (engine.lifecycleState != LifecycleState.FAILED) {
+                        engine.runtimeBuilder.restoreRuntimeAfterFailedTransition(previous);
                     }
-                }
-                if (engine.lifecycleState != LifecycleState.FAILED) {
-                    engine.runtimeBuilder.restoreRuntimeAfterFailedTransition(previous);
                 }
                 throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to rebuild the Iris biome complex.", e);
             }
@@ -175,7 +180,7 @@ final class EngineHotloader {
                 broadcastStudioHotload(false, "");
             } catch (Throwable e) {
                 if (!published) {
-                    if (replacementData != null) {
+                    if (replacementData != null && !engine.shutdownSequence.retainsData(replacementData)) {
                         replacementData.unregisterEngine(engine);
                         Throwable replacementDataFailure = runCleanup(null, replacementData::close);
                         if (replacementDataFailure != null) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineRuntimeBuilder.java

@@ -209,7 +209,12 @@ final class EngineRuntimeBuilder {
                 next.generation().mantle(),
                 null);
         if (retirementFailure != null) {
-            retirementFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, retirementFailure);
+            Throwable cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(
+                    next, previous == null ? null : previous.generation().mantle(), null);
+            if (cleanupFailure != null) {
+                engine.shutdownSequence.retainUnpublishedRuntime(next);
+                retirementFailure = EngineShutdownSequence.appendFailure(retirementFailure, cleanupFailure);
+            }
             engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
             throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to retire the previous Iris engine runtime.", retirementFailure);
         }
@@ -229,6 +234,7 @@ final class EngineRuntimeBuilder {
             engine.getClosing().set(true);
             engine.backgroundTasks.closeBackgroundTaskAdmission();
             engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
+            Throwable cleanupFailure = null;
             try {
                 engine.getGenerationSessions().sealAndAwait(
                         "failed world manager start",
@@ -236,11 +242,17 @@ final class EngineRuntimeBuilder {
                         true
                 );
             } catch (Throwable drainFailure) {
-                e.addSuppressed(drainFailure);
+                cleanupFailure = drainFailure;
             }
-            engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, e);
+            if (cleanupFailure == null) {
-            if (engine.runtime == next) {
+                cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, null);
-                engine.runtime = null;
+            }
+            if (cleanupFailure == null) {
+                if (engine.runtime == next) {
+                    engine.runtime = null;
+                }
+            } else {
+                e.addSuppressed(cleanupFailure);
             }
             throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to start the Iris world manager.", e);
         }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineShutdownSequence.java

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 package art.arcane.iris.engine;
 
+import art.arcane.iris.core.loader.IrisData;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.EngineBackgroundTasks.BackgroundTaskDrain;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.EngineRuntimeBuilder.RuntimeAssembly;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.IrisEngine.LifecycleState;
@@ -26,9 +27,19 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineTarget;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.NativeStructureOwnershipStore;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.PreservationRegistry;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.EngineMantle;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationAdmission;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistory;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisServices;
 
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
 /**
  * Owns the ordered teardown of a single {@link IrisEngine}, both for a normal close and for a
  * construction that failed part way through. Every resource release is gated on the previous one
@@ -38,6 +49,12 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
     private static final long CLOSE_RETRY_DRAIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 5000L;
 
     private final IrisEngine engine;
+    private final List<GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease> generationAdmissions = new ArrayList<>(1);
+    private final Set<RuntimeAssembly> incompleteAssemblies = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+    private final Set<EngineRuntime> unpublishedRuntimes = Collections.synchronizedSet(
+            Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<>()));
+    private final Set<EngineTarget> incompleteTargets = Collections.synchronizedSet(
+            Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<>()));
     private boolean runtimeReleased;
     private boolean targetReleased;
     private boolean engineDataReleased;
@@ -47,6 +64,10 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         this.engine = engine;
     }
 
+    void retainGenerationHistory(GenerationHistory history) {
+        generationAdmissions.add(history.retainRuntime());
+    }
+
     void close() {
         if (!engine.beginShutdown()) {
             return;
@@ -150,9 +171,12 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
                     && targetReleased
                     && engineDataReleased
                     && preservationReleased) {
-                engine.closed = true;
+                failure = releaseGenerationAdmissions(failure);
-                engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.CLOSED;
+                if (failure == null) {
-                IrisLogging.debug("Engine Fully Shutdown!");
+                    engine.closed = true;
+                    engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.CLOSED;
+                    IrisLogging.debug("Engine Fully Shutdown!");
+                }
             }
         }
         if (failure != null) {
@@ -160,6 +184,19 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         }
     }
 
+    private Throwable releaseGenerationAdmissions(Throwable failure) {
+        Iterator<GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease> admissions = generationAdmissions.iterator();
+        while (admissions.hasNext()) {
+            GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease admission = admissions.next();
+            Throwable admissionFailure = runCleanup(null, admission::close);
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, admissionFailure);
+            if (admissionFailure == null) {
+                admissions.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        return failure;
+    }
+
     private void reportIncompleteClose(Throwable failure) {
         IrisLogging.error("Iris engine shutdown remains incomplete after cleanup failures for " + engine.getWorld().name() + ".");
         IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
@@ -172,17 +209,21 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         EngineTickRegistry.unregisterTicking(engine);
         engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
         Throwable cleanupFailure = null;
+        boolean sessionsDrained = true;
         try {
             engine.getGenerationSessions().sealAndAwait("failed initialization", 0L, true);
         } catch (Throwable e) {
+            sessionsDrained = false;
             cleanupFailure = appendFailure(cleanupFailure, e);
         }
         engine.backgroundTasks.cancelBackgroundTasks("failed initialization");
         BackgroundTaskDrain backgroundDrain = engine.backgroundTasks.drainBackgroundTasks("failed initialization");
         cleanupFailure = appendFailure(cleanupFailure, backgroundDrain.failure());
-        if (!backgroundDrain.allowsResourceRelease()) {
+        if (!sessionsDrained || !backgroundDrain.allowsResourceRelease()) {
-            cleanupFailure = appendFailure(cleanupFailure,
+            if (!backgroundDrain.allowsResourceRelease()) {
-                    new IllegalStateException("Iris background tasks remain active after failed initialization."));
+                cleanupFailure = appendFailure(cleanupFailure,
+                        new IllegalStateException("Iris background tasks remain active after failed initialization."));
+            }
             if (cleanupFailure != original) {
                 original.addSuppressed(cleanupFailure);
             }
@@ -192,18 +233,22 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
                 () -> NativeStructureOwnershipStore.close(engine));
         cleanupFailure = appendFailure(cleanupFailure, ownershipFailure);
         if (ownershipFailure == null) {
-            cleanupFailure = closeDetachedGenerationRuntimes(cleanupFailure);
+            cleanupFailure = releaseRuntime(cleanupFailure);
-            cleanupFailure = closeRuntime(engine.runtime, cleanupFailure);
+            if (runtimeReleased) {
-            engine.runtime = null;
+                cleanupFailure = releaseTarget(cleanupFailure);
-            cleanupFailure = runCleanup(cleanupFailure, engine.publishedTarget::close);
+            }
-            cleanupFailure = runCleanup(cleanupFailure, engine.engineDataStore::releaseEngineData);
+            if (targetReleased) {
-            engine.closed = true;
+                cleanupFailure = releaseEngineDataForShutdown(cleanupFailure);
-            cleanupFailure = runCleanup(cleanupFailure, () -> {
+            }
-                PreservationRegistry registry = IrisServices.getOrNull(PreservationRegistry.class);
+            if (engineDataReleased) {
-                if (registry != null) {
+                cleanupFailure = releasePreservation(cleanupFailure);
-                    registry.dereference();
+            }
+            if (runtimeReleased && targetReleased && engineDataReleased && preservationReleased) {
+                cleanupFailure = releaseGenerationAdmissions(cleanupFailure);
+                if (generationAdmissions.isEmpty()) {
+                    engine.closed = true;
                 }
-            });
+            }
         }
         if (cleanupFailure != null && cleanupFailure != original) {
             original.addSuppressed(cleanupFailure);
@@ -214,37 +259,55 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         if (assembly == null) {
             return failure;
         }
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
+        incompleteAssemblies.add(assembly);
-            if (assembly.worldManager != null) {
+        RuntimeAssembly previous = engine == null ? null : engine.runtimeAssembly.get();
-                assembly.worldManager.close();
+        if (engine != null) {
-            }
+            engine.runtimeAssembly.set(assembly);
-        });
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
-            if (assembly.effects != null) {
-                assembly.effects.close();
-            }
-        });
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
-            if (assembly.mode != null) {
-                assembly.mode.close();
-            }
-        });
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
-            if (assembly.complex != null) {
-                assembly.complex.close();
-            }
-        });
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
-            if (assembly.hash32 != null) {
-                assembly.hash32.cancel(true);
-            }
-        });
-        if (assembly.mantle != null && assembly.ownsMantle) {
-            assembly.ownsMantle = false;
-            failure = runCleanup(failure, assembly.mantle::saveAllNow);
-            failure = runCleanup(failure, assembly.mantle::close);
         }
-        return failure;
+        Throwable assemblyFailure;
+        try {
+            assemblyFailure = closeAssemblyResources(assembly);
+        } finally {
+            if (engine != null) {
+                if (previous == null) {
+                    engine.runtimeAssembly.remove();
+                } else {
+                    engine.runtimeAssembly.set(previous);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (assemblyFailure == null) {
+            incompleteAssemblies.remove(assembly);
+        } else if (engine != null) {
+            engine.lifecycleState = LifecycleState.FAILED;
+        }
+        return appendFailure(failure, assemblyFailure);
+    }
+
+    void retainUnpublishedRuntime(EngineRuntime runtime) {
+        unpublishedRuntimes.add(runtime);
+    }
+
+    boolean retainsData(IrisData data) {
+        if (engine.runtime != null && engine.runtime.generation().data() == data) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        for (RuntimeAssembly assembly : incompleteAssemblies) {
+            if (assembly.target.getData() == data) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        for (EngineRuntime runtime : unpublishedRuntimes.toArray(new EngineRuntime[0])) {
+            if (runtime.generation().data() == data) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        for (EngineTarget target : incompleteTargets.toArray(new EngineTarget[0])) {
+            if (target.getData() == data) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
     Throwable closeRuntime(EngineRuntime engineRuntime, Throwable failure) {
@@ -259,8 +322,11 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         if (engineRuntime == null) {
             return failure;
         }
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, engineRuntime.worldManager()::close);
+        Throwable serviceFailure = runCleanup(null, engineRuntime.worldManager()::close);
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, engineRuntime.effects()::close);
+        serviceFailure = runCleanup(serviceFailure, engineRuntime.effects()::close);
+        if (serviceFailure != null) {
+            return appendFailure(failure, serviceFailure);
+        }
         return closeGenerationRuntime(engineRuntime.generation(), retainedMantle, failure);
     }
 
@@ -276,12 +342,18 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         if (generationRuntime == null) {
             return failure;
         }
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, generationRuntime.mode()::close);
+        Throwable modeFailure = runCleanup(null, generationRuntime.mode()::close);
-        failure = runCleanup(failure, generationRuntime.complex()::close);
+        if (modeFailure != null) {
+            return appendFailure(failure, modeFailure);
+        }
+        Throwable complexFailure = runCleanup(null, generationRuntime.complex()::close);
+        failure = appendFailure(failure, complexFailure);
+        if (complexFailure != null) {
+            return failure;
+        }
         failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> generationRuntime.hash32().cancel(true));
         if (generationRuntime.mantle() != retainedMantle) {
-            failure = runCleanup(failure, generationRuntime.mantle()::saveAllNow);
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, closeMantle(generationRuntime.mantle()));
-            failure = runCleanup(failure, generationRuntime.mantle()::close);
         }
         return failure;
     }
@@ -290,15 +362,31 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         IrisEngine.GenerationRuntimeBinding binding = new IrisEngine.GenerationRuntimeBinding(
                 engine,
                 generationRuntime);
+        Throwable runtimeFailure;
         try (IrisEngine.GenerationRuntimeScope ignored = engine.generationRuntimeScopes.open(binding)) {
-            failure = closeGenerationRuntime(generationRuntime, failure);
+            runtimeFailure = closeGenerationRuntime(generationRuntime, null);
         } catch (Throwable scopeFailure) {
-            failure = appendFailure(failure, scopeFailure);
+            runtimeFailure = scopeFailure;
+        }
+        if (runtimeFailure != null) {
+            return appendFailure(failure, runtimeFailure);
         }
         return closeDetachedTarget(generationRuntime.target(), failure);
     }
 
     Throwable closeDetachedTarget(EngineTarget target, Throwable failure) {
+        for (RuntimeAssembly assembly : incompleteAssemblies) {
+            if (assembly.target == target) {
+                return appendFailure(failure,
+                        new IllegalStateException("Iris runtime assembly still owns the detached target."));
+            }
+        }
+        for (EngineRuntime runtime : unpublishedRuntimes.toArray(new EngineRuntime[0])) {
+            if (runtime.generation().target() == target) {
+                return appendFailure(failure,
+                        new IllegalStateException("Iris unpublished runtime still owns the detached target."));
+            }
+        }
         failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> target.getData().unregisterEngine(engine));
         failure = runCleanup(failure, target::close);
         failure = runCleanup(failure, target.getData()::close);
@@ -309,6 +397,10 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         if (runtimeReleased) {
             return failure;
         }
+        Throwable incompleteFailure = closeIncompleteRuntimes();
+        if (incompleteFailure != null) {
+            return appendFailure(failure, incompleteFailure);
+        }
         Throwable detachedFailure = closeDetachedGenerationRuntimes(null);
         if (detachedFailure != null) {
             return appendFailure(failure, detachedFailure);
@@ -322,6 +414,86 @@ final class EngineShutdownSequence {
         return failure;
     }
 
+    private Throwable closeAssemblyResources(RuntimeAssembly assembly) {
+        Throwable failure = runCleanup(null, () -> {
+            if (assembly.worldManager != null) {
+                assembly.worldManager.close();
+            }
+        });
+        failure = runCleanup(failure, () -> {
+            if (assembly.effects != null) {
+                assembly.effects.close();
+            }
+        });
+        if (failure != null) {
+            return failure;
+        }
+        failure = runCleanup(null, () -> {
+            if (assembly.mode != null) {
+                assembly.mode.close();
+            }
+        });
+        if (failure != null) {
+            return failure;
+        }
+        failure = runCleanup(null, () -> {
+            if (assembly.complex != null) {
+                assembly.complex.close();
+            }
+        });
+        if (failure != null) {
+            return failure;
+        }
+        failure = runCleanup(null, () -> {
+            if (assembly.hash32 != null) {
+                assembly.hash32.cancel(true);
+            }
+        });
+        if (assembly.mantle != null && assembly.ownsMantle) {
+            Throwable mantleFailure = closeMantle(assembly.mantle);
+            if (mantleFailure == null) {
+                assembly.ownsMantle = false;
+            }
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, mantleFailure);
+        }
+        return failure;
+    }
+
+    private Throwable closeIncompleteRuntimes() {
+        Throwable failure = null;
+        for (RuntimeAssembly assembly : incompleteAssemblies.toArray(new RuntimeAssembly[0])) {
+            Throwable assemblyFailure = closeAssembly(assembly, null);
+            if (assemblyFailure == null && assembly.target != engine.publishedTarget) {
+                incompleteTargets.add(assembly.target);
+            }
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, assemblyFailure);
+        }
+        EngineMantle retainedMantle = engine.runtime == null ? null : engine.runtime.generation().mantle();
+        for (EngineRuntime unpublished : unpublishedRuntimes.toArray(new EngineRuntime[0])) {
+            Throwable runtimeFailure = closeRuntime(unpublished, retainedMantle, null);
+            if (runtimeFailure == null) {
+                unpublishedRuntimes.remove(unpublished);
+                if (unpublished.generation().target() != engine.publishedTarget) {
+                    incompleteTargets.add(unpublished.generation().target());
+                }
+            }
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, runtimeFailure);
+        }
+        for (EngineTarget target : incompleteTargets.toArray(new EngineTarget[0])) {
+            Throwable targetFailure = closeDetachedTarget(target, null);
+            if (targetFailure == null) {
+                incompleteTargets.remove(target);
+            }
+            failure = appendFailure(failure, targetFailure);
+        }
+        return failure;
+    }
+
+    private static Throwable closeMantle(EngineMantle mantle) {
+        Throwable failure = runCleanup(null, mantle::saveAllNow);
+        return failure == null ? runCleanup(null, mantle::close) : failure;
+    }
+
     private Throwable closeDetachedGenerationRuntimes(Throwable failure) {
         GenerationRuntime[] detachedRuntimes = engine.detachedGenerationRuntimes.toArray(new GenerationRuntime[0]);
         for (GenerationRuntime detached : detachedRuntimes) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisComplex.java

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.image.IrisImageMapRuntime;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.components.MantleHydrologyCaveVoxelView;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.InferredType;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBiome;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisRaritySelection;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDecorationPart;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDecorator;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisGenerator;
@@ -1708,74 +1709,25 @@ public class IrisComplex implements DataProvider {
     }
 
     static final class ChildSelectionPlan {
-        private final IrisBiome[] mappedBiomes;
+        private final IrisRaritySelection<IrisBiome> selection;
-        private final int maxIndex;
 
-        private ChildSelectionPlan(IrisBiome[] mappedBiomes) {
+        private ChildSelectionPlan(IrisRaritySelection<IrisBiome> selection) {
-            this.mappedBiomes = mappedBiomes;
+            this.selection = selection;
-            this.maxIndex = mappedBiomes.length - 1;
         }
 
         static ChildSelectionPlan create(KList<IrisBiome> options) {
-            if (options.isEmpty()) {
+            return new ChildSelectionPlan(IrisRaritySelection.create(options));
-                return new ChildSelectionPlan(new IrisBiome[0]);
-            }
-
-            int maxRarity = 1;
-            for (IrisBiome biome : options) {
-                if (biome != null && biome.getRarity() > maxRarity) {
-                    maxRarity = biome.getRarity();
-                }
-            }
-
-            int rarityMax = maxRarity + 1;
-            boolean flip = false;
-            KList<IrisBiome> mapped = new KList<>();
-            for (IrisBiome biome : options) {
-                if (biome == null) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                int rarity = Math.max(1, biome.getRarity());
-                int count = rarityMax - rarity;
-                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
-                    flip = !flip;
-                    if (flip) {
-                        mapped.add(biome);
-                    } else {
-                        mapped.add(0, biome);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (mapped.isEmpty()) {
-                IrisBiome[] fallback = new IrisBiome[]{options.get(0)};
-                return new ChildSelectionPlan(fallback);
-            }
-
-            IrisBiome[] mappedBiomes = mapped.toArray(new IrisBiome[0]);
-            return new ChildSelectionPlan(mappedBiomes);
         }
 
         IrisBiome select(CNG childCell, double x, double z) {
-            if (mappedBiomes.length == 0) {
+            long maximumIndex = selection.size() - 1L;
-                return null;
+            if (maximumIndex <= 0L) {
+                return selection.get(0L);
             }
-
+            if (maximumIndex <= Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
-            if (mappedBiomes.length == 1) {
+                return selection.get(childCell.fit2D(0, (int) maximumIndex, x, z));
-                return mappedBiomes[0];
             }
-
+            return selection.select(childCell.noiseFast2D(x, z));
-            int selectedIndex = childCell.fit2D(0, maxIndex, x, z);
-            if (selectedIndex < 0) {
-                return mappedBiomes[0];
-            }
-
-            if (selectedIndex > maxIndex) {
-                return mappedBiomes[maxIndex];
-            }
-
-            return mappedBiomes[selectedIndex];
         }
     }
 
@@ -1783,9 +1735,9 @@ public class IrisComplex implements DataProvider {
     }
 
     public void close() {
-        resolvedTerrain.clear();
         if (hydrologyRuntime != null) {
             hydrologyRuntime.close();
         }
+        resolvedTerrain.clear();
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisEngine.java

@@ -1010,6 +1010,7 @@ public class IrisEngine implements Engine {
                 if (generationHistoryRuntimeRouter != null) {
                     throw new IllegalStateException("Iris engine already has a generation-history runtime router.");
                 }
+                shutdownSequence.retainGenerationHistory(required.history());
                 generationHistoryRuntimeRouter = required;
                 generationHistoryRoutingRequired = true;
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisWorldManager.java

@@ -277,26 +277,26 @@ public class IrisWorldManager extends EngineAssignedWorldManager {
         }
         if (!looperStopped) {
             try {
-                looperStopped = true;
                 if (looper != null) {
                     looper.interrupt();
-                    joinQuietly(looper);
+                    awaitLooper(looper);
                 }
+                looperStopped = true;
             } catch (Throwable e) {
                 failure = appendCloseFailure(failure, e);
             }
         }
         if (!cleanupServiceStopped) {
             try {
-                cleanupServiceStopped = true;
                 if (cleanupService != null) {
                     for (Future<?> future : cleanup.values()) {
                         future.cancel(false);
                     }
                     cleanup.clear();
                     cleanupService.shutdownNow();
-                    awaitQuietly(cleanupService);
+                    awaitCleanupService(cleanupService);
                 }
+                cleanupServiceStopped = true;
             } catch (Throwable e) {
                 failure = appendCloseFailure(failure, e);
             }
@@ -306,28 +306,30 @@ public class IrisWorldManager extends EngineAssignedWorldManager {
         }
     }
 
-    private void joinQuietly(Thread thread) {
+    private void awaitLooper(Thread thread) {
         if (thread == Thread.currentThread()) {
-            return;
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot finish world manager shutdown from its own loop thread.");
         }
 
         try {
             thread.join(CLOSE_AWAIT_MS);
             if (thread.isAlive()) {
-                IrisLogging.warn("Thread " + thread.getName() + " did not stop within " + CLOSE_AWAIT_MS + "ms.");
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Thread " + thread.getName() + " did not stop within " + CLOSE_AWAIT_MS + "ms.");
             }
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
             Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Interrupted while waiting for the world manager loop to stop.", e);
         }
     }
 
-    private void awaitQuietly(ScheduledExecutorService service) {
+    private void awaitCleanupService(ScheduledExecutorService service) {
         try {
             if (!service.awaitTermination(CLOSE_AWAIT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
-                IrisLogging.warn("Mantle cleanup executor did not stop within " + CLOSE_AWAIT_MS + "ms.");
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Mantle cleanup executor did not stop within " + CLOSE_AWAIT_MS + "ms.");
             }
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
             Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Interrupted while waiting for mantle cleanup to stop.", e);
         }
     }
 

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/actuator/IrisBiomeActuator.java

@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterBiomeInject;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.slices.BiomeInjectMatter;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.ChronoLatch;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.PrecisionStopwatch;
 
 import java.util.List;
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ import java.util.Objects;
 
 public class IrisBiomeActuator extends EngineAssignedActuator<PlatformBiome> {
     private final RNG rng;
-    private final ChronoLatch cl = new ChronoLatch(5000);
     private final KMap<String, ResolvedBiome> resolvedBiomes = new KMap<>();
     private final KMap<String, ResolvedBiome> resolvedPhysicalBiomes = new KMap<>();
 

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/actuator/IrisTerrainNormalActuator.java

@@ -46,11 +46,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
 import lombok.Getter;
 
 public class IrisTerrainNormalActuator extends EngineAssignedActuator<PlatformBlockState> {
-    private static final PlatformBlockState AIR = B.getState("AIR");
     private static final PlatformBlockState BEDROCK = B.getState("BEDROCK");
-    private static final PlatformBlockState LAVA = B.getState("LAVA");
-    private static final PlatformBlockState GLASS = B.getState("GLASS");
-    private static final PlatformBlockState CAVE_AIR = B.getState("CAVE_AIR");
     @Getter
     private final RNG rng;
     @Getter
@@ -83,11 +79,6 @@ public class IrisTerrainNormalActuator extends EngineAssignedActuator<PlatformBl
      */
     @BlockCoordinates
     public void terrainSliver(int x, int z, int xf, Hunk<PlatformBlockState> h, ChunkContext context) {
-        terrainSliverOptimized(x, z, xf, h, context);
-    }
-
-    @BlockCoordinates
-    private void terrainSliverOptimized(int x, int z, int xf, Hunk<PlatformBlockState> h, ChunkContext context) {
         int chunkHeight = h.getHeight();
         int chunkDepth = h.getDepth();
         IrisDimension dimension = getDimension();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/actuator/IrisTransitionGeometryActuator.java

@@ -42,9 +42,7 @@ public final class IrisTransitionGeometryActuator extends EngineAssignedComponen
             return;
         }
         GeometrySource source = new GeometrySource(blocks, biomes, getEngine().getMinHeight(), context);
-        if (plan != null && plan.hasTransitionAtChunk(x >> 4, z >> 4)) {
+        blendGeometry(x, z, blocks, context, source, plan);
-            blendGeometry(x, z, blocks, context, source, plan);
-        }
     }
 
     public static SavedTerrainChunk capture(int x, int z, Hunk<PlatformBlockState> blocks,

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/decorator/DecoratorCore.java

@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ final class DecoratorCore {
                 && (!caveSkipFluid || !B.isFluid(lower) && !B.isFluid(upper));
     }
 
-    private static int computeStack(IrisDecorator decorator, RNG rng, double realX, double realZ,
+    static int computeStack(IrisDecorator decorator, RNG rng, double realX, double realZ,
                                     IrisData irisData, int max) {
         int stack = decorator.getHeight(rng, realX, realZ, irisData);
         if (decorator.isScaleStack()) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/decorator/IrisSeaFloorDecorator.java

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ public class IrisSeaFloorDecorator extends IrisEngineDecorator {
     @Override
     public void decorate(int x, int z, int realX, int realX1, int realX_1, int realZ, int realZ1, int realZ_1,
                          Hunk<PlatformBlockState> data, IrisBiome biome, int height, int max) {
+        int limit = Math.min(max, Math.min(getEngine().getHeight(), data.getHeight()));
+        if (height < 0 || height >= limit) {
+            return;
+        }
         RNG rng = getRNG(realX, realZ);
         IrisDecorator decorator = DecoratorCore.pickDecorator(biome, getPart(), partRNG, rng, getData(), realX, realZ);
 
@@ -51,34 +55,25 @@ public class IrisSeaFloorDecorator extends IrisEngineDecorator {
                     && !decorator.getSlopeCondition().isValid(getComplex().getSlopeStream().get(realX, realZ))) {
                 return;
             }
-            if (height >= 0 && height < getEngine().getHeight()) {
+            PlatformBlockState block = decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, height, realZ, getData());
-                data.set(x, height, z, decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, height, realZ, getData()));
+            if (block != null) {
+                data.set(x, height, z, block);
             }
             return;
         }
 
-        int stack = decorator.getHeight(rng, realX, realZ, getData());
+        int stack = Math.min(limit - height,
-        if (decorator.isScaleStack()) {
+                DecoratorCore.computeStack(decorator, rng, realX, realZ, getData(), max - height));
-            stack = (int) Math.ceil((double) (max - height) * ((double) stack / 100));
-        } else {
-            stack = Math.min(stack, max - height);
-        }
-
-        if (stack == 1) {
-            data.set(x, height, z, decorator.getBlockDataForTop(biome, rng, realX, height, realZ, getData()));
-            return;
-        }
-
-        int engineHeight = getEngine().getHeight();
         for (int i = 0; i < stack; i++) {
             int h = height + i;
-            if (h > max || h > engineHeight) {
+            double threshold = stack == 1 ? 1.0 : ((double) i) / (stack - 1);
-                continue;
+            PlatformBlockState block = threshold >= decorator.getTopThreshold()
-            }
-            double threshold = ((double) i) / (stack - 1);
-            data.set(x, h, z, threshold >= decorator.getTopThreshold()
                     ? decorator.getBlockDataForTop(biome, rng, realX, h, realZ, getData())
-                    : decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, h, realZ, getData()));
+                    : decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, h, realZ, getData());
+            if (block == null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            data.set(x, h, z, block);
         }
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/decorator/IrisSeaSurfaceDecorator.java

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ public class IrisSeaSurfaceDecorator extends IrisEngineDecorator {
     @Override
     public void decorate(int x, int z, int realX, int realX1, int realX_1, int realZ, int realZ1, int realZ_1,
                          Hunk<PlatformBlockState> data, IrisBiome biome, int height, int max) {
+        int maxBaseY = Math.min(max, Math.min(getEngine().getHeight(), data.getHeight()) - 1);
+        if (height < 0 || height >= maxBaseY) {
+            return;
+        }
         RNG rng = getRNG(realX, realZ);
         IrisDecorator decorator = DecoratorCore.pickDecorator(biome, getPart(), partRNG, rng, getData(), realX, realZ);
 
@@ -48,8 +52,7 @@ public class IrisSeaSurfaceDecorator extends IrisEngineDecorator {
 
         if (!decorator.isStacking()) {
             int targetY = height + 1;
-            if (height >= 0 && targetY < getEngine().getHeight()
+            if (DecoratorCore.canReplaceStackTarget(data.get(x, targetY, z), false)) {
-                    && DecoratorCore.canReplaceStackTarget(data.get(x, targetY, z), false)) {
                 PlatformBlockState block = decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, height, realZ, getData());
                 if (block != null) {
                     data.set(x, targetY, z, block);
@@ -58,33 +61,15 @@ public class IrisSeaSurfaceDecorator extends IrisEngineDecorator {
             return;
         }
 
-        int stack = decorator.getHeight(rng, realX, realZ, getData());
+        int stack = Math.min(maxBaseY - height,
-        if (decorator.isScaleStack()) {
+                DecoratorCore.computeStack(decorator, rng, realX, realZ, getData(), max - height));
-            stack = (int) Math.ceil((double) (max - height) * ((double) stack / 100));
-        }
-
-        if (stack == 1) {
-            int targetY = height + 1;
-            if (targetY >= data.getHeight() || !DecoratorCore.canReplaceStackTarget(data.get(x, targetY, z), false)) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            PlatformBlockState block = decorator.getBlockDataForTop(biome, rng, realX, height, realZ, getData());
-            if (block != null) {
-                data.set(x, targetY, z, block);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-
-        int engineHeight = getEngine().getHeight();
         for (int i = 0; i < stack; i++) {
             int h = height + i;
             int targetY = h + 1;
-            if (h >= max || targetY >= engineHeight
+            if (!DecoratorCore.canReplaceStackTarget(data.get(x, targetY, z), false)) {
-                    || !DecoratorCore.canReplaceStackTarget(data.get(x, targetY, z), false)) {
                 break;
             }
-            double threshold = ((double) i) / (stack - 1);
+            double threshold = stack == 1 ? 1.0 : ((double) i) / (stack - 1);
             PlatformBlockState block = threshold >= decorator.getTopThreshold()
                     ? decorator.getBlockDataForTop(biome, rng, realX, h, realZ, getData())
                     : decorator.getBlockData100(biome, rng, realX, h, realZ, getData());

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/framework/IrisEngineMode.java

@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ public abstract class IrisEngineMode implements EngineMode {
             return;
         }
 
-        closed = true;
         dump();
         terrainStages.forEach(EngineStage::close);
         terrainStages.clear();
         transitionStage.close();
+        closed = true;
     }
 
     @Override

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/history/GenerationAdmission.java

@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ public final class GenerationAdmission {
         Path root = Objects.requireNonNull(dimensionRoot, "dimensionRoot")
                 .toAbsolutePath()
                 .normalize();
-        this.state = STATES.computeIfAbsent(root, ignored -> new State());
+        this.state = STATES.computeIfAbsent(root, State::new);
+    }
+
+    public RuntimeLease retainRuntime() {
+        state.retainRuntime();
+        return new RuntimeLease(state);
     }
 
     public StageLease enterStage() {
@@ -34,6 +39,23 @@ public final class GenerationAdmission {
         return new CutoverLease(state);
     }
 
+    public static final class RuntimeLease implements AutoCloseable {
+        private final State state;
+        private boolean closed;
+
+        private RuntimeLease(State state) {
+            this.state = state;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void close() {
+            if (!closed) {
+                state.releaseRuntime();
+                closed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public static final class StageLease implements AutoCloseable {
         private final State state;
         private final AtomicBoolean closed;
@@ -69,26 +91,71 @@ public final class GenerationAdmission {
     }
 
     private static final class State {
+        private final Path root;
         private final ReentrantLock lock;
         private final Condition changed;
+        private int runtimeOwners;
+        private int waitingStages;
         private int activeStages;
         private int waitingCutovers;
         private boolean cutoverActive;
         private boolean generationAdmissionOpened;
+        private boolean closed;
 
-        private State() {
+        private State(Path root) {
+            this.root = root;
             this.lock = new ReentrantLock(true);
             this.changed = lock.newCondition();
         }
 
+        private void retainRuntime() {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                requireOpen();
+                runtimeOwners++;
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void releaseRuntime() {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                requireOpen();
+                if (runtimeOwners == 1) {
+                    if (activeStages > 0 || waitingStages > 0 || waitingCutovers > 0 || cutoverActive) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Generation admission still has active stages or cutovers.");
+                    }
+                    closed = true;
+                    STATES.remove(root, this);
+                }
+                runtimeOwners--;
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void requireOpen() {
+            if (closed) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Generation admission belongs to a closed runtime.");
+            }
+        }
+
         private void enterStage() {
             lock.lock();
             try {
+                requireOpen();
                 generationAdmissionOpened = true;
-                while (cutoverActive || waitingCutovers > 0) {
+                waitingStages++;
-                    changed.awaitUninterruptibly();
+                try {
+                    while (cutoverActive || waitingCutovers > 0) {
+                        changed.awaitUninterruptibly();
+                        requireOpen();
+                    }
+                    activeStages++;
+                } finally {
+                    waitingStages--;
                 }
-                activeStages++;
             } finally {
                 lock.unlock();
             }
@@ -112,6 +179,7 @@ public final class GenerationAdmission {
         private void beginCutover(boolean startupOnly) {
             lock.lock();
             try {
+                requireOpen();
                 if (startupOnly && generationAdmissionOpened) {
                     throw new IllegalStateException(
                             "Generation activation promotion is only allowed before generation admission opens."
@@ -121,6 +189,7 @@ public final class GenerationAdmission {
                 try {
                     while (cutoverActive || activeStages > 0) {
                         changed.awaitUninterruptibly();
+                        requireOpen();
                     }
                     cutoverActive = true;
                 } finally {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/history/GenerationHistory.java

@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ public final class GenerationHistory {
         validateReferencedState();
     }
 
+    public GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease retainRuntime() {
+        return admission.retainRuntime();
+    }
+
     public SavedBiomeStore savedBiomes() {
         return savedBiomes;
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/HydrologyPlanner.java

@@ -2646,7 +2646,7 @@ public final class HydrologyPlanner {
                 potential,
                 parent,
                 outletIndex,
-                routeLengths(grid, parent),
+                routeLengths(parent, grid.width(), settings.routing()),
                 List.copyOf(outlets),
                 false
         );
@@ -3222,31 +3222,43 @@ public final class HydrologyPlanner {
         return count + (HydrologyHash.unit(stable) < remainder ? 1 : 0);
     }
 
-    private int[] routeLengths(SampledGrid grid, int[] parent) {
+    static int[] routeLengths(int[] parent, int width, HydrologyPlannerSettings.Routing routing) {
         int[] lengths = new int[parent.length];
+        int[] pending = new int[parent.length];
+        double[] distances = new double[parent.length];
+        Arrays.fill(distances, Double.NaN);
+        double diagonalDistance = StrictMath.hypot(routing.sampleSpacing(), routing.sampleSpacing());
         for (int sourceIndex = 0; sourceIndex < parent.length; sourceIndex++) {
-            lengths[sourceIndex] = routeLength(sourceIndex, grid, parent);
+            if (!Double.isNaN(distances[sourceIndex])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            int current = sourceIndex;
+            int pendingCount = 0;
+            while (current >= 0 && Double.isNaN(distances[current])) {
+                pending[pendingCount++] = current;
+                distances[current] = -1D;
+                current = parent[current];
+            }
+            if (current >= 0 && distances[current] < 0D) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Hydrology drainage routing contains a cycle.");
+            }
+            double distance = current < 0 ? 0D : distances[current];
+            while (pendingCount > 0) {
+                int node = pending[--pendingCount];
+                int next = parent[node];
+                if (next >= 0) {
+                    boolean cardinal = node / width == next / width || node % width == next % width;
+                    distance += cardinal ? routing.sampleSpacing() : diagonalDistance;
+                }
+                distances[node] = distance;
+                lengths[node] = distance > routing.maximumRouteLength()
+                        ? Integer.MAX_VALUE
+                        : (int) StrictMath.ceil(distance);
+            }
         }
         return lengths;
     }
 
-    private int routeLength(int sourceIndex, SampledGrid grid, int[] parent) {
-        int current = sourceIndex;
-        int steps = 0;
-        double length = 0D;
-        while (parent[current] >= 0) {
-            int next = parent[current];
-            GridNode currentNode = grid.node(current);
-            GridNode nextNode = grid.node(next);
-            length += StrictMath.hypot(currentNode.x() - nextNode.x(), currentNode.z() - nextNode.z());
-            if (length > settings.routing().maximumRouteLength() || ++steps > settings.routing().maximumRouteNodes()) {
-                return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-            }
-            current = next;
-        }
-        return (int) StrictMath.ceil(length);
-    }
-
     private int[] countContributions(List<Integer> sources, RoutingPlan routing) {
         int[] counts = new int[routing.parent().length];
         for (int source : sources) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/HydrologyTileCache.java

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
@@ -131,6 +132,7 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
      */
     public HydrologyTile get(HydrologyTileKey key) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        requireOpen();
         if (prefetchExecutor == null) {
             return planInline(key, cacheEpoch.get());
         }
@@ -156,7 +158,11 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
         }
         CacheLoadKey<HydrologyTileKey> loadKey = new CacheLoadKey<>(epoch, key);
         PendingLoad<HydrologyTile> owned = new PendingLoad<>(Thread.currentThread(), new CompletableFuture<>());
-        PendingLoad<HydrologyTile> existing = loading.putIfAbsent(loadKey, owned);
+        PendingLoad<HydrologyTile> existing;
+        synchronized (publicationLock) {
+            requireOpen();
+            existing = loading.putIfAbsent(loadKey, owned);
+        }
         if (existing != null) {
             return awaitLoad(existing);
         }
@@ -376,10 +382,45 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
 
     @Override
     public void close() {
-        closed.set(true);
+        ArrayList<CompletableFuture<?>> active = new ArrayList<>();
+        ArrayList<CompletableFuture<HydrologyTile>> queued = new ArrayList<>();
+        synchronized (publicationLock) {
+            for (PendingLoad<HydrologyTile> load : loading.values()) {
+                collectActiveLoad(active, load);
+            }
+            for (PendingLoad<ChunkColumns> load : composing.values()) {
+                collectActiveLoad(active, load);
+            }
+            closed.set(true);
+            planning.forEach((key, future) -> {
+                if (!loading.containsKey(key)) {
+                    queued.add(future);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        for (CompletableFuture<HydrologyTile> future : queued) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(new CancellationException("Hydrology tile cache is closed."));
+        }
+        CompletableFuture.allOf(active.toArray(CompletableFuture<?>[]::new))
+                .handle((ignored, failure) -> null)
+                .join();
+        planning.clear();
         clear();
     }
 
+    private static void collectActiveLoad(List<CompletableFuture<?>> active, PendingLoad<?> load) {
+        if (load.owner() == Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Hydrology tile cache cannot close from an active load.");
+        }
+        active.add(load.future());
+    }
+
+    private void requireOpen() {
+        if (closed.get()) {
+            throw new CancellationException("Hydrology tile cache is closed.");
+        }
+    }
+
     private boolean validSharedTile(HydrologyTile tile, SharedTileKey sharedKey) {
         SharedCacheScope scope = sharedKey.scope();
         return tile.key().equals(sharedKey.tileKey())
@@ -389,6 +430,7 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
     }
 
     private ChunkColumns chunkColumns(int blockX, int blockZ) {
+        requireOpen();
         int chunkX = Math.floorDiv(blockX, CHUNK_SIZE);
         int chunkZ = Math.floorDiv(blockZ, CHUNK_SIZE);
         long epoch = cacheEpoch.get();
@@ -420,7 +462,11 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
             return present;
         }
         PendingLoad<ChunkColumns> owned = new PendingLoad<>(Thread.currentThread(), new CompletableFuture<>());
-        PendingLoad<ChunkColumns> existing = composing.putIfAbsent(loadKey, owned);
+        PendingLoad<ChunkColumns> existing;
+        synchronized (publicationLock) {
+            requireOpen();
+            existing = composing.putIfAbsent(loadKey, owned);
+        }
         if (existing != null) {
             return awaitLoad(existing);
         }
@@ -652,6 +698,7 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
      */
     public List<HydrologyTile> tiles(List<HydrologyTileKey> keys) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(keys, "keys");
+        requireOpen();
         HydrologyTile[] loaded = new HydrologyTile[keys.size()];
         boolean missing = false;
         for (int index = 0; index < loaded.length; index++) {
@@ -724,17 +771,29 @@ public final class HydrologyTileCache implements AutoCloseable {
             return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(present);
         }
         CompletableFuture<HydrologyTile> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
-        CompletableFuture<HydrologyTile> existing = planning.putIfAbsent(loadKey, future);
+        CompletableFuture<HydrologyTile> existing;
+        synchronized (publicationLock) {
+            if (closed.get()) {
+                return CompletableFuture.failedFuture(new CancellationException("Hydrology tile cache is closed."));
+            }
+            existing = planning.putIfAbsent(loadKey, future);
+        }
         if (existing != null) {
             return existing;
         }
         try {
             prefetchExecutor.execute(() -> {
+                if (future.isDone()) {
+                    planning.remove(loadKey, future);
+                    return;
+                }
                 try {
                     future.complete(planInline(key, loadKey.epoch()));
                 } catch (Throwable failure) {
                     future.completeExceptionally(failure);
-                    IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+                    if (!(failure instanceof CancellationException) || !closed.get()) {
+                        IrisLogging.reportError(failure);
+                    }
                 } finally {
                     planning.remove(loadKey, future);
                 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/RiverFootprint.java

@@ -3,46 +3,48 @@ package art.arcane.iris.engine.hydrology;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.TreeMap;
 
 public final class RiverFootprint {
+    private static final RiverFootprint EMPTY = new RiverFootprint(Map.of());
+
+    private final Long2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<HydrologyColumnSample> indexed;
     private final Map<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> columns;
 
     public RiverFootprint(Map<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> columns) {
         if (columns == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("columns must not be null.");
         }
-        TreeMap<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> ordered = new TreeMap<>();
+        indexed = new Long2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<>(columns.size());
         for (Map.Entry<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> entry : columns.entrySet()) {
             HydrologyColumnSample sample = entry.getValue();
             if (sample == null || entry.getKey() != pack(sample.x(), sample.z())) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Footprint keys must match their column coordinates.");
             }
-            ordered.put(entry.getKey(), sample);
+            indexed.put(entry.getKey().longValue(), sample);
         }
-        Long2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<HydrologyColumnSample> indexed =
+        long[] order = indexed.keySet().toLongArray();
-                new Long2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<>(ordered.size());
+        Arrays.sort(order);
-        for (Map.Entry<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> entry : ordered.entrySet()) {
+        for (long key : order) {
-            indexed.put(entry.getKey().longValue(), entry.getValue());
+            indexed.getAndMoveToLast(key);
         }
-        columns = Collections.unmodifiableMap(indexed);
+        this.columns = Collections.unmodifiableMap(indexed);
-        this.columns = columns;
     }
 
     public static RiverFootprint empty() {
-        return new RiverFootprint(Map.of());
+        return EMPTY;
     }
 
     public Optional<HydrologyColumnSample> sample(int x, int z) {
-        return Optional.ofNullable(columns.get(pack(x, z)));
+        return Optional.ofNullable(indexed.get(pack(x, z)));
     }
 
     public HydrologyRenderSample renderSample(int x, int z) {
-        HydrologyColumnSample sample = columns.get(pack(x, z));
+        HydrologyColumnSample sample = indexed.get(pack(x, z));
         return sample == null ? new HydrologyRenderSample(x, z, List.of()) : sample.renderSample();
     }
 
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ public final class RiverFootprint {
         if (area < columns.size()) {
             for (long z = minimumZ; z < maximumZ; z++) {
                 for (long x = minimumX; x < maximumX; x++) {
-                    HydrologyColumnSample sample = columns.get(pack((int) x, (int) z));
+                    HydrologyColumnSample sample = indexed.get(pack((int) x, (int) z));
                     if (sample != null) {
                         selected.add(sample);
                     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/cave/HydrologyCaveContainmentPlanner.java

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
@@ -1132,8 +1131,8 @@ public final class HydrologyCaveContainmentPlanner {
             List<CavePosition> throat
     ) {
         Queue<CavePosition> queue = new ArrayDeque<>();
-        Set<CavePosition> queued = new HashSet<>();
+        Set<CavePosition> queued = new LinkedHashSet<>();
-        Set<CavePosition> resolved = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        int visitedCount = 0;
 
         queue.add(source.target());
         queued.add(source.target());
@@ -1148,10 +1147,7 @@ public final class HydrologyCaveContainmentPlanner {
             if (positionRejection != HydrologyCaveRejection.NONE) {
                 return ComponentResult.rejected(positionRejection);
             }
-            if (!resolved.add(position)) {
+            if (++visitedCount > settings.maxFloodVolume()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (resolved.size() > settings.maxFloodVolume()) {
                 return ComponentResult.rejected(HydrologyCaveRejection.VOLUME_LIMIT);
             }
 
@@ -1171,7 +1167,7 @@ public final class HydrologyCaveContainmentPlanner {
             }
         }
 
-        return ComponentResult.accepted(resolved);
+        return ComponentResult.accepted(queued);
     }
 
     private HydrologyCaveRejection addThroatContacts(

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/runtime/IrisHydrologyRuntime.java

@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.DataProvider;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.MultiBurst;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.stream.ProceduralStream;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
@@ -70,7 +72,6 @@ import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.function.IntConsumer;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 
@@ -96,7 +97,9 @@ public final class IrisHydrologyRuntime implements AutoCloseable {
     private final Set<String> profileKeys;
     private final String defaultProfileKey;
     private final Object terrainSampleLock;
-    private final Set<HydrologyTileKey> unplannedQueries = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+    private final Cache<HydrologyTileKey, Boolean> unplannedQueries = Caffeine.newBuilder()
+            .maximumSize(MAXIMUM_CACHE_TILES)
+            .build();
     private final LinkedHashMap<Long, HydrologyTerrainSample> terrainSamples;
 
     public IrisHydrologyRuntime(IrisHydrologyRuntimeContext context) {
@@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ public final class IrisHydrologyRuntime implements AutoCloseable {
         if (!planned) {
             int tileSize = settings.routing().tileSize();
             HydrologyTileKey key = new HydrologyTileKey(Math.floorDiv(blockX, tileSize), Math.floorDiv(blockZ, tileSize));
-            if (unplannedQueries.add(key)) {
+            if (unplannedQueries.asMap().putIfAbsent(key, Boolean.TRUE) == null) {
                 IrisLogging.debug("Hydrology tile %d,%d queried before it was planned; natural terrain answers until the plan lands",
                         key.tileX(), key.tileZ());
             }
@@ -479,6 +482,7 @@ public final class IrisHydrologyRuntime implements AutoCloseable {
     @Override
     public void close() {
         cache.close();
+        unplannedQueries.invalidateAll();
         routingTerrainSampler.close();
         synchronized (terrainSampleLock) {
             terrainSamples.clear();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/surface/SurfaceFootprintCompiler.java

@@ -91,11 +91,12 @@ public final class SurfaceFootprintCompiler {
                     && column.x() == centerline.x()[0] && column.z() == centerline.z()[0];
             int y = column.role() == SurfaceRole.CHANNEL ? column.headY() : column.height();
             HydrologyFeatureRef feature = features.feature(segment, column.role(), source, column.x(), y, column.z(), flowX, flowZ);
+            String biomeOverride = pool ? poolBiome == null ? column.terrain().parentBiomeKey() : poolBiome : null;
             columns.add(new SurfaceLayerColumn(
                     column.x(),
                     column.z(),
                     column.terrain(),
-                    pool ? poolLayer(feature, column, course.profileKey(), poolBiome) : layer(feature, column, course.profileKey()),
+                    layer(feature, column, course.profileKey(), biomeOverride),
                     column.role(),
                     column.apron()
             ));
@@ -103,40 +104,6 @@ public final class SurfaceFootprintCompiler {
         return new SurfaceFootprint(columns, field.uncontainedWetCells());
     }
 
-    /** A pool's bowl and rim carry the pool biome when one is configured, otherwise the surrounding biome. */
-    private static HydrologyColumnLayer poolLayer(
-            HydrologyFeatureRef feature,
-            SurfaceColumn column,
-            String profileKey,
-            String poolBiome
-    ) {
-        HydrologyTerrainSample terrain = column.terrain();
-        String biome = poolBiome == null ? terrain.parentBiomeKey() : poolBiome;
-        boolean channel = column.role() == SurfaceRole.CHANNEL;
-        boolean shore = column.role() == SurfaceRole.SHORE;
-        return new HydrologyColumnLayer(
-                feature,
-                column.height(),
-                column.headY(),
-                column.headY(),
-                channel,
-                shore,
-                !channel,
-                channel,
-                false,
-                false,
-                true,
-                channel,
-                false,
-                profileKey,
-                biome,
-                biome,
-                biome,
-                biome,
-                terrain.floodedCaveBiomeKey()
-        );
-    }
-
     private ChannelProfile poolProfile(HydraulicSegment segment, SurfaceCenterline centerline) {
         int count = centerline.size();
         double[] halfWidth = new double[count];
@@ -160,9 +127,15 @@ public final class SurfaceFootprintCompiler {
         return null;
     }
 
-    private static HydrologyColumnLayer layer(HydrologyFeatureRef feature, SurfaceColumn column, String profileKey) {
+    /** A pool's bowl and rim carry the pool biome when one is configured, otherwise the surrounding biome. */
+    private static HydrologyColumnLayer layer(
+            HydrologyFeatureRef feature,
+            SurfaceColumn column,
+            String profileKey,
+            String biomeOverride
+    ) {
         HydrologyTerrainSample terrain = column.terrain();
-        if (column.apron()) {
+        if (column.apron() && biomeOverride == null) {
             return new HydrologyColumnLayer(
                     feature,
                     column.headY(),
@@ -194,10 +167,10 @@ public final class SurfaceFootprintCompiler {
                 channel,
                 false,
                 profileKey,
-                terrain.surfaceBiomeKey(),
+                biomeOverride == null ? terrain.surfaceBiomeKey() : biomeOverride,
-                terrain.mouthBiomeKey(),
+                biomeOverride == null ? terrain.mouthBiomeKey() : biomeOverride,
-                terrain.shoreBiomeKey(),
+                biomeOverride == null ? terrain.shoreBiomeKey() : biomeOverride,
-                terrain.bankBiomeKey(),
+                biomeOverride == null ? terrain.bankBiomeKey() : biomeOverride,
                 terrain.floodedCaveBiomeKey()
         );
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/MatterGenerator.java

@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 
 public interface MatterGenerator {
     MultiBurst DISPATCHER = MultiBurst.burst;
-    ConcurrentHashMap<MatterTaskKey, CompletableFuture<Void>> IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    ConcurrentHashMap<MatterTaskKey, MatterComponentTask> IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     long COMPONENT_TASK_POLL_MS = 1000L;
     long COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS = Long.getLong("iris.mantle.componentTimeout", 120000L);
 
@@ -368,38 +369,37 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
     ) {
         MantleFlag flag = component.getFlag();
         MatterTaskKey key = new MatterTaskKey(getMantle(), chunkX, chunkZ, flag);
+        MatterComponentTask task = new MatterComponentTask(key);
         if (chunk.isFlagged(flag)) {
-            return new MatterComponentTask(key, CompletableFuture.completedFuture(null), null);
+            task.finish(null);
+            return task;
         }
 
-        CompletableFuture<Void> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        MatterComponentTask existing = IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.putIfAbsent(key, task);
-        CompletableFuture<Void> existing = IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.putIfAbsent(key, future);
         if (existing != null) {
-            return new MatterComponentTask(key, existing, null);
+            return existing;
         }
 
         try {
             if (DISPATCHER.ownsCurrentThread()) {
                 // A pool thread runs its claim inline: a task queued behind pool threads that block
                 // on unmanaged waits (structure builds, cache locks) could starve the whole pool.
-                completeComponentTask(future, key, chunk, component, writer, chunkX, chunkZ, context, IrisContext.get());
+                completeComponentTask(task, chunk, component, writer, chunkX, chunkZ, context, IrisContext.get());
-                return new MatterComponentTask(key, future, null);
+                return task;
             }
             IrisContext callerContext = IrisContext.get();
-            Future<?> submission = DISPATCHER.submit(() -> completeComponentTask(
+            task.setSubmission(DISPATCHER.submit(() -> completeComponentTask(
-                    future,
+                    task,
-                    key,
                     chunk,
                     component,
                     writer,
                     chunkX,
                     chunkZ,
                     context,
-                    callerContext));
+                    callerContext)));
-            return new MatterComponentTask(key, future, submission);
+            return task;
         } catch (Throwable throwable) {
-            IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.remove(key, future);
+            task.cancel(throwable);
-            future.completeExceptionally(throwable);
             throw throwable;
         }
     }
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
     }
 
     private static void awaitComponentTask(MatterComponentTask task) {
-        CompletableFuture<Void> future = task.future();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> future = task.future;
         if (future.isDone() && !future.isCompletedExceptionally()) {
             return;
         }
@@ -459,11 +459,17 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
             try {
                 ForkJoinPool.managedBlock(new ComponentTaskBlocker(task));
             } catch (InterruptedException interruption) {
-                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                try {
+                    task.await(COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+                } finally {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            } catch (RejectedExecutionException exhaustedPool) {
+                task.await(COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
             }
             return;
         }
-        awaitComponentTaskBlocking(task);
+        task.await(COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -478,66 +484,22 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
 
         @Override
         public boolean block() {
-            awaitComponentTaskBlocking(task);
+            task.await(COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
             return true;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean isReleasable() {
-            return task.future().isDone();
+            if (!task.future.isDone()) {
-        }
+                return false;
-    }
-
-    private static void awaitComponentTaskBlocking(MatterComponentTask task) {
-        CompletableFuture<Void> future = task.future();
-        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        boolean interrupted = false;
-
-        try {
-            while (true) {
-                try {
-                    future.get(COMPONENT_TASK_POLL_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-                    return;
-                } catch (InterruptedException interruption) {
-                    // The writer cannot close while this task still writes through it, so the wait is
-                    // uninterruptible and the flag is restored on the way out.
-                    interrupted = true;
-                } catch (TimeoutException timeout) {
-                    Future<?> submission = task.submission();
-                    boolean dropped = submission != null && submission.isDone();
-                    if (future.isDone()) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    long waited = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
-                    if (!dropped && waited < COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    // The task can no longer complete (the dispatcher dropped it) or is wedged. Drop
-                    // the dedup entry so later generations do not inherit a future that never
-                    // completes, and release anything else already waiting on it.
-                    IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Mantle component " + task.key()
-                            + (dropped ? " was dropped by the dispatcher" : " did not complete in " + waited + "ms"));
-                    IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.remove(task.key(), future);
-                    future.completeExceptionally(failure);
-                    IrisLogging.error(failure.getMessage());
-                    throw new CompletionException(failure);
-                } catch (ExecutionException executionFailure) {
-                    Throwable cause = executionFailure.getCause();
-                    throw new CompletionException(cause != null ? cause : executionFailure);
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            if (interrupted) {
-                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
             }
+            task.future.join();
+            return true;
         }
     }
 
     private void completeComponentTask(
-            CompletableFuture<Void> future,
+            MatterComponentTask task,
-            MatterTaskKey key,
             MantleChunk<Matter> chunk,
             MantleComponent component,
             MantleWriter writer,
@@ -546,14 +508,17 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
             ChunkContext context,
             IrisContext callerContext
     ) {
+        if (!task.start()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Throwable failure = null;
         try {
             runComponentWithContext(chunk, component, writer, chunkX, chunkZ, context, callerContext);
-            future.complete(null);
         } catch (Throwable throwable) {
-            future.completeExceptionally(throwable);
+            failure = throwable;
             throw throwable;
         } finally {
-            IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.remove(key, future);
+            task.finish(failure);
         }
     }
 
@@ -593,11 +558,98 @@ public interface MatterGenerator {
         ));
     }
 
-    /**
+    final class MatterComponentTask {
-     * A launched component task. {@code submission} is the dispatcher handle when this generation
+        private final MatterTaskKey key;
-     * owns the task, and null when the future belongs to another generation or already completed.
+        private final CompletableFuture<Void> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
-     */
+        private volatile Future<?> submission;
-    record MatterComponentTask(MatterTaskKey key, CompletableFuture<Void> future, Future<?> submission) {
+        private volatile Throwable failure;
+        private boolean started;
+
+        MatterComponentTask(MatterTaskKey key) {
+            this.key = key;
+        }
+
+        synchronized boolean start() {
+            if (started || future.isDone()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            started = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        synchronized void setSubmission(Future<?> submission) {
+            this.submission = submission;
+            if (failure != null) {
+                submission.cancel(true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized boolean cancel(Throwable cause) {
+            if (future.isDone() || failure != null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            failure = cause;
+            if (!started) {
+                finish(null);
+            }
+            if (submission != null) {
+                submission.cancel(true);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        synchronized void finish(Throwable cause) {
+            if (failure == null) {
+                failure = cause;
+            } else if (cause != null && cause != failure) {
+                failure.addSuppressed(cause);
+            }
+            IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.remove(key, this);
+            if (failure == null) {
+                future.complete(null);
+            } else {
+                future.completeExceptionally(failure);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void await(long timeoutMillis) {
+            long start = System.nanoTime();
+            boolean interrupted = false;
+            try {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        future.get(COMPONENT_TASK_POLL_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                        return;
+                    } catch (InterruptedException interruption) {
+                        // The writer cannot close while this task still writes through it, so the wait is
+                        // uninterruptible and the flag is restored on the way out.
+                        interrupted = true;
+                    } catch (TimeoutException timeout) {
+                        if (future.isDone() || failure != null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        Future<?> submitted = submission;
+                        boolean dropped = submitted != null && submitted.isDone();
+                        long waited = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(System.nanoTime() - start);
+                        if (!dropped && waited < timeoutMillis) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        IllegalStateException timeoutFailure = new IllegalStateException("Mantle component " + key
+                                + (dropped ? " was dropped by the dispatcher" : " did not complete in " + waited + "ms"));
+                        if (cancel(timeoutFailure)) {
+                            IrisLogging.error(timeoutFailure.getMessage());
+                        }
+                    } catch (ExecutionException executionFailure) {
+                        Throwable cause = executionFailure.getCause();
+                        throw new CompletionException(cause != null ? cause : executionFailure);
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (interrupted) {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     record MatterPassPlan(MantlePass pass, int passChunkRadius, int downstreamBlockRadius) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/components/CaveCarveScratch.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterCavern;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterSlice;
 
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
 final class CaveCarveScratch {
     final int[] columnMaxY = new int[256];
     final int[] fluidMaxY = new int[256];
@@ -70,4 +72,9 @@ final class CaveCarveScratch {
     int adaptiveGeometryStep = -1;
     int adaptiveGeometryAxisCells = -1;
     boolean fullWeightsInitialized;
+
+    void releaseSections() {
+        Arrays.fill(sectionMatter, null);
+        Arrays.fill(sectionSlices, null);
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/components/IrisCaveCarver3D.java

@@ -436,6 +436,7 @@ public class IrisCaveCarver3D {
 
             return carved;
         } finally {
+            scratchCache.get().releaseSections();
             carving.set(nested);
             if (nested) {
                 scratchCache.set(previousScratch);
@@ -2695,10 +2696,6 @@ public class IrisCaveCarver3D {
         return weight;
     }
 
-    private double signed(double value) {
-        return (value * 2D) - 1D;
-    }
-
     private double applySurfaceCeilingFade(
             CaveCarveScratch scratch,
             double threshold,

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/components/MantleCarvingComponent.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.components;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.IrisComplex;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.UpperDimensionContext;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.MatterGenerationPhase;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.ComponentFlag;
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.context.ChunkContext;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.stream.ProceduralStream;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.stream.utility.ChunkFillableDoubleStream2D;
-import art.arcane.iris.util.simd.SimdKernels;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.simd.SimdSupport;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.documentation.ChunkCoordinates;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.flag.ReservedFlag;
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
     private static final double MIN_WEIGHT = 0.08D;
     private static final double THRESHOLD_PENALTY = 0.24D;
     private static final int MAX_BLENDED_PROFILE_PASSES = 2;
+    private static final int MAX_POOLED_WEIGHT_BUFFERS = 64;
     private static final int KERNEL_WIDTH = (BLEND_RADIUS * 2) + 1;
     private static final int KERNEL_SIZE = KERNEL_WIDTH * KERNEL_WIDTH;
     private static final int[] KERNEL_DX = new int[KERNEL_SIZE];
@@ -107,8 +108,25 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
         if (!complex.allowsMantleChunkWrite(x, z)) {
             return;
         }
+        BlendScratch previous = BLEND_SCRATCH.get();
+        BlendScratch scratch = previous.inUse ? new BlendScratch() : previous;
+        if (scratch != previous) {
+            BLEND_SCRATCH.set(scratch);
+        }
+        scratch.inUse = true;
+        try {
+            generateLayer(writer, x, z, context, scratch);
+        } finally {
+            scratch.release();
+            if (scratch != previous) {
+                BLEND_SCRATCH.set(previous);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateLayer(MantleWriter writer, int x, int z, ChunkContext context, BlendScratch blendScratch) {
+        IrisComplex complex = context.getComplex();
         IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State resolverState = new IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State();
-        BlendScratch blendScratch = BLEND_SCRATCH.get();
         int[] chunkSurfaceHeights = prepareChunkSurfaceHeights(x, z, context, blendScratch.chunkSurfaceHeights);
         PrecisionStopwatch resolveStopwatch = PrecisionStopwatch.start();
         List<WeightedProfile> weightedProfiles = resolveWeightedProfiles(x, z, complex, resolverState);
@@ -217,12 +235,12 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
         BlendScratch blendScratch = BLEND_SCRATCH.get();
         IrisCaveProfile[] profileField = blendScratch.profileField;
         Map<IrisCaveProfile, double[]> columnProfileWeights = blendScratch.columnProfileWeights;
-        IdentityHashMap<IrisCaveProfile, Boolean> activeProfiles = blendScratch.activeProfiles;
         List<IrisCaveProfile> profileOrder = blendScratch.profileOrder;
         IrisCaveProfile[] kernelProfiles = blendScratch.kernelProfiles;
         double[] kernelProfileWeights = blendScratch.kernelProfileWeights;
-        activeProfiles.clear();
+        columnProfileWeights.clear();
         profileOrder.clear();
+        blendScratch.nextWeightBuffer = 0;
         fillProfileField(profileField, chunkX, chunkZ, complex, resolverState, blendScratch);
 
         for (int localX = 0; localX < CHUNK_SIZE; localX++) {
@@ -270,12 +288,8 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
 
                     double[] weights = columnProfileWeights.get(profile);
                     if (weights == null) {
-                        weights = new double[CHUNK_AREA];
+                        weights = blendScratch.acquireWeights();
                         columnProfileWeights.put(profile, weights);
-                    } else if (!activeProfiles.containsKey(profile)) {
-                        Arrays.fill(weights, 0D);
-                    }
-                    if (activeProfiles.put(profile, Boolean.TRUE) == null) {
                         profileOrder.add(profile);
                     }
                     weights[columnIndex] = columnWeight;
@@ -316,28 +330,27 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
             return weightedProfiles;
         }
 
-        Map<IrisDimensionCarvingEntry, IrisDimensionCarvingEntry[]> dimensionColumnPlans = blendScratch.dimensionColumnPlans;
+        Engine engine = getEngineMantle().getEngine();
-        dimensionColumnPlans.clear();
+        int baseX = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkX);
+        int baseZ = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkZ);
 
         for (IrisDimensionCarvingEntry entry : entries) {
             if (entry == null || !entry.isEnabled()) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            IrisBiome rootBiome = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveEntryBiome(getEngineMantle().getEngine(), entry, resolverState);
+            IrisBiome rootBiome = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveEntryBiome(engine, entry, resolverState);
             if (rootBiome == null) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            IrisDimensionCarvingEntry[] columnPlan = dimensionColumnPlans.computeIfAbsent(entry, key -> new IrisDimensionCarvingEntry[CHUNK_AREA]);
-            buildDimensionColumnPlan(columnPlan, chunkX, chunkZ, entry, resolverState);
-
             Map<IrisCaveProfile, double[]> rootProfileColumnWeights = new IdentityHashMap<>();
             List<IrisCaveProfile> rootProfileOrder = new ArrayList<>();
             IrisRange worldYRange = entry.getWorldYRange();
             for (int columnIndex = 0; columnIndex < CHUNK_AREA; columnIndex++) {
-                IrisDimensionCarvingEntry resolvedEntry = columnPlan[columnIndex];
+                IrisDimensionCarvingEntry resolvedEntry = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveFromRoot(
-                IrisBiome resolvedBiome = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveEntryBiome(getEngineMantle().getEngine(), resolvedEntry, resolverState);
+                        engine, entry, baseX + (columnIndex >> 4), baseZ + (columnIndex & 15), resolverState);
+                IrisBiome resolvedBiome = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveEntryBiome(engine, resolvedEntry, resolverState);
                 if (resolvedBiome == null) {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -349,7 +362,7 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
 
                 double[] columnWeights = rootProfileColumnWeights.get(profile);
                 if (columnWeights == null) {
-                    columnWeights = new double[CHUNK_AREA];
+                    columnWeights = blendScratch.acquireWeights();
                     rootProfileColumnWeights.put(profile, columnWeights);
                     rootProfileOrder.add(profile);
                 }
@@ -364,19 +377,6 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
         return weightedProfiles;
     }
 
-    private void buildDimensionColumnPlan(IrisDimensionCarvingEntry[] columnPlan, int chunkX, int chunkZ, IrisDimensionCarvingEntry entry, IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State resolverState) {
-        int baseX = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkX);
-        int baseZ = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkZ);
-        for (int localX = 0; localX < CHUNK_SIZE; localX++) {
-            int worldX = baseX + localX;
-            for (int localZ = 0; localZ < CHUNK_SIZE; localZ++) {
-                int worldZ = baseZ + localZ;
-                int columnIndex = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.packLocal16(localX, localZ);
-                columnPlan[columnIndex] = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveFromRoot(getEngineMantle().getEngine(), entry, worldX, worldZ, resolverState);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private void fillProfileField(IrisCaveProfile[] profileField, int chunkX, int chunkZ, IrisComplex complex, IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State resolverState, BlendScratch blendScratch) {
         int startX = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkX) - BLEND_RADIUS;
         int startZ = PowerOfTwoCoordinates.chunkToBlock(chunkZ) - BLEND_RADIUS;
@@ -698,8 +698,7 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
         private final IrisCaveProfile[] kernelProfiles = new IrisCaveProfile[KERNEL_SIZE];
         private final double[] kernelProfileWeights = new double[KERNEL_SIZE];
         private final IdentityHashMap<IrisCaveProfile, double[]> columnProfileWeights = new IdentityHashMap<>();
-        private final IdentityHashMap<IrisDimensionCarvingEntry, IrisDimensionCarvingEntry[]> dimensionColumnPlans = new IdentityHashMap<>();
+        private final List<double[]> weightBuffers = new ArrayList<>();
-        private final IdentityHashMap<IrisCaveProfile, Boolean> activeProfiles = new IdentityHashMap<>();
         private final List<IrisCaveProfile> profileOrder = new ArrayList<>();
         private final double[] fieldSurfaceHeights = new double[FIELD_SIZE * FIELD_SIZE];
         private final double[] fieldFluidHeights = new double[FIELD_SIZE * FIELD_SIZE];
@@ -710,5 +709,33 @@ public class MantleCarvingComponent extends IrisMantleComponent {
         private final IrisBiome[] fieldCaveBiomes = new IrisBiome[FIELD_SIZE * FIELD_SIZE];
         private final int[] chunkSurfaceHeights = new int[CHUNK_AREA];
         private final double[] chunkSurfaceHeightSamples = new double[CHUNK_AREA];
+        private int nextWeightBuffer;
+        private boolean inUse;
+
+        private double[] acquireWeights() {
+            if (nextWeightBuffer < weightBuffers.size()) {
+                double[] weights = weightBuffers.get(nextWeightBuffer++);
+                Arrays.fill(weights, 0D);
+                return weights;
+            }
+            double[] weights = new double[CHUNK_AREA];
+            if (weightBuffers.size() < MAX_POOLED_WEIGHT_BUFFERS) {
+                weightBuffers.add(weights);
+                nextWeightBuffer++;
+            }
+            return weights;
+        }
+
+        private void release() {
+            Arrays.fill(profileField, null);
+            Arrays.fill(kernelProfiles, null);
+            Arrays.fill(fieldRegions, null);
+            Arrays.fill(fieldSurfaceBiomes, null);
+            Arrays.fill(fieldCaveBiomes, null);
+            columnProfileWeights.clear();
+            profileOrder.clear();
+            nextWeightBuffer = 0;
+            inUse = false;
+        }
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/modifier/IrisDepositModifier.java

@@ -40,11 +40,19 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.MatterCavern;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.BurstExecutor;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.PrecisionStopwatch;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.VectorMap;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 
 public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockState> {
+    private static final int CLUMPS_PER_BATCH = 8;
+    private static final int PREPARATION_BATCH_COUNT = 4;
+
     private final RNG rng;
 
     public IrisDepositModifier(Engine engine) {
@@ -62,29 +70,36 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
     public void generateDeposits(Hunk<PlatformBlockState> terrain, int x, int z, boolean multicore, ChunkContext context) {
         IrisRegion region = context.getRegion().get(7, 7);
         IrisBiome biome = context.getBiome().get(7, 7);
-        BurstExecutor burst = burst().burst(multicore);
+        List<IrisDepositGenerator> generators = new ArrayList<>(
+                getDimension().getDeposits().size() + region.getDeposits().size() + biome.getDeposits().size());
+        generators.addAll(getDimension().getDeposits());
+        generators.addAll(region.getDeposits());
+        generators.addAll(biome.getDeposits());
+        if (generators.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
 
+        BurstExecutor burst = burst().burst(multicore);
         long seed = x * 341873128712L + z * 132897987541L;
-        long mask = 0;
+        PreparedDeposit[] prepared = new PreparedDeposit[PREPARATION_BATCH_COUNT];
+        int pending = 0;
         MantleChunk chunk = getEngine().getMantle().getMantle().getChunk(x, z).use();
         try {
-            for (IrisDepositGenerator k : getDimension().getDeposits()) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < generators.size(); i++) {
-                long finalSeed = seed * ++mask;
+                DepositPlan plan = plan(generators.get(i), rng.nextParallelRNG(seed * (i + 1L)));
-                burst.queue(scopedDepositTask(
+                for (int first = 0; first < plan.attempts(); first += CLUMPS_PER_BATCH) {
-                        () -> generate(k, chunk, terrain, rng.nextParallelRNG(finalSeed), x, z, false, context), context));
+                    int firstAttempt = first;
-            }
+                    int limit = Math.min(plan.attempts(), first + CLUMPS_PER_BATCH);
-
+                    int index = pending++;
-            for (IrisDepositGenerator k : region.getDeposits()) {
+                    burst.queue(scopedDepositTask(
-                long finalSeed = seed * ++mask;
+                            () -> prepared[index] = prepare(plan, firstAttempt, limit, x, z, null, context), context));
-                burst.queue(scopedDepositTask(
+                    if (pending == prepared.length) {
-                        () -> generate(k, chunk, terrain, rng.nextParallelRNG(finalSeed), x, z, false, context), context));
+                        completeBatches(burst, prepared, chunk, terrain, x, z, context);
-            }
+                        pending = 0;
-
+                    }
-            for (IrisDepositGenerator k : biome.getDeposits()) {
+                }
-                long finalSeed = seed * ++mask;
-                burst.queue(scopedDepositTask(
-                        () -> generate(k, chunk, terrain, rng.nextParallelRNG(finalSeed), x, z, false, context), context));
             }
+            completeBatches(burst, prepared, chunk, terrain, x, z, context);
         } finally {
             // complete() must run before release() even when queueing throws — already
             // submitted burst tasks must never write into a released chunk.
@@ -96,6 +111,20 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
         }
     }
 
+    private void completeBatches(BurstExecutor burst, PreparedDeposit[] prepared, MantleChunk chunk,
+                                 Hunk<PlatformBlockState> terrain, int x, int z, ChunkContext context) {
+        burst.complete();
+        try (IrisContext.Scope chunkScope = IrisContext.open(getEngine(), context.getGenerationSessionId(), context)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < prepared.length; i++) {
+                PreparedDeposit deposit = prepared[i];
+                prepared[i] = null;
+                if (deposit != null) {
+                    place(deposit, chunk, terrain, x, z, null, context);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private Runnable scopedDepositTask(Runnable task, ChunkContext context) {
         IrisEngine generationEngine = getEngine() instanceof IrisEngine irisEngine
                 && irisEngine.hasGenerationRuntimeScope() ? irisEngine : null;
@@ -115,17 +144,35 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
     }
 
     public void generate(IrisDepositGenerator k, MantleChunk chunk, Hunk<PlatformBlockState> data, RNG rng, int cx, int cz, boolean safe, HeightMap he, ChunkContext context) {
-        IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State carvingState = new IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State();
+        DepositPlan plan = plan(k, rng);
-        if (k.getSpawnChance() < rng.d())
+        for (int first = 0; first < plan.attempts(); first += CLUMPS_PER_BATCH) {
-            return;
+            int limit = Math.min(plan.attempts(), first + CLUMPS_PER_BATCH);
+            place(prepare(plan, first, limit, cx, cz, he, context), chunk, data, cx, cz, he, context);
+        }
+    }
 
-        boolean oreDeposit = k.isOre(getData());
+    private DepositPlan plan(IrisDepositGenerator generator, RNG rng) {
+        if (generator.getSpawnChance() < rng.d()) {
+            return new DepositPlan(generator, rng.getSeed(), false, 0);
+        }
+        boolean ore = generator.isOre(getData());
+        int attempts = rng.i(generator.getMinPerChunk(), generator.getMaxPerChunk() + 1);
+        return new DepositPlan(generator, rng.getSeed(), ore, attempts);
+    }
 
-        for (int l = 0; l < rng.i(k.getMinPerChunk(), k.getMaxPerChunk() + 1); l++) {
+    private PreparedDeposit prepare(DepositPlan plan, int first, int limit, int cx, int cz, HeightMap he, ChunkContext context) {
-            if (k.getPerClumpSpawnChance() < rng.d())
+        IrisDepositGenerator k = plan.generator();
+        boolean oreDeposit = plan.ore();
+        boolean needsCaveBiome = oreDeposit || k.usesCaveBiomeFilter();
+        IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State carvingState = needsCaveBiome ? new IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State() : null;
+        List<PreparedClump> clumps = new ArrayList<>(limit - first);
+        for (int l = first; l < limit; l++) {
+            RNG clumpRng = new RNG(clumpSeed(plan.seed(), l));
+            if (k.getPerClumpSpawnChance() < clumpRng.d()) {
                 continue;
+            }
 
-            IrisObject clump = k.getClump(getEngine(), rng, getData());
+            IrisObject clump = k.getClump(getEngine(), clumpRng, getData());
 
             int dim = clump.getW();
             int min = dim / 2;
@@ -136,8 +183,8 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
                 max = 9;
             }
 
-            int x = rng.i(min, max + 1);
+            int x = clumpRng.i(min, max + 1);
-            int z = rng.i(min, max + 1);
+            int z = clumpRng.i(min, max + 1);
             int terrainSurface = getDepositTerrainSurface(cx, cz, x, z, he, context);
             int height = k.getPlacementScope() == IrisDepositPlacementScope.TERRAIN
                     ? depositSurfaceLimit(terrainSurface, k.getSurfaceClearance())
@@ -148,19 +195,20 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
             }
 
             int y = sampleHeight(
-                    k.getHeightDistribution(), rng, k.getMinHeight(), k.getMaxHeight(),
+                    k.getHeightDistribution(), clumpRng, k.getMinHeight(), k.getMaxHeight(),
                     Math.min(height, getEngine().getHeight() - 1));
             if (y == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             boolean clippedHeight = k.getHeightDistribution() == IrisDepositHeightDistribution.CLIPPED_UNIFORM;
-            if (clippedHeight && y > height - 2)
+            if (clippedHeight && y > height - 2) {
                 continue;
+            }
 
             int biomeY = Math.max(0, Math.min(getEngine().getHeight() - 1, y));
             IrisBiome surfaceBiome = context.getBiome().get(x, z);
-            IrisBiome depositBiome = oreDeposit || k.usesCaveBiomeFilter()
+            IrisBiome depositBiome = needsCaveBiome
                     ? getEngine().getCaveBiome(
                             (cx << 4) + x, biomeY, (cz << 4) + z, carvingState)
                     : null;
@@ -172,13 +220,13 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
                 if (depositBiome != null) {
                     double frequencyMultiplier = depositBiome.getOreDepositFrequencyMultiplier();
                     if (frequencyMultiplier < 1D
-                            && !passesOreFrequency(frequencyMultiplier, rng.d())) {
+                            && !passesOreFrequency(frequencyMultiplier, clumpRng.d())) {
                         continue;
                     }
 
                     double sizeMultiplier = depositBiome.getOreDepositSizeMultiplier();
                     if (sizeMultiplier != 1D) {
-                        IrisObject scaledClump = k.getClump(getEngine(), rng, getData(), sizeMultiplier);
+                        IrisObject scaledClump = k.getClump(getEngine(), clumpRng, getData(), sizeMultiplier);
                         int scaledDimension = scaledClump.getW();
                         x = clampDepositCenter(x, scaledDimension, 16);
                         if (clippedHeight) {
@@ -190,9 +238,30 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
                 }
             }
 
-            IrisDimension dimension = getDimension();
+            clumps.add(new PreparedClump(clump, x, y, z, clumpRng));
+        }
+        return new PreparedDeposit(k, oreDeposit, clumps);
+    }
 
-            for (art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector j : clump.getBlocks().keys()) {
+    private void place(PreparedDeposit deposit, MantleChunk chunk, Hunk<PlatformBlockState> data,
+                       int cx, int cz, HeightMap he, ChunkContext context) {
+        if (deposit.clumps().isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        IrisDepositGenerator k = deposit.generator();
+        boolean oreDeposit = deposit.ore();
+        IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State carvingState = new IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State();
+        IrisDimension dimension = getDimension();
+        for (PreparedClump prepared : deposit.clumps()) {
+            IrisObject clump = prepared.object();
+            int x = prepared.x();
+            int y = prepared.y();
+            int z = prepared.z();
+            RNG rng = prepared.rng();
+
+            VectorMap<PlatformBlockState>.Cursor cursor = clump.getBlocks().cursor();
+            while (cursor.next()) {
+                IrisBlockVector j = cursor.key();
                 int nx = j.getBlockX() + x;
                 int ny = j.getBlockY() + y;
                 int nz = j.getBlockZ() + z;
@@ -236,7 +305,7 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
                 }
 
                 if (chunk.get(nx, ny, nz, MatterCavern.class) == null) {
-                    PlatformBlockState ore = clump.getBlocks().get(j);
+                    PlatformBlockState ore = cursor.value();
                     PlatformBlockState remapped = resolveDepositVariant(
                             cx, cz, nx, ny, nz, ore, dimension, context, carvingState);
                     PlatformBlockState finalBlock = remapped != null
@@ -421,4 +490,20 @@ public class IrisDepositModifier extends EngineAssignedModifier<PlatformBlockSta
 
         return null;
     }
+
+    static long clumpSeed(long seed, int attempt) {
+        long mixed = seed + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15L * (attempt + 1L);
+        mixed = (mixed ^ (mixed >>> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9L;
+        mixed = (mixed ^ (mixed >>> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111ebL;
+        return mixed ^ (mixed >>> 31);
+    }
+
+    private record DepositPlan(IrisDepositGenerator generator, long seed, boolean ore, int attempts) {
+    }
+
+    private record PreparedDeposit(IrisDepositGenerator generator, boolean ore, List<PreparedClump> clumps) {
+    }
+
+    private record PreparedClump(IrisObject object, int x, int y, int z, RNG rng) {
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisBiome.java

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ public class IrisBiome extends IrisRegistrant implements IRare {
     private final transient AtomicCache<IrisBiome> realCarveBiome = new AtomicCache<>();
     private final transient AtomicCache<KList<IrisBiome>> realChildren = new AtomicCache<>();
     private final transient AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> layerHeightGenerators = new AtomicCache<>();
+    private final transient AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> layerCeilingHeightGenerators = new AtomicCache<>();
     private final transient AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> layerSeaHeightGenerators = new AtomicCache<>();
     private final transient AtomicCache<KList<IrisOreGenerator>> surfaceOreCache = new AtomicCache<>();
     private final transient AtomicCache<KList<IrisOreGenerator>> undergroundOreCache = new AtomicCache<>();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisBiomeLayerGenerator.java

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
             IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer = layers.get(i);
             double zoom = layer.getZoom();
             CNG hgen = heightGenerators.get(i);
-            double d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
+            int d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
 
             IrisSlopeClip sc = layer.getSlopeCondition();
 
@@ -88,17 +88,7 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) {
+            appendLayer(data, layer, i, d, wx, wz, random, maxDepth, rdata);
-                if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                try {
-                    data.add(layer.get(random, i + j, (wx + j) / zoom, j, (wz - j) / zoom, rdata));
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    IrisLogging.reportError(e);
-                }
-            }
 
             if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
                 break;
@@ -132,31 +122,20 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
             return data;
         }
 
-        KList<CNG> heightGenerators = getLayerHeightGenerators(biome, random, rdata);
+        KList<CNG> heightGenerators = getHeightGenerators(
-        // Ceiling layers reuse the surface-layer height generators, so entries beyond layers.size() have no generator; skip them.
+                biome.getLayerCeilingHeightGenerators(), ceilingLayers, 7235, random, rdata);
-        int usableLayers = Math.min(layerCount, heightGenerators.size());
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < usableLayers; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
             IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer = ceilingLayers.get(i);
             double zoom = layer.getZoom();
             CNG hgen = heightGenerators.get(i);
-            double d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
+            int d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
 
             if (d <= 0) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) {
+            appendLayer(data, layer, i, d, wx, wz, random, maxDepth, rdata);
-                if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                try {
-                    data.add(layer.get(random, i + j, (wx + j) / zoom, j, (wz - j) / zoom, rdata));
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    IrisLogging.reportError(e);
-                }
-            }
 
             if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
                 break;
@@ -198,7 +177,7 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
                 IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer = layers.get(i);
                 double zoom = layer.getZoom();
                 CNG hgen = heightGenerators.get(i);
-                double d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
+                int d = hgen.fit(layer.getMinHeight(), layer.getMaxHeight(), wx / zoom, wz / zoom);
 
                 IrisSlopeClip sc = layer.getSlopeCondition();
 
@@ -212,13 +191,7 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) {
+                appendLayer(data, layer, i, d, wx, wz, random, Integer.MAX_VALUE, rdata);
-                    try {
-                        data.add(layer.get(random, i + j, (wx + j) / zoom, j, (wz - j) / zoom, rdata));
-                    } catch (Throwable e) {
-                        IrisLogging.reportError(e);
-                    }
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -227,9 +200,8 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
         }
 
         for (int i = 0; i < maxDepth; i++) {
-            int offset = (512 - height) - i;
+            long offset = 512L - height - i;
-            int index = offset % data.size();
+            real.add(data.get(Math.floorMod(offset, data.size())));
-            real.add(data.get(Math.max(index, 0)));
         }
 
         return real;
@@ -264,17 +236,7 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) {
+            appendLayer(data, layer, i, d, wx, wz, random, maxDepth, rdata);
-                if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                try {
-                    data.add(layer.get(random, i + j, (wx + j) / zoom, j, (wz - j) / zoom, rdata));
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    IrisLogging.reportError(e);
-                }
-            }
 
             if (data.size() >= maxDepth) {
                 break;
@@ -285,7 +247,16 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
     }
 
     static KList<CNG> getLayerHeightGenerators(IrisBiome biome, RNG rng, IrisData rdata) {
-        AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> cache = biome.getLayerHeightGenerators();
+        return getHeightGenerators(biome.getLayerHeightGenerators(), biome.getLayers(), 7235, rng, rdata);
+    }
+
+    static KList<CNG> getLayerSeaHeightGenerators(IrisBiome biome, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
+        return getHeightGenerators(biome.getLayerSeaHeightGenerators(), biome.getSeaLayers(), 7735, rng, data);
+    }
+
+    private static KList<CNG> getHeightGenerators(AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> cache,
+                                                  KList<IrisBiomePaletteLayer> layers,
+                                                  int seedOffset, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
         KList<CNG> cached = cache.getIfPresent();
 
         if (cached != null) {
@@ -296,36 +267,28 @@ final class IrisBiomeLayerGenerator {
         {
             KList<CNG> layerHeightGenerators = new KList<>();
 
-            int m = 7235;
+            int m = seedOffset;
 
-            for (IrisBiomePaletteLayer i : biome.getLayers()) {
+            for (IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer : layers) {
-                layerHeightGenerators.add(i.getHeightGenerator(rng.nextParallelRNG((m++) * m * m * m), rdata));
+                layerHeightGenerators.add(layer.getHeightGenerator(rng.nextParallelRNG((m++) * m * m * m), data));
             }
 
             return layerHeightGenerators;
         });
     }
 
-    static KList<CNG> getLayerSeaHeightGenerators(IrisBiome biome, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
+    private static void appendLayer(KList<PlatformBlockState> blocks, IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer,
-        AtomicCache<KList<CNG>> cache = biome.getLayerSeaHeightGenerators();
+                                    int layerIndex, int thickness, double x, double z,
-        KList<CNG> cached = cache.getIfPresent();
+                                    RNG random, int maxDepth, IrisData data) {
-
+        double zoom = layer.getZoom();
-        if (cached != null) {
+        for (int offset = 0; offset < thickness && blocks.size() < maxDepth; offset++) {
-            return cached;
+            try {
-        }
+                blocks.add(layer.get(random, layerIndex + offset,
-
+                        (x + offset) / zoom, offset, (z - offset) / zoom, data));
-        return cache.aquire(() ->
+            } catch (Throwable error) {
-        {
+                IrisLogging.reportError(error);
-            KList<CNG> layerSeaHeightGenerators = new KList<>();
-
-            int m = 7735;
-
-            for (IrisBiomePaletteLayer i : biome.getSeaLayers()) {
-                layerSeaHeightGenerators.add(i.getHeightGenerator(rng.nextParallelRNG((m++) * m * m * m), data));
             }
-
+        }
-            return layerSeaHeightGenerators;
-        });
     }
 
     static PlatformBlockState getSurfaceBlock(IrisBiome biome, int x, int z, RNG rng, IrisData idm) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.java

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.core.loader.IrisData;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
-import art.arcane.iris.util.project.interpolation.IrisInterpolation;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.noise.CNG;
 
@@ -149,21 +148,20 @@ public final class IrisDimensionCarvingResolver {
             return parent;
         }
 
-        ParentSelectionPlan selectionPlan = state.selectionPlans.get(parent);
+        IrisRaritySelection<CarvingChoice> selectionPlan = state.selectionPlans.get(parent);
         if (selectionPlan == null) {
             selectionPlan = buildSelectionPlan(engine, parent, parentBiome, entryIndex, state);
             state.selectionPlans.put(parent, selectionPlan);
         }
 
-        if (selectionPlan.parentOnly) {
+        if (selectionPlan.size() <= 1L) {
             return parent;
         }
 
         long seed = resolveChildSeed(engine, state);
         CNG childGenerator = parent.getChildrenGenerator(seed, engine.getData());
         double sample = childGenerator.noiseFast2D(worldX, worldZ);
-        int selectedIndex = (int) Math.round(IrisInterpolation.lerp(0, selectionPlan.maxIndex, sample));
+        CarvingChoice selected = selectionPlan.select(sample);
-        CarvingChoice selected = selectionPlan.get(selectedIndex);
         if (selected == null || selected.entry == null) {
             return parent;
         }
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ public final class IrisDimensionCarvingResolver {
         return selected.entry;
     }
 
-    private static ParentSelectionPlan buildSelectionPlan(
+    private static IrisRaritySelection<CarvingChoice> buildSelectionPlan(
             Engine engine,
             IrisDimensionCarvingEntry parent,
             IrisBiome parentBiome,
@@ -201,42 +199,7 @@ public final class IrisDimensionCarvingResolver {
         }
 
         options.add(new CarvingChoice(parent, rarity(parentBiome)));
-        if (options.size() <= 1) {
+        return IrisRaritySelection.create(options);
-            return ParentSelectionPlan.parentOnly();
-        }
-
-        CarvingChoice[] mappedChoices = buildRarityMappedChoices(options);
-        if (mappedChoices.length == 0) {
-            return ParentSelectionPlan.parentOnly();
-        }
-
-        return new ParentSelectionPlan(mappedChoices);
-    }
-
-    private static CarvingChoice[] buildRarityMappedChoices(List<CarvingChoice> choices) {
-        int max = 1;
-        for (CarvingChoice choice : choices) {
-            if (choice.rarity > max) {
-                max = choice.rarity;
-            }
-        }
-
-        max++;
-        List<CarvingChoice> mapped = new ArrayList<>();
-        boolean flip = false;
-        for (CarvingChoice choice : choices) {
-            int count = max - choice.rarity;
-            for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
-                flip = !flip;
-                if (flip) {
-                    mapped.add(choice);
-                } else {
-                    mapped.add(0, choice);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return mapped.toArray(new CarvingChoice[0]);
     }
 
     private static int rarity(IrisBiome biome) {
@@ -285,7 +248,7 @@ public final class IrisDimensionCarvingResolver {
 
     public static final class State {
         private final Map<Integer, IrisDimensionCarvingEntry> rootEntriesByWorldY = new HashMap<>();
-        private final Map<IrisDimensionCarvingEntry, ParentSelectionPlan> selectionPlans = new IdentityHashMap<>();
+        private final Map<IrisDimensionCarvingEntry, IrisRaritySelection<CarvingChoice>> selectionPlans = new IdentityHashMap<>();
         private final Map<IrisDimensionCarvingEntry, IrisBiome> biomeCache = new IdentityHashMap<>();
         private WeakReference<Engine> engineIdentity;
         private WeakReference<IrisDimension> dimensionIdentity;
@@ -316,44 +279,6 @@ public final class IrisDimensionCarvingResolver {
         }
     }
 
-    private static final class ParentSelectionPlan {
-        private final CarvingChoice[] mappedChoices;
-        private final int maxIndex;
-        private final boolean parentOnly;
-
-        private ParentSelectionPlan(CarvingChoice[] mappedChoices) {
-            this.mappedChoices = mappedChoices;
-            this.maxIndex = mappedChoices.length - 1;
-            this.parentOnly = false;
-        }
-
-        private ParentSelectionPlan() {
-            this.mappedChoices = null;
-            this.maxIndex = -1;
-            this.parentOnly = true;
-        }
-
-        private static ParentSelectionPlan parentOnly() {
-            return new ParentSelectionPlan();
-        }
-
-        private CarvingChoice get(int index) {
-            if (mappedChoices == null || mappedChoices.length == 0) {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            if (index < 0) {
-                return mappedChoices[0];
-            }
-
-            if (index >= mappedChoices.length) {
-                return mappedChoices[mappedChoices.length - 1];
-            }
-
-            return mappedChoices[index];
-        }
-    }
-
     private static final class CarvingChoice implements IRare {
         private final IrisDimensionCarvingEntry entry;
         private final int rarity;

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObject.java

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public class IrisObject extends IrisRegistrant {
         this.d = d;
         center = new Vector3i(w / 2, h / 2, d / 2);
         shrinkOffset = new Vector3i(0, 0, 0);
-        var lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+        ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
         readLock = lock.readLock();
         writeLock = lock.writeLock();
     }
@@ -135,17 +135,22 @@ public class IrisObject extends IrisRegistrant {
         return aabb.aquire(() -> getAABBFor(new IrisBlockVector(w, h, d)));
     }
 
-    public synchronized IrisObject copy() {
+    public IrisObject copy() {
-        IrisObject o = new IrisObject(w, h, d);
+        readLock.lock();
-        o.setLoadKey(getLoadKey());
+        try {
-        o.setLoader(getLoader());
+            IrisObject copy = new IrisObject(w, h, d);
-        o.setLoadFile(getLoadFile());
+            copy.setLoadKey(getLoadKey());
-        o.setCenter(getCenter().clone());
+            copy.setLoader(getLoader());
+            copy.setLoadFile(getLoadFile());
+            copy.setCenter(getCenter().clone());
 
-        blocks.forEach((i, v) -> o.blocks.put(i.clone(), v));
+            blocks.forEach(copy.blocks::put);
-        states.forEach((i, v) -> o.states.put(i.clone(), v.clone()));
+            states.forEach((position, tile) -> copy.states.put(position, tile.clone()));
 
-        return o;
+            return copy;
+        } finally {
+            readLock.unlock();
+        }
     }
 
     public void readLegacy(InputStream in) throws IOException {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectPlacementRunner.java

@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
             return -1;
         }
 
-        if (!rawStructurePiece && nativeStructureVetoes(placer, config, spin, translating, translateOffset, ceilingHang,
+        if (!rawStructurePiece && nativeStructureVetoes(placer, config, spin, placementBounds, translating, translateOffset, ceilingHang,
                 yv < 0 && config.getMode() == ObjectPlaceMode.PAINT, warpMargin, x, y + yrand, z)) {
             return -1;
         }
@@ -533,6 +533,9 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
                 }
 
                 data = config.getRotation().rotate(data, spinx, spiny, spinz);
+                if (data == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
                 xx = x + (int) Math.round(i.getX());
 
                 int yy = y + (int) Math.round(i.getY());
@@ -955,7 +958,7 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
      * near this placement means no per block work at all. Only when the placement envelope meets a piece does the
      * precise pass run, and the first solid block inside a piece rejects the whole object before any write.
      */
-    private boolean nativeStructureVetoes(IObjectPlacer placer, IrisObjectPlacement config, SpinKernel spin,
+    private boolean nativeStructureVetoes(IObjectPlacer placer, IrisObjectPlacement config, SpinKernel spin, TransformedBounds bounds,
                                           boolean translating, IrisBlockVector translateOffset, boolean ceilingHang,
                                           boolean paint, int warpMargin, int x, int y, int z) {
         Engine engine = placer.getEngine();
@@ -963,23 +966,21 @@ final class IrisObjectPlacementRunner {
             return false;
         }
 
-        int margin = (Math.max(self.getW(), Math.max(self.getH(), self.getD())) / 2) + 1 + warpMargin;
+        int minX = x + bounds.minX();
-        if (translating) {
+        int maxX = x + bounds.maxX();
-            margin += Math.max(Math.abs(translateOffset.getBlockX()),
+        int minZ = z + bounds.minZ();
-                    Math.max(Math.abs(translateOffset.getBlockY()), Math.abs(translateOffset.getBlockZ())));
+        int maxZ = z + bounds.maxZ();
-        }
+        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = engine.getNativeStructureVolumes(minX, minZ, maxX, maxZ);
-
-        KList<NativeStructureVolume> volumes = engine.getNativeStructureVolumes(x - margin, z - margin, x + margin, z + margin);
         if (volumes == null || volumes.isEmpty()) {
             return false;
         }
 
         int worldY = y + engine.getMinHeight();
-        int envelopeMinY = paint ? Integer.MIN_VALUE : worldY - margin;
+        int envelopeMinY = paint ? Integer.MIN_VALUE : worldY + bounds.minY() - warpMargin;
-        int envelopeMaxY = paint ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : worldY + margin;
+        int envelopeMaxY = paint ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : worldY + bounds.maxY() + warpMargin;
         boolean envelopeMeetsPiece = false;
         for (NativeStructureVolume volume : volumes) {
-            if (volume.intersects(x - margin, envelopeMinY, z - margin, x + margin, envelopeMaxY, z + margin)) {
+            if (volume.intersects(minX, envelopeMinY, minZ, maxX, envelopeMaxY, maxZ)) {
                 envelopeMeetsPiece = true;
                 break;
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectShaping.java

@@ -22,17 +22,10 @@ import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisLogging;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.VectorMap;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
-import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisVector;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
-import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.BurstExecutor;
-import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.MultiBurst;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.format.Form;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.PrecisionStopwatch;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
-
 /**
  * Volume shaping for {@link IrisObject}: smart boring, shrinkwrapping, compaction and the shared block
  * classification helpers used by placement.
@@ -62,30 +55,23 @@ final class IrisObjectShaping {
     private static void ensureSmartBoredLocked(IrisObject self) {
         PrecisionStopwatch p = PrecisionStopwatch.start();
         PlatformBlockState vair = IrisObject.States.VAIR;
-        AtomicInteger applied = new AtomicInteger();
+        int applied = 0;
-        IrisBlockVector max = new IrisBlockVector(Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE);
+        IrisBlockVector max = new IrisBlockVector(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
-        IrisBlockVector min = new IrisBlockVector(Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.MAX_VALUE);
+        IrisBlockVector min = new IrisBlockVector(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
-        VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> source;
+        VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> source = self.blocks;
-        self.readLock.lock();
+        if (source.isEmpty()) {
-        try {
+            IrisLogging.warn("Cannot Smart Bore " + self.getLoadKey() + " because it has 0 blocks in it.");
-            if (self.blocks.isEmpty()) {
+            self.smartBored = true;
-                IrisLogging.warn("Cannot Smart Bore " + self.getLoadKey() + " because it has 0 blocks in it.");
+            return;
-                self.smartBored = true;
+        }
-                return;
-            }
 
-            source = self.blocks;
+        for (IrisBlockVector i : source.keys()) {
-
+            max.setX(Math.max(i.getX(), max.getX()));
-            for (IrisBlockVector i : self.blocks.keys()) {
+            min.setX(Math.min(i.getX(), min.getX()));
-                max.setX(Math.max(i.getX(), max.getX()));
+            max.setY(Math.max(i.getY(), max.getY()));
-                min.setX(Math.min(i.getX(), min.getX()));
+            min.setY(Math.min(i.getY(), min.getY()));
-                max.setY(Math.max(i.getY(), max.getY()));
+            max.setZ(Math.max(i.getZ(), max.getZ()));
-                min.setY(Math.min(i.getY(), min.getY()));
+            min.setZ(Math.min(i.getZ(), min.getZ()));
-                max.setZ(Math.max(i.getZ(), max.getZ()));
-                min.setZ(Math.min(i.getZ(), min.getZ()));
-            }
-        } finally {
-            self.readLock.unlock();
         }
 
         VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> bore = new VectorMap<>();
@@ -93,114 +79,94 @@ final class IrisObjectShaping {
         // bored volume must come from a fixed X->Y->Z order on the calling (lock-owning)
         // thread, not from pool scheduling. This matches what burst-worker callers (studio,
         // generation threads) already produced, so output is unchanged where it was stable.
-        BurstExecutor burst = MultiBurst.burst.burst();
-        burst.setMulticore(false);
 
         // Smash X
         for (int rayY = min.getBlockY(); rayY <= max.getBlockY(); rayY++) {
-            int finalRayY = rayY;
+            for (int rayZ = min.getBlockZ(); rayZ <= max.getBlockZ(); rayZ++) {
-            burst.queue(() -> {
+                int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                for (int rayZ = min.getBlockZ(); rayZ <= max.getBlockZ(); rayZ++) {
+                int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-                    int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                    int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
 
-                    for (int ray = min.getBlockX(); ray <= max.getBlockX(); ray++) {
+                for (int ray = min.getBlockX(); ray <= max.getBlockX(); ray++) {
-                        if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(ray, finalRayY, rayZ))) {
+                    if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(ray, rayY, rayZ))) {
-                            start = Math.min(ray, start);
+                        start = Math.min(ray, start);
-                            end = Math.max(ray, end);
+                        end = Math.max(ray, end);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
-                        for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-                            boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(i, finalRayY, rayZ), vair, applied);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
-            });
+
+                if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                    for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
+                        applied += boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(i, rayY, rayZ), vair);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         // Smash Y
         for (int rayX = min.getBlockX(); rayX <= max.getBlockX(); rayX++) {
-            int finalRayX = rayX;
+            for (int rayZ = min.getBlockZ(); rayZ <= max.getBlockZ(); rayZ++) {
-            burst.queue(() -> {
+                int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                for (int rayZ = min.getBlockZ(); rayZ <= max.getBlockZ(); rayZ++) {
+                int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-                    int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                    int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
 
-                    for (int ray = min.getBlockY(); ray <= max.getBlockY(); ray++) {
+                for (int ray = min.getBlockY(); ray <= max.getBlockY(); ray++) {
-                        if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(finalRayX, ray, rayZ))) {
+                    if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(rayX, ray, rayZ))) {
-                            start = Math.min(ray, start);
+                        start = Math.min(ray, start);
-                            end = Math.max(ray, end);
+                        end = Math.max(ray, end);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
-                        for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-                            boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(finalRayX, i, rayZ), vair, applied);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
-            });
+
+                if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                    for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
+                        applied += boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(rayX, i, rayZ), vair);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         // Smash Z
         for (int rayX = min.getBlockX(); rayX <= max.getBlockX(); rayX++) {
-            int finalRayX = rayX;
+            for (int rayY = min.getBlockY(); rayY <= max.getBlockY(); rayY++) {
-            burst.queue(() -> {
+                int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                for (int rayY = min.getBlockY(); rayY <= max.getBlockY(); rayY++) {
+                int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-                    int start = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-                    int end = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
 
-                    for (int ray = min.getBlockZ(); ray <= max.getBlockZ(); ray++) {
+                for (int ray = min.getBlockZ(); ray <= max.getBlockZ(); ray++) {
-                        if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(finalRayX, rayY, ray))) {
+                    if (boreContains(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(rayX, rayY, ray))) {
-                            start = Math.min(ray, start);
+                        start = Math.min(ray, start);
-                            end = Math.max(ray, end);
+                        end = Math.max(ray, end);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
-                        for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-                            boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(finalRayX, rayY, i), vair, applied);
-                        }
                     }
                 }
-            });
-        }
 
-        burst.complete();
+                if (start != Integer.MAX_VALUE && end != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
-
+                    for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-        self.writeLock.lock();
+                        applied += boreCell(source, bore, new IrisBlockVector(rayX, rayY, i), vair);
-        try {
+                    }
-            if (!self.smartBored) {
+                }
-                bore.forEach((v, s) -> self.blocks.computeIfAbsent(v, (vv) -> s));
-                self.smartBored = true;
             }
-        } finally {
-            self.writeLock.unlock();
         }
 
-        IrisLogging.debug("Smart Bore: " + self.getLoadKey() + " in " + Form.duration(p.getMilliseconds(), 2) + " (" + Form.f(applied.get()) + ")");
+        source.putAll(bore);
+        self.smartBored = true;
+
+        IrisLogging.debug("Smart Bore: " + self.getLoadKey() + " in " + Form.duration(p.getMilliseconds(), 2) + " (" + Form.f(applied) + ")");
     }
 
     private static boolean boreContains(VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> source, VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> bore, IrisBlockVector v) {
         return source.containsKey(v) || bore.containsKey(v);
     }
 
-    private static void boreCell(VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> source, VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> bore, IrisBlockVector v, PlatformBlockState vair, AtomicInteger applied) {
+    private static int boreCell(VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> source, VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> bore, IrisBlockVector v, PlatformBlockState vair) {
         PlatformBlockState existing = source.get(v);
 
         if (existing == null) {
             if (vair.equals(bore.get(v))) {
-                return;
+                return 0;
             }
 
-            bore.computeIfAbsent(v, (vv) -> vair);
+            bore.put(v, vair);
         } else if (vair.equals(existing)) {
-            return;
+            return 0;
         }
 
-        applied.getAndIncrement();
+        return 1;
     }
 
     static void shrinkwrap(IrisObject self) {
@@ -289,23 +255,4 @@ final class IrisObjectShaping {
     static String materialKey(PlatformBlockState state) {
         return IrisProceduralBlocks.materialKey(state);
     }
-
-    static List<IrisBlockVector> blocksBetweenTwoPoints(IrisVector loc1, IrisVector loc2) {
-        List<IrisBlockVector> locations = new ArrayList<>();
-        int topBlockX = Math.max(loc1.getBlockX(), loc2.getBlockX());
-        int bottomBlockX = Math.min(loc1.getBlockX(), loc2.getBlockX());
-        int topBlockY = Math.max(loc1.getBlockY(), loc2.getBlockY());
-        int bottomBlockY = Math.min(loc1.getBlockY(), loc2.getBlockY());
-        int topBlockZ = Math.max(loc1.getBlockZ(), loc2.getBlockZ());
-        int bottomBlockZ = Math.min(loc1.getBlockZ(), loc2.getBlockZ());
-
-        for (int x = bottomBlockX; x <= topBlockX; x++) {
-            for (int z = bottomBlockZ; z <= topBlockZ; z++) {
-                for (int y = bottomBlockY; y <= topBlockY; y++) {
-                    locations.add(new IrisBlockVector(x, y, z));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return locations;
-    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectTransforms.java

@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ import art.arcane.iris.util.project.interpolation.Interpolation3D;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * Geometric transforms for {@link IrisObject}: rotation, scaling and the interpolated upscalers.
@@ -52,15 +54,23 @@ final class IrisObjectTransforms {
         self.writeLock.lock();
         try {
             VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> d = new VectorMap<>();
+            Set<IrisBlockVector> omitted = new HashSet<>();
 
-            for (var entry : self.blocks) {
+            for (Map.Entry<IrisBlockVector, PlatformBlockState> entry : self.blocks) {
-                d.put(r.rotate(entry.getKey(), spinx, spiny, spinz), r.rotate(entry.getValue(), spinx, spiny, spinz));
+                PlatformBlockState rotated = r.rotate(entry.getValue(), spinx, spiny, spinz);
+                if (rotated == null) {
+                    omitted.add(entry.getKey());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                d.put(r.rotate(entry.getKey(), spinx, spiny, spinz), rotated);
             }
 
             VectorMap<TileData> dx = new VectorMap<>();
 
-            for (var entry : self.states) {
+            for (Map.Entry<IrisBlockVector, TileData> entry : self.states) {
-                dx.put(r.rotate(entry.getKey(), spinx, spiny, spinz), entry.getValue());
+                if (!omitted.contains(entry.getKey())) {
+                    dx.put(r.rotate(entry.getKey(), spinx, spiny, spinz), entry.getValue());
+                }
             }
 
             self.blocks = d;
@@ -96,32 +106,31 @@ final class IrisObjectTransforms {
             scale = scale - 0.0001;
         }
 
-        IrisPosition l1 = self.getAABB().max();
-        IrisPosition l2 = self.getAABB().min();
         VectorMap<PlatformBlockState> placeBlock = new VectorMap<>();
         VectorMap<TileData> placeTile = new VectorMap<>();
         VectorMap<IrisBlockVector> placeMax = savedOrigin && scale > 1 ? new VectorMap<>() : null;
 
-        IrisVector center = new IrisVector(self.getCenter().getX(), self.getCenter().getY(), self.getCenter().getZ());
+        IrisVector center;
-        if (self.getH() == 2) {
+        IrisObject oo;
-            center = center.setY(center.getBlockY() + 0.5);
-        }
-        if (self.getW() == 2) {
-            center = center.setX(center.getBlockX() + 0.5);
-        }
-        if (self.getD() == 2) {
-            center = center.setZ(center.getBlockZ() + 0.5);
-        }
-
-        IrisObject oo = savedOrigin ? createOriginScaledObject(self, scale)
-                : new IrisObject((int) Math.ceil((self.w * scale) + (scale * 2)), (int) Math.ceil((self.h * scale) + (scale * 2)), (int) Math.ceil((self.d * scale) + (scale * 2)));
-        oo.setLoadKey(self.getLoadKey());
-        oo.setLoader(self.getLoader());
-        oo.setLoadFile(self.getLoadFile());
-
         boolean hasTiles;
         self.readLock.lock();
         try {
+            center = new IrisVector(self.getCenter().getX(), self.getCenter().getY(), self.getCenter().getZ());
+            if (self.getH() == 2) {
+                center = center.setY(center.getBlockY() + 0.5);
+            }
+            if (self.getW() == 2) {
+                center = center.setX(center.getBlockX() + 0.5);
+            }
+            if (self.getD() == 2) {
+                center = center.setZ(center.getBlockZ() + 0.5);
+            }
+
+            oo = savedOrigin ? createOriginScaledObject(self, scale)
+                    : new IrisObject((int) Math.ceil((self.w * scale) + (scale * 2)), (int) Math.ceil((self.h * scale) + (scale * 2)), (int) Math.ceil((self.d * scale) + (scale * 2)));
+            oo.setLoadKey(self.getLoadKey());
+            oo.setLoader(self.getLoader());
+            oo.setLoadFile(self.getLoadFile());
             hasTiles = !self.states.isEmpty();
             for (Map.Entry<IrisBlockVector, PlatformBlockState> entry : self.blocks) {
                 PlatformBlockState bd = entry.getValue();
@@ -153,13 +162,27 @@ final class IrisObjectTransforms {
             if (scale > 1) {
                 IrisVector minimum = savedOrigin ? v : v.clone().add(center);
                 IrisVector maximum = savedOrigin ? placeMax.get(v) : v.clone().add(center).add(sm1);
-                for (IrisBlockVector vec : IrisObjectShaping.blocksBetweenTwoPoints(minimum, maximum)) {
+                int minX = Math.min(minimum.getBlockX(), maximum.getBlockX());
-                    oo.blocks.put(vec, entry.getValue());
+                int maxX = Math.max(minimum.getBlockX(), maximum.getBlockX());
-                    if (hasTiles) {
+                int minY = Math.min(minimum.getBlockY(), maximum.getBlockY());
-                        if (tile == null) {
+                int maxY = Math.max(minimum.getBlockY(), maximum.getBlockY());
-                            oo.states.remove(vec);
+                int minZ = Math.min(minimum.getBlockZ(), maximum.getBlockZ());
-                        } else {
+                int maxZ = Math.max(minimum.getBlockZ(), maximum.getBlockZ());
-                            oo.states.put(vec, tile.clone());
+                IrisBlockVector position = new IrisBlockVector(minX, minY, minZ);
+                for (int x = minX; x <= maxX; x++) {
+                    position.setX(x);
+                    for (int z = minZ; z <= maxZ; z++) {
+                        position.setZ(z);
+                        for (int y = minY; y <= maxY; y++) {
+                            position.setY(y);
+                            oo.blocks.put(position, entry.getValue());
+                            if (hasTiles) {
+                                if (tile == null) {
+                                    oo.states.remove(position);
+                                } else {
+                                    oo.states.put(position, tile.clone());
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisOreGenerator.java

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public class IrisOreGenerator {
     }
 
     public PlatformBlockState generate(int x, int y, int z, RNG rng, IrisData data) {
-        if (!range.contains(y)) {
+        if (threshold <= 0 || !range.contains(y)) {
             return null;
         }
 

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisRaritySelection.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class IrisRaritySelection<T extends IRare> {
+    private final List<T> choices;
+    private final long[] cumulativeCounts;
+
+    private IrisRaritySelection(List<T> choices, long[] cumulativeCounts) {
+        this.choices = choices;
+        this.cumulativeCounts = cumulativeCounts;
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends IRare> IrisRaritySelection<T> create(List<T> options) {
+        ArrayList<T> choices = new ArrayList<>(options.size());
+        long maximumRarity = 1L;
+        for (T option : options) {
+            if (option != null) {
+                choices.add(option);
+                maximumRarity = Math.max(maximumRarity, option.getRarity());
+            }
+        }
+        long[] cumulativeCounts = new long[choices.size()];
+        long total = 0L;
+        for (int index = 0; index < choices.size(); index++) {
+            total += maximumRarity + 1L - Math.max(1, choices.get(index).getRarity());
+            cumulativeCounts[index] = total;
+        }
+        return new IrisRaritySelection<>(List.copyOf(choices), cumulativeCounts);
+    }
+
+    public long size() {
+        return cumulativeCounts.length == 0 ? 0L : cumulativeCounts[cumulativeCounts.length - 1];
+    }
+
+    public T select(double noiseValue) {
+        long maximumIndex = size() - 1L;
+        long selectedIndex = Math.round(noiseValue * maximumIndex);
+        return get(maximumIndex <= Integer.MAX_VALUE ? (int) selectedIndex : selectedIndex);
+    }
+
+    public T get(long index) {
+        long size = size();
+        if (size == 0L) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (choices.size() == 1) {
+            return choices.getFirst();
+        }
+        long selectedIndex = Math.max(0L, Math.min(size - 1L, index));
+        long frontSize = size / 2L;
+        long insertionIndex = selectedIndex < frontSize
+                ? 2L * (frontSize - selectedIndex) - 1L
+                : 2L * (selectedIndex - frontSize);
+        int choiceIndex = Arrays.binarySearch(cumulativeCounts, insertionIndex + 1L);
+        return choices.get(choiceIndex < 0 ? -choiceIndex - 1 : choiceIndex);
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/coral/CoralGenerator.java

@@ -88,16 +88,18 @@ public final class CoralGenerator {
 
     private static void buildFan(CoralCanvas canvas, IrisCoral coral, int height, long seed) {
         int half = Math.max(1, coral.getFanWidth());
-        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+        int tippedWidth = -1;
+        for (int y = height - 1; y >= 0; y--) {
             double t = y / (double) Math.max(1, height - 1);
             double profile = Math.sin(Math.PI * t);
             int w = (int) Math.round(half * profile);
             for (int dx = -w; dx <= w; dx++) {
                 canvas.set(dx, y, 0, CoralCanvas.Role.STRUCTURE);
+                if (Math.abs(dx) > tippedWidth) {
+                    placeTip(canvas, coral, dx, y, 0, seed + dx);
+                }
             }
-        }
+            tippedWidth = Math.max(tippedWidth, w);
-        for (int dx = -half; dx <= half; dx++) {
-            placeTip(canvas, coral, dx, height - 1, 0, seed + dx);
         }
     }
 
@@ -170,7 +172,9 @@ public final class CoralGenerator {
             int y = (int) Math.round(oy + dy * t);
             int z = (int) Math.round(oz + dz * t - sway);
             canvas.set(x, y, z, CoralCanvas.Role.STRUCTURE);
-            tip = new double[]{x, y, z};
+            tip[0] = x;
+            tip[1] = y;
+            tip[2] = z;
         }
         return tip;
     }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/formation/FormationBlockResolver.java

@@ -25,35 +25,48 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisProceduralBlocks;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 
 public final class FormationBlockResolver {
-    private FormationBlockResolver() {
+    private final IrisFormation formation;
+    private final IrisData data;
+    private final RNG paletteRng;
+    private final Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<RNG> strataRngs = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+
+    public FormationBlockResolver(IrisFormation formation, IrisData data) {
+        this.formation = formation;
+        this.data = data;
+        paletteRng = new RNG(formation.getSeed());
     }
 
-    public static PlatformBlockState resolve(IrisFormation f, IrisData data, FormationCanvas.Role role, Vector3i raw) {
+    public PlatformBlockState resolve(FormationCanvas.Role role, Vector3i raw) {
         int x = raw.getBlockX();
         int y = raw.getBlockY();
         int z = raw.getBlockZ();
-        RNG paletteRng = new RNG(f.getSeed());
 
-        if (role == FormationCanvas.Role.CAP && capDefined(f)) {
+        if (role == FormationCanvas.Role.CAP && capDefined(formation)) {
-            PlatformBlockState cap = IrisProceduralBlocks.resolve(f.getCapBlock(), f.getCapPalette(), data, x, y, z, paletteRng);
+            PlatformBlockState cap = IrisProceduralBlocks.resolve(formation.getCapBlock(), formation.getCapPalette(), data, x, y, z, paletteRng);
             if (cap != null) {
                 return cap;
             }
         }
 
-        if (strataDefined(f)) {
+        if (strataDefined(formation)) {
-            IrisMaterialPalette strata = f.getStrataPalette();
+            IrisMaterialPalette strata = formation.getStrataPalette();
-            int thickness = Math.max(1, f.getStrataThickness());
+            int thickness = Math.max(1, formation.getStrataThickness());
             int band = Math.floorDiv(y, thickness);
-            PlatformBlockState strataState = strata.get(new RNG(f.getSeed() + (band * 31L)), x, band, z, data);
+            RNG strataRng = strataRngs.get(band);
+            if (strataRng == null) {
+                strataRng = new RNG(formation.getSeed() + band * 31L);
+                strataRngs.put(band, strataRng);
+            }
+            PlatformBlockState strataState = strata.get(strataRng, x, band, z, data);
             if (strataState != null) {
                 return strataState;
             }
         }
 
-        return IrisProceduralBlocks.resolve(f.getBlock(), f.getBlockPalette(), data, x, y, z, paletteRng);
+        return IrisProceduralBlocks.resolve(formation.getBlock(), formation.getBlockPalette(), data, x, y, z, paletteRng);
     }
 
     private static boolean capDefined(IrisFormation f) {

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/formation/FormationGenerator.java

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ public final class FormationGenerator {
         }
 
         Map<Vector3i, PlatformBlockState> resolved = new HashMap<>();
+        FormationBlockResolver resolver = new FormationBlockResolver(f, data);
         for (Map.Entry<Vector3i, FormationCanvas.Role> entry : canvas.getCells().entrySet()) {
-            PlatformBlockState bd = FormationBlockResolver.resolve(f, data, entry.getValue(), entry.getKey());
+            PlatformBlockState bd = resolver.resolve(entry.getValue(), entry.getKey());
             if (bd == null) {
                 continue;
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/fungi/FungusGenerator.java

@@ -63,11 +63,7 @@ public final class FungusGenerator {
 
     private static void buildUpright(Map<Vector3i, FungusCellRole> roles, IrisFungus fungus, int height, RNG rng, long baseSeed) {
         int stemHeight = Math.max(1, height);
-        Map<Vector3i, PlatformBlockState> stemCells = new HashMap<>();
+        double[] top = FungusStemBuilder.build(roles, fungus, stemHeight, baseSeed);
-        double[] top = FungusStemBuilder.build(stemCells, fungus, stemHeight, baseSeed);
-        for (Vector3i v : stemCells.keySet()) {
-            roles.put(v, FungusCellRole.STEM);
-        }
 
         int radius = pickRadius(fungus, rng);
         double cx = top[0];

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/fungi/FungusStemBuilder.java

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.fungi;
 
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisFungus;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.tree.TreeFunctions;
-import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
 
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ public final class FungusStemBuilder {
     private FungusStemBuilder() {
     }
 
-    public static double[] build(Map<Vector3i, PlatformBlockState> stemCells, IrisFungus fungus, int stemHeight, long seed) {
+    public static double[] build(Map<Vector3i, FungusCellRole> roles, IrisFungus fungus, int stemHeight, long seed) {
         int width = Math.max(1, Math.min(3, fungus.getStemWidth()));
         double maxLean = stemHeight * Math.tan(Math.toRadians(Math.max(0.0, fungus.getStemCurve())));
         double leanRad = Math.toRadians(fungus.getStemLeanAzimuth());
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ public final class FungusStemBuilder {
         double waveAzimuth = Math.toRadians(fungus.getStemLeanAzimuth() + 90.0);
         double waveX = Math.sin(waveAzimuth);
         double waveZ = Math.cos(waveAzimuth);
+        double wavePhase = TreeFunctions.valueNoise1D(seed, seed) * Math.PI * 2.0;
 
         double topCx = 0.0;
         double topCz = 0.0;
@@ -48,12 +48,16 @@ public final class FungusStemBuilder {
         for (int y = 0; y < stemHeight; y++) {
             double t = stemHeight <= 1 ? 0.0 : y / (double) (stemHeight - 1);
             double lean = maxLean * (t * t);
-            double wave = waveAmp * Math.sin(2.0 * Math.PI * wavePeriods * t + TreeFunctions.valueNoise1D(seed, seed) * Math.PI * 2.0);
+            double wave = waveAmp * Math.sin(2.0 * Math.PI * wavePeriods * t + wavePhase);
             double cx = lean * leanX + wave * waveX;
             double cz = lean * leanZ + wave * waveZ;
 
-            for (int[] xz : squarePositions(cx, cz, width)) {
+            int ox = (width % 2 == 1 ? (int) Math.round(cx) : (int) Math.floor(cx) + 1) - width / 2;
-                stemCells.put(new Vector3i(xz[0], y, xz[1]), null);
+            int oz = (width % 2 == 1 ? (int) Math.round(cz) : (int) Math.floor(cz) + 1) - width / 2;
+            for (int dx = 0; dx < width; dx++) {
+                for (int dz = 0; dz < width; dz++) {
+                    roles.put(new Vector3i(ox + dx, y, oz + dz), FungusCellRole.STEM);
+                }
             }
 
             topCx = cx;
@@ -62,34 +66,4 @@ public final class FungusStemBuilder {
 
         return new double[]{topCx, topY, topCz};
     }
-
-    static int[][] squarePositions(double cx, double cz, int width) {
-        if (width % 2 == 1) {
-            int half = width / 2;
-            int icx = (int) Math.round(cx);
-            int icz = (int) Math.round(cz);
-            int[][] out = new int[width * width][2];
-            int idx = 0;
-            for (int dx = -half; dx <= half; dx++) {
-                for (int dz = -half; dz <= half; dz++) {
-                    out[idx][0] = icx + dx;
-                    out[idx][1] = icz + dz;
-                    idx++;
-                }
-            }
-            return out;
-        }
-        int ox = (int) Math.floor(cx) - width / 2 + 1;
-        int oz = (int) Math.floor(cz) - width / 2 + 1;
-        int[][] out = new int[width * width][2];
-        int idx = 0;
-        for (int dx = 0; dx < width; dx++) {
-            for (int dz = 0; dz < width; dz++) {
-                out[idx][0] = ox + dx;
-                out[idx][1] = oz + dz;
-                idx++;
-            }
-        }
-        return out;
-    }
 }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/ProceduralTreeGenerator.java

@@ -66,9 +66,10 @@ public final class ProceduralTreeGenerator {
         Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, PlatformBlockState> resolved = new HashMap<>();
         Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> trunkPositions = new HashSet<>();
         Set<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec> leafPositions = new HashSet<>();
+        RNG paletteRng = new RNG(tree.getSeed());
         for (Map.Entry<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, TreeBlockCanvas.Cell> entry : canvas.getCells().entrySet()) {
             TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell = entry.getValue();
-            PlatformBlockState state = TreeBlockResolver.resolve(tree, data, cell, entry.getKey());
+            PlatformBlockState state = TreeBlockResolver.resolve(tree, data, cell, entry.getKey(), paletteRng);
             if (state == null) {
                 continue;
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeBlockResolver.java

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisMaterialPalette;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisProceduralBlocks;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisProceduralTree;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeDecorator;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
@@ -31,10 +32,7 @@ public final class TreeBlockResolver {
     private TreeBlockResolver() {
     }
 
-    public static PlatformBlockState resolve(IrisProceduralTree tree, IrisData data, TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec pos) {
+    public static PlatformBlockState resolve(IrisProceduralTree tree, IrisData data, TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec pos, RNG paletteRng) {
-        RNG paletteRng = new RNG(tree.getSeed());
-        RNG posRng = new RNG(tree.getSeed() ^ positionHash(pos));
-
         switch (cell.role()) {
             case TRUNK -> {
                 PlatformBlockState state = resolveBlock(tree.getTrunk(), tree.getTrunkPalette(), data, pos, paletteRng);
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ public final class TreeBlockResolver {
                 return resolveBlock(tree.getLeaves(), tree.getLeavesPalette(), data, pos, paletteRng);
             }
             case SECONDARY_LEAF -> {
-                PlatformBlockState state = resolveSecondaryLeaf(tree, data, pos, paletteRng, posRng);
+                PlatformBlockState state = resolveSecondaryLeaf(tree, data, pos, paletteRng);
                 if (state == null) {
                     state = resolveBlock(tree.getLeaves(), tree.getLeavesPalette(), data, pos, paletteRng);
                 }
@@ -94,12 +92,12 @@ public final class TreeBlockResolver {
         return state;
     }
 
-    private static PlatformBlockState resolveSecondaryLeaf(IrisProceduralTree tree, IrisData data, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec pos, RNG paletteRng, RNG posRng) {
+    private static PlatformBlockState resolveSecondaryLeaf(IrisProceduralTree tree, IrisData data, TreeBlockCanvas.Vec pos, RNG paletteRng) {
         if (TreeTrunkBuilder.paletteSet(tree.getSecondaryLeavesPalette())) {
             return tree.getSecondaryLeavesPalette().get(paletteRng, pos.x(), pos.y(), pos.z(), data);
         }
         if (tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves() != null && !tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves().isEmpty()) {
-            String picked = pickWeighted(tree, posRng);
+            String picked = pickWeighted(tree, new RNG(tree.getSeed() ^ positionHash(pos)));
             return picked == null ? null : B.getStateOrNull(picked, false);
         }
         if (tree.getSecondaryLeaves() != null && !tree.getSecondaryLeaves().isEmpty()) {
@@ -109,16 +107,16 @@ public final class TreeBlockResolver {
     }
 
     private static String pickWeighted(IrisProceduralTree tree, RNG rng) {
-        int total = 0;
+        long total = 0;
-        for (art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf s : tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves()) {
+        for (IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf s : tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves()) {
             total += Math.max(0, s.getWeight());
         }
         if (total <= 0) {
             return null;
         }
         double r = rng.nextDouble() * total;
-        double cumulative = 0;
+        long cumulative = 0;
-        for (art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf s : tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves()) {
+        for (IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf s : tree.getWeightedSecondaryLeaves()) {
             cumulative += Math.max(0, s.getWeight());
             if (r < cumulative) {
                 return s.getBlock();

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeDecoratorApplier.java

@@ -67,11 +67,24 @@ public final class TreeDecoratorApplier {
             if (rng.nextDouble() > dec.getChance()) {
                 continue;
             }
-            if (canvas.has(e[0], e[1], e[2])) {
+            int dx = e[0] - e[3];
+            int dz = e[2] - e[4];
+            boolean alongX = Math.abs(dx) >= Math.abs(dz);
+            int stepX = alongX ? (dx >= 0 ? 1 : -1) : 0;
+            int stepZ = alongX ? 0 : (dz >= 0 ? 1 : -1);
+            int x = e[0] + stepX;
+            int z = e[2] + stepZ;
+            TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell = canvas.get(x, e[1], z);
+            while (cell != null && cell.role() != TreeBlockCanvas.Role.DECORATOR) {
+                x += stepX;
+                z += stepZ;
+                cell = canvas.get(x, e[1], z);
+            }
+            if (cell != null) {
                 continue;
             }
             String facing = dec.isAxisAware() ? facingAway(e[3], e[4], e[0], e[2]) : null;
-            canvas.setDecor(e[0], e[1], e[2], idx, facing);
+            canvas.setDecor(x, e[1], z, idx, facing);
         }
     }
 

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreePlausibility.java

@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ public final class TreePlausibility {
             return;
         }
 
-        Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, Integer> distance = computeDistances(trunkPositions, realLeaves);
+        Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, Integer> distance = tree.isPlausible()
+                ? computeDistances(trunkPositions, realLeaves)
+                : Map.of();
 
         for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec v : realLeaves) {
             PlatformBlockState leaf = resolved.get(v);

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeSupport.java

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.tree;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 public final class TreeSupport {
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ public final class TreeSupport {
             TreeBlockCanvas.Vec worstWood = null;
             int worstGap = -1;
 
-            for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec leaf : new ArrayList<>(canvas.getLeaf())) {
+            for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec leaf : canvas.getLeaf()) {
                 Integer d = dist.get(leaf);
                 if (d != null && d <= LEGAL_DISTANCE) {
                     continue;

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeTrunkBuilder.java

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public final class TreeTrunkBuilder {
     }
 
     private static void markExposedEnds(TreeBlockCanvas canvas) {
-        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec v : new ArrayList<>(canvas.getTrunk())) {
+        for (TreeBlockCanvas.Vec v : canvas.getTrunk()) {
             if (!canvas.has(v.x(), v.y() + 1, v.z()) || !canvas.has(v.x(), v.y() - 1, v.z())) {
                 canvas.markExposed(v.x(), v.y(), v.z());
             }

core/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/platform/BukkitChunkGenerator.java

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.WrongEngineBroException;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationActivation;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationEpoch;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistory;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationAdmission;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.IrisBoundarySignatureSampler;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.TransitionGenerationPlan;
@@ -396,66 +397,68 @@ public class BukkitChunkGenerator extends ChunkGenerator implements PlatformChun
     }
 
     private void setupEngine() {
-        lastMode = StudioMode.NORMAL;
+        try (GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease startupAdmission = generationHistory == null ? null : generationHistory.retainRuntime()) {
-        lastJigsawStudioRequestId = null;
+            lastMode = StudioMode.NORMAL;
-        if (generationHistory != null) {
+            lastJigsawStudioRequestId = null;
-            try {
+            if (generationHistory != null) {
-                generationHistory.prepareCurrentGenerator(IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks());
+                try {
-                targetCache.reset();
+                    generationHistory.prepareCurrentGenerator(IrisSettings.get().getGenerator().getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks());
-            } catch (IOException failure) {
-                throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to prepare saved Iris terrain for the current generator.", failure);
-            }
-        }
-        EngineTarget engineTarget = getTarget();
-        String packKey = engineTarget.getDimension().getLoadKey();
-        JigsawStudioActivation.Request request = studio
-                ? JigsawStudioActivation.getGeneratorRequest(packKey)
-                : null;
-        JigsawStudioSession session = request == null
-                ? null
-                : JigsawStudioActivation.getGeneratorSession(packKey);
-        jigsawStudioActive = request != null
-                && session != null
-                && session.sessionId().equals(request.requestId());
-        objectStudioActive = studio && ObjectStudioActivation.isActive(packKey);
-        IrisEngine createdEngine = createEngine(engineTarget);
-        if (generationHistory != null) {
-            long initialActivationId = generationHistory.activeActivation().activationId();
-            int transitionWidthBlocks = IrisSettings.get()
-                    .getGenerator()
-                    .getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks();
-            try {
-                createdEngine.attachGenerationHistory(
-                        generationHistory,
-                        IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE,
-                        transitionWidthBlocks);
-                if (generationHistory.activeActivation().activationId() != initialActivationId) {
-                    createdEngine.close();
                     targetCache.reset();
-                    createdEngine = createEngine(loadActiveGenerationHistoryTarget());
+                } catch (IOException failure) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to prepare saved Iris terrain for the current generator.", failure);
+                }
+            }
+            EngineTarget engineTarget = getTarget();
+            String packKey = engineTarget.getDimension().getLoadKey();
+            JigsawStudioActivation.Request request = studio
+                    ? JigsawStudioActivation.getGeneratorRequest(packKey)
+                    : null;
+            JigsawStudioSession session = request == null
+                    ? null
+                    : JigsawStudioActivation.getGeneratorSession(packKey);
+            jigsawStudioActive = request != null
+                    && session != null
+                    && session.sessionId().equals(request.requestId());
+            objectStudioActive = studio && ObjectStudioActivation.isActive(packKey);
+            IrisEngine createdEngine = createEngine(engineTarget);
+            if (generationHistory != null) {
+                long initialActivationId = generationHistory.activeActivation().activationId();
+                int transitionWidthBlocks = IrisSettings.get()
+                        .getGenerator()
+                        .getGenerationTransitionWidthBlocks();
+                try {
                     createdEngine.attachGenerationHistory(
                             generationHistory,
                             IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE,
                             transitionWidthBlocks);
-                }
+                    if (generationHistory.activeActivation().activationId() != initialActivationId) {
-            } catch (Throwable failure) {
+                        createdEngine.close();
-                try {
+                        targetCache.reset();
-                    createdEngine.close();
+                        createdEngine = createEngine(loadActiveGenerationHistoryTarget());
-                } catch (Throwable closeFailure) {
+                        createdEngine.attachGenerationHistory(
-                    if (failure != closeFailure) {
+                                generationHistory,
-                        failure.addSuppressed(closeFailure);
+                                IrisBoundarySignatureSampler.INSTANCE,
+                                transitionWidthBlocks);
                     }
+                } catch (Throwable failure) {
+                    try {
+                        createdEngine.close();
+                    } catch (Throwable closeFailure) {
+                        if (failure != closeFailure) {
+                            failure.addSuppressed(closeFailure);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    throw propagateEngineSetupFailure(failure);
                 }
-                throw propagateEngineSetupFailure(failure);
             }
+            createdEngine.setNativeStructureVolumeQueriesEnabled(shouldGenerateNativeStructures(
+                    isAuthoringStudio(),
+                    studioEntryBootstrapActive.get(),
+                    initializationFailure != null));
+            engine = createdEngine;
+            populators.clear();
+            targetCache.reset();
         }
-        createdEngine.setNativeStructureVolumeQueriesEnabled(shouldGenerateNativeStructures(
-                isAuthoringStudio(),
-                studioEntryBootstrapActive.get(),
-                initializationFailure != null));
-        engine = createdEngine;
-        populators.clear();
-        targetCache.reset();
     }
 
     private EngineTarget loadActiveGenerationHistoryTarget() throws IOException {
@@ -672,7 +675,6 @@ public class BukkitChunkGenerator extends ChunkGenerator implements PlatformChun
 
     @Override
     public CompletableFuture<Void> closeAsync() {
-        closing = true;
         // Outside the exclusive-control block so every close path detaches the WorldInit
         // listener, including a rollback where the world never materialized. Guarded: with no
         // hosted plugin (unit tests, teardown) volmitPlugin() throws, and that must not stop
@@ -689,6 +691,8 @@ public class BukkitChunkGenerator extends ChunkGenerator implements PlatformChun
             }
         }
 
+        boolean alreadyClosing = closing;
+        closing = true;
         CompletableFuture<Void> operation;
         try {
             operation = withExclusiveControlFuture(() -> {
@@ -712,11 +716,13 @@ public class BukkitChunkGenerator extends ChunkGenerator implements PlatformChun
                 populators.clear();
             });
         } catch (Throwable throwable) {
-            future.completeExceptionally(throwable);
+            if (!alreadyClosing) {
+                // A failed close must stay retryable; leaving closing latched would permanently
+                // reject generation for a world that may still be loaded.
+                closing = false;
+            }
             closeFuture.compareAndSet(future, null);
-            // A failed close must stay retryable; leaving closing latched would permanently
+            future.completeExceptionally(throwable);
-            // reject generation for a world that may still be loaded.
-            closing = false;
             return future;
         }
 
@@ -727,6 +733,7 @@ public class BukkitChunkGenerator extends ChunkGenerator implements PlatformChun
                 // The close body already ran and tore the engine down; unlike the pre-dispatch
                 // failure above, resetting the gate here would advertise a healthy generator
                 // over a CLOSED or FAILED engine. Stay latched and surface the failure.
+                closeFuture.compareAndSet(future, null);
                 future.completeExceptionally(throwable);
             }
         });

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/core/pack/PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest.java

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
@@ -19,14 +18,12 @@ public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
     public TemporaryFolder temporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
 
     @Test
-    public void rejectsMoreCeilingLayersThanLayers() throws Exception {
+    public void acceptsMoreCeilingLayersThanSurfaceLayers() throws Exception {
         File pack = temporaryFolder.newFolder("pack");
         write(pack, "biomes/nested/cave.json",
                 "{\"layers\":[{}],\"caveCeilingLayers\":[{},{},{}]}");
 
-        assertEquals(List.of(
+        assertTrue(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateLayers(new File(pack, "biomes")).isEmpty());
-                "Biome 'nested/cave' declares 3 caveCeilingLayers but only 1 layers. caveCeilingLayers reuses the layers height generators and must not have more entries."
-        ), PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateCeilingLayerCounts(new File(pack, "biomes")));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -35,9 +32,7 @@ public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
         write(pack, "biomes/defaulted.json", "{\"name\":\"Defaulted\"}");
         write(pack, "biomes/implicit.json", "{\"caveCeilingLayers\":[{},{}]}");
 
-        assertEquals(List.of(
+        assertTrue(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateLayers(new File(pack, "biomes")).isEmpty());
-                "Biome 'implicit' declares 2 caveCeilingLayers but only 1 layers. caveCeilingLayers reuses the layers height generators and must not have more entries."
-        ), PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateCeilingLayerCounts(new File(pack, "biomes")));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -45,7 +40,7 @@ public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
         File pack = temporaryFolder.newFolder("pack");
         write(pack, "biomes/ok.json", "{\"layers\":[{},{},{}],\"caveCeilingLayers\":[{},{}]}");
 
-        assertTrue(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateCeilingLayerCounts(new File(pack, "biomes")).isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateLayers(new File(pack, "biomes")).isEmpty());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -56,11 +51,11 @@ public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
         assertEquals(List.of(
                 "Biome 'bad' layers must be an array.",
                 "Biome 'bad' caveCeilingLayers must be an array."
-        ), PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateCeilingLayerCounts(new File(pack, "biomes")));
+        ), PackBiomeLayerValidator.validateLayers(new File(pack, "biomes")));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void ceilingLayerOverflowBlocksFullPackValidation() throws Exception {
+    public void independentCeilingLayersPassFullPackValidation() throws Exception {
         File pack = temporaryFolder.newFolder("pack");
         write(pack, "dimensions/main.json", "{\"regions\":[\"region\"]}");
         write(pack, "regions/region.json", "{\"landBiomes\":[\"biome\"]}");
@@ -68,9 +63,7 @@ public class PackBiomeLayerValidatorTest {
 
         PackValidationResult result = PackValidator.validate(pack);
 
-        assertFalse(result.isLoadable());
+        assertTrue(result.getBlockingErrors().toString(), result.isLoadable());
-        assertTrue(result.getBlockingErrors().contains(
-                "Biome 'biome' declares 2 caveCeilingLayers but only 1 layers. caveCeilingLayers reuses the layers height generators and must not have more entries."));
     }
 
     @Test

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineRuntimePublicationContractTest.java

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ public class EngineRuntimePublicationContractTest {
         int publishEnd = source.indexOf("private void scheduleRuntimeTasks", publishStart);
         String publish = source.substring(publishStart, publishEnd);
 
-        assertBefore(publish, "engine.getClosing().set(true)", "closeRuntime(next, e)");
+        assertBefore(publish, "engine.getClosing().set(true)", "cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, null)");
-        assertBefore(publish, "closeBackgroundTaskAdmission()", "closeRuntime(next, e)");
+        assertBefore(publish, "closeBackgroundTaskAdmission()", "cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, null)");
-        assertBefore(publish, "sealAndAwait(", "closeRuntime(next, e)");
+        assertBefore(publish, "sealAndAwait(", "cleanupFailure = engine.shutdownSequence.closeRuntime(next, null)");
     }
 
     @Test

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineShutdownDrainTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.core.loader.IrisData;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.EngineRuntimeBuilder.RuntimeAssembly;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineAssignedComponent;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineEffects;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EnginePlatformHooks;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineTarget;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineWorldManager;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.GenerationSessionException;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.GenerationSessionManager;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.NativeStructureOwnershipStore;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationKernelRegistry;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistory;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationAdmission;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationEpoch;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationEpochContractFactory;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationPackFingerprint;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationRegistryContract;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisWorld;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineMode;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.EngineMantle;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.MockedStatic;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.same;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.isNull;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class EngineShutdownDrainTest {
+    private static IrisPlatform previousPlatform;
+
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder temporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void bindPlatform() {
+        previousPlatform = IrisPlatforms.isBound() ? IrisPlatforms.get() : null;
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+        IrisPlatform platform = mock(IrisPlatform.class);
+        PlatformRegistries registries = mock(PlatformRegistries.class);
+        when(platform.registries()).thenReturn(registries);
+        when(registries.block(anyString())).thenReturn(mock(PlatformBlockState.class));
+        IrisPlatforms.bind(platform);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void restorePlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+        if (previousPlatform != null) {
+            IrisPlatforms.bind(previousPlatform);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void successfulEngineCloseAllowsTheSameWorldToPrepareGenerationAgain() throws Exception {
+        GenerationHistory history = history();
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        fixture.attachHistory(history);
+        try (GenerationHistory.GenerationStage ignored = history.openStage(2, 3)) {
+        }
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> history.prepareCurrentGenerator(32));
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ownership = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        GenerationHistory reopened = GenerationHistory.open(history.paths().dimensionRoot());
+        reopened.prepareCurrentGenerator(32);
+        try (GenerationHistory.GenerationStage ignored = reopened.openStage(3, 4)) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedEngineCloseKeepsAdmissionUntilSuccessfulRetry() throws Exception {
+        GenerationHistory history = history();
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        fixture.attachHistory(history);
+        try (GenerationHistory.GenerationStage ignored = history.openStage(2, 3)) {
+        }
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Planner still active")).when(fixture.complex).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ownership = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, fixture.shutdown::close);
+            GenerationHistory premature = GenerationHistory.open(history.paths().dimensionRoot());
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> premature.prepareCurrentGenerator(32));
+            doNothing().when(fixture.complex).close();
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        GenerationHistory reopened = GenerationHistory.open(history.paths().dimensionRoot());
+        reopened.prepareCurrentGenerator(32);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startupOwnershipSpansReplacementEnginesUsingTheSameHistory() throws Exception {
+        GenerationHistory history = history();
+        ShutdownFixture first = new ShutdownFixture();
+        ShutdownFixture replacement = new ShutdownFixture();
+        try (GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease startup = history.retainRuntime();
+             MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ownership = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            first.attachHistory(history);
+            first.shutdown.close();
+            history.prepareCurrentGenerator(32);
+            replacement.attachHistory(history);
+        }
+        try (GenerationHistory.GenerationStage ignored = history.openStage(2, 3)) {
+        }
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ownership = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            replacement.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        GenerationHistory.open(history.paths().dimensionRoot()).prepareCurrentGenerator(32);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void reopenedWorldPromotesPendingGenerationAfterTheOldEngineCloses() throws Exception {
+        GenerationHistory history = history();
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        fixture.attachHistory(history);
+        try (GenerationHistory.GenerationStage ignored = history.openStage(2, 3)) {
+        }
+        Path replacementPack = temporaryFolder.newFolder("replacement-pack").toPath();
+        Files.createDirectories(replacementPack.resolve("dimensions"));
+        Files.writeString(replacementPack.resolve("dimensions/main.json"), "{\"name\":\"replacement\"}");
+        history.stageUpdate(replacementPack,
+                GenerationPackFingerprint.compute(replacementPack, GenerationPackFingerprint.CURRENT_VERSION),
+                history.activeEpoch().dimensionContract(), GenerationRegistryContract.empty(), 32);
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> history.prepareCurrentGenerator(32));
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ownership = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        GenerationHistory reopened = GenerationHistory.open(history.paths().dimensionRoot());
+        reopened.prepareCurrentGenerator(32);
+        assertEquals(2L, reopened.activeActivation().activationId());
+        assertFalse(reopened.pendingActivation().isPresent());
+    }
+
+    private GenerationHistory history() throws Exception {
+        Path world = temporaryFolder.newFolder("history-world").toPath();
+        Path pack = temporaryFolder.newFolder("history-pack").toPath();
+        Files.createDirectories(pack.resolve("dimensions"));
+        Files.writeString(pack.resolve("dimensions/main.json"), "{}");
+        GenerationEpoch.DimensionContract contract = new GenerationEpoch.DimensionContract(
+                "overworld", "iris:overworld_type", "NORMAL", "OVERWORLD", 127,
+                -64, 384, 384, 1D, false, "none", 0, "0".repeat(64),
+                GenerationEpochContractFactory.CURRENT_DIMENSION_TYPE_FINGERPRINT_SCHEMA, "c".repeat(64));
+        return GenerationHistory.create(world, pack,
+                GenerationPackFingerprint.compute(pack, GenerationPackFingerprint.CURRENT_VERSION),
+                42L, contract, GenerationRegistryContract.empty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedPlannerDrainRetainsRuntimeStorage() {
+        GenerationRuntime runtime = mock(GenerationRuntime.class);
+        IrisComplex complex = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        EngineMantle mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        CompletableFuture<Long> hash = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        when(runtime.mode()).thenReturn(mock(EngineMode.class));
+        when(runtime.complex()).thenReturn(complex);
+        when(runtime.mantle()).thenReturn(mantle);
+        when(runtime.hash32()).thenReturn(hash);
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Planner still active");
+        doThrow(failure).when(complex).close();
+
+        assertSame(failure, new EngineShutdownSequence(null).closeGenerationRuntime(runtime, null));
+        verifyNoInteractions(mantle);
+        assertFalse(hash.isCancelled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void successfulPlannerDrainPrecedesMantleRelease() {
+        GenerationRuntime runtime = mock(GenerationRuntime.class);
+        IrisComplex complex = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        EngineMantle mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        CompletableFuture<Long> hash = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        when(runtime.mode()).thenReturn(mock(EngineMode.class));
+        when(runtime.complex()).thenReturn(complex);
+        when(runtime.mantle()).thenReturn(mantle);
+        when(runtime.hash32()).thenReturn(hash);
+
+        assertNull(new EngineShutdownSequence(null).closeGenerationRuntime(runtime, null));
+        InOrder releases = inOrder(complex, mantle);
+        releases.verify(complex).close();
+        releases.verify(mantle).saveAllNow();
+        releases.verify(mantle).close();
+        assertTrue(hash.isCancelled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedAssemblyDrainRetainsMantleOwnership() {
+        RuntimeAssembly assembly = mock(RuntimeAssembly.class);
+        assembly.complex = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        assembly.mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        assembly.ownsMantle = true;
+        assembly.hash32 = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Planner still active");
+        doThrow(failure).when(assembly.complex).close();
+
+        assertSame(failure, new EngineShutdownSequence(null).closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        verifyNoInteractions(assembly.mantle);
+        assertTrue(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        assertFalse(assembly.hash32.isCancelled());
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void failedAssemblySaveKeepsOwnershipAndDoesNotCloseStorage() {
+        RuntimeAssembly assembly = mock(RuntimeAssembly.class);
+        assembly.mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        assembly.ownsMantle = true;
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Save failed");
+        doThrow(failure).doNothing().when(assembly.mantle).saveAllNow();
+        EngineShutdownSequence shutdown = new EngineShutdownSequence(null);
+
+        assertSame(failure, shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        assertTrue(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        verify(assembly.mantle, never()).close();
+        assertNull(shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        assertFalse(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        assertNull(shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        verify(assembly.mantle, times(2)).saveAllNow();
+        verify(assembly.mantle).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedAssemblyCloseKeepsOwnershipUntilRetrySucceeds() {
+        RuntimeAssembly assembly = mock(RuntimeAssembly.class);
+        assembly.mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        assembly.ownsMantle = true;
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Close failed");
+        doThrow(failure).doNothing().when(assembly.mantle).close();
+        EngineShutdownSequence shutdown = new EngineShutdownSequence(null);
+
+        assertSame(failure, shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        assertTrue(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        assertNull(shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        assertFalse(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        verify(assembly.mantle, times(2)).saveAllNow();
+        verify(assembly.mantle, times(2)).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedPartialAssemblyRetainsDataAndRetriesInsideItsAssemblyScope() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        RuntimeAssembly assembly = mock(RuntimeAssembly.class);
+        EngineTarget detachedTarget = target();
+        setField(assembly, "target", detachedTarget);
+        assembly.complex = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        assembly.mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        assembly.ownsMantle = true;
+        RuntimeAssembly previous = mock(RuntimeAssembly.class);
+        fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.set(previous);
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Planner still active");
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            assertSame(assembly, fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.get());
+            throw failure;
+        }).when(assembly.complex).close();
+
+        assertSame(failure, fixture.shutdown.closeAssembly(assembly, null));
+        assertSame(previous, fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.get());
+        fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.remove();
+        assertTrue(fixture.shutdown.retainsData(detachedTarget.getData()));
+        assertTrue(fixture.shutdown.closeDetachedTarget(detachedTarget, null) instanceof IllegalStateException);
+        verify(detachedTarget, never()).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, fixture.shutdown::close);
+            verify(fixture.target, never()).close();
+            verifyNoInteractions(assembly.mantle);
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                assertSame(assembly, fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.get());
+                return null;
+            }).when(assembly.complex).close();
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+
+        assertNull(fixture.engine.runtimeAssembly.get());
+        assertFalse(assembly.ownsMantle);
+        assertFalse(fixture.shutdown.retainsData(detachedTarget.getData()));
+        verify(assembly.mantle).close();
+        verify(detachedTarget).close();
+        verify(detachedTarget.getData()).close();
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        assertNull(fixture.engine.runtime);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedManagerStartKeepsPublishedRuntimeWhenCleanupFails() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        fixture.engine.runtime = null;
+        IllegalStateException startFailure = new IllegalStateException("Manager start failed");
+        IllegalStateException closeFailure = new IllegalStateException("Planner still active");
+        doThrow(startFailure).when(fixture.manager).start();
+        doThrow(closeFailure).when(fixture.complex).close();
+
+        IllegalStateException failure = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> new EngineRuntimeBuilder(fixture.engine).publishRuntime(fixture.runtime, null));
+
+        assertSame(startFailure, failure.getCause());
+        assertSame(closeFailure, startFailure.getSuppressed()[0]);
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertTrue(fixture.shutdown.retainsData(fixture.target.getData()));
+        verify(fixture.mantle, never()).close();
+        doNothing().when(fixture.complex).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertNull(fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        verify(fixture.target).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedStartDrainRetainsResourcesUntilGenerationStops() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        fixture.engine.runtime = null;
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Manager start failed")).when(fixture.manager).start();
+        doThrow(new GenerationSessionException("Generation still active", false)).when(fixture.sessions)
+                .sealAndAwait("failed world manager start", IrisEngine.SESSION_DRAIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, true);
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> new EngineRuntimeBuilder(fixture.engine).publishRuntime(fixture.runtime, null));
+
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        verify(fixture.manager, never()).close();
+        verifyNoInteractions(fixture.complex, fixture.mantle);
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertNull(fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedRetirementRetainsUnpublishedRuntimeWithoutClosingSharedMantle() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        EngineTarget nextTarget = target();
+        GenerationRuntime nextGeneration = generation(nextTarget, fixture.mantle);
+        EngineRuntime next = new EngineRuntime(nextGeneration,
+                new ChangingEffects(fixture.engine), mock(EngineWorldManager.class));
+        EngineMode nextMode = nextGeneration.mode();
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Previous planner active")).when(fixture.complex).close();
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Next mode active")).when(nextMode).close();
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> new EngineRuntimeBuilder(fixture.engine).publishRuntime(next, fixture.runtime));
+
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertTrue(fixture.shutdown.retainsData(nextTarget.getData()));
+        verifyNoInteractions(fixture.mantle);
+        doNothing().when(fixture.complex).close();
+        doNothing().when(nextMode).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertFalse(fixture.shutdown.retainsData(nextTarget.getData()));
+        verify(nextTarget).close();
+        verify(fixture.target).close();
+        verify(fixture.mantle).saveAllNow();
+        verify(fixture.mantle).close();
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedConstructionDrainPreventsAllRuntimeAndTargetRelease() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        doThrow(new GenerationSessionException("Generation still active", false)).doNothing().when(fixture.sessions)
+                .sealAndAwait("failed initialization", 0L, true);
+        IllegalStateException original = new IllegalStateException("Construction failed");
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.cleanupFailedConstruction(original);
+            assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+            assertFalse(fixture.engine.closed);
+            verifyNoInteractions(fixture.complex, fixture.mantle);
+            verify(fixture.target, never()).close();
+            fixture.shutdown.cleanupFailedConstruction(original);
+        }
+        assertNull(fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        verify(fixture.mantle).close();
+        verify(fixture.target).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedComplexRetirementRetainsReplacementBeforeSharedStorageCanClose() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        IrisComplex replacement = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        fixture.prepareComplexHotload(replacement);
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Previous planner still active")).when(fixture.complex).close();
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Replacement planner still active")).when(replacement).close();
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> new EngineHotloader(fixture.engine).hotloadComplex());
+
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertSame(IrisEngine.LifecycleState.FAILED, fixture.engine.lifecycleState);
+        doNothing().when(fixture.complex).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, fixture.shutdown::close);
+            verify(replacement, times(2)).close();
+            verify(fixture.mantle, never()).close();
+            verify(fixture.target, never()).close();
+            doNothing().when(replacement).close();
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        verify(replacement, times(3)).close();
+        verify(fixture.mantle).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedComplexBuildDrainBlocksRollbackUntilShutdownRetry() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        IrisComplex replacement = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        GenerationKernelRegistry.RuntimeKernel kernel = fixture.prepareComplexHotload(replacement);
+        IllegalStateException buildFailure = new IllegalStateException("Dimension stack failed");
+        when(kernel.createDimensionStackContext(fixture.engine)).thenThrow(buildFailure);
+        IllegalStateException drainFailure = new IllegalStateException("Replacement planner still active");
+        doThrow(drainFailure).when(replacement).close();
+
+        IllegalStateException failure = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> new EngineHotloader(fixture.engine).hotloadComplex());
+
+        assertSame(buildFailure, failure.getCause());
+        assertSame(drainFailure, buildFailure.getSuppressed()[0]);
+        assertSame(IrisEngine.LifecycleState.FAILED, fixture.engine.lifecycleState);
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        verify(fixture.sessions, never()).activateNextSession();
+        verify(fixture.complex, never()).close();
+        doNothing().when(replacement).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        verify(replacement, times(2)).close();
+        verify(fixture.mantle).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void successfullyDrainedFailedComplexBuildRestoresPreviousRuntime() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        IrisComplex replacement = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        GenerationKernelRegistry.RuntimeKernel kernel = fixture.prepareComplexHotload(replacement);
+        when(kernel.createDimensionStackContext(fixture.engine))
+                .thenThrow(new IllegalStateException("Dimension stack failed"));
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> new EngineHotloader(fixture.engine).hotloadComplex());
+
+        assertSame(fixture.runtime, fixture.engine.runtime);
+        assertSame(IrisEngine.LifecycleState.RUNNING, fixture.engine.lifecycleState);
+        verify(replacement).close();
+        verify(fixture.complex, never()).close();
+        verify(fixture.mantle, never()).close();
+        verify(fixture.sessions).activateNextSession();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void successfulComplexHotloadPublishesReplacementWithoutClosingIt() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        IrisComplex replacement = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        fixture.prepareComplexHotload(replacement);
+
+        new EngineHotloader(fixture.engine).hotloadComplex();
+
+        assertSame(replacement, fixture.engine.runtime.generation().complex());
+        assertSame(IrisEngine.LifecycleState.RUNNING, fixture.engine.lifecycleState);
+        verify(fixture.complex).close();
+        verify(replacement, never()).close();
+        verify(fixture.mantle, never()).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedComplexActivationKeepsPublishedReplacementOwnedForShutdown() throws Exception {
+        ShutdownFixture fixture = new ShutdownFixture();
+        IrisComplex replacement = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        fixture.prepareComplexHotload(replacement);
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Session activation failed")).when(fixture.sessions).activateNextSession();
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> new EngineHotloader(fixture.engine).hotloadComplex());
+
+        assertSame(replacement, fixture.engine.runtime.generation().complex());
+        assertSame(IrisEngine.LifecycleState.FAILED, fixture.engine.lifecycleState);
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.getClosing().get());
+        verify(fixture.complex).close();
+        verify(replacement, never()).close();
+        try (MockedStatic<NativeStructureOwnershipStore> ignored = mockStatic(NativeStructureOwnershipStore.class)) {
+            fixture.shutdown.close();
+        }
+        assertTrue(fixture.engine.closed);
+        verify(replacement).close();
+    }
+
+    private static EngineTarget target() {
+        EngineTarget target = mock(EngineTarget.class);
+        when(target.getData()).thenReturn(mock(IrisData.class));
+        when(target.getWorld()).thenReturn(mock(IrisWorld.class));
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    private static GenerationRuntime generation(EngineTarget target, EngineMantle mantle) {
+        GenerationRuntime generation = mock(GenerationRuntime.class);
+        IrisData data = target.getData();
+        when(generation.target()).thenReturn(target);
+        when(generation.data()).thenReturn(data);
+        when(generation.mantle()).thenReturn(mantle);
+        when(generation.complex()).thenReturn(mock(IrisComplex.class));
+        when(generation.mode()).thenReturn(mock(EngineMode.class));
+        when(generation.hash32()).thenReturn(new CompletableFuture<>());
+        return generation;
+    }
+
+    private static void setField(Object target, String name, Object value) throws Exception {
+        Field field = target.getClass().getDeclaredField(name);
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        field.set(target, value);
+    }
+
+    private static final class ChangingEffects extends EngineAssignedComponent implements EngineEffects {
+        private int hash = 1;
+
+        private ChangingEffects(Engine engine) {
+            super(engine, "changing effects");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updatePlayerMap() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void tickRandomPlayer() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() {
+            hash++;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hash;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class ShutdownFixture {
+        private final IrisEngine engine = mock(IrisEngine.class);
+        private final EngineTarget target = target();
+        private final EngineMantle mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        private final GenerationRuntime generation = generation(target, mantle);
+        private final IrisComplex complex = generation.complex();
+        private final EngineWorldManager manager = mock(EngineWorldManager.class);
+        private final EngineRuntime runtime = new EngineRuntime(generation, mock(EngineEffects.class), manager);
+        private final GenerationSessionManager sessions = mock(GenerationSessionManager.class);
+        private final EngineShutdownSequence shutdown = new EngineShutdownSequence(engine);
+
+        private GenerationKernelRegistry.RuntimeKernel prepareComplexHotload(IrisComplex replacement) throws Exception {
+            GenerationKernelRegistry.RuntimeKernel kernel = mock(GenerationKernelRegistry.RuntimeKernel.class);
+            when(kernel.createComplex(engine, null)).thenReturn(replacement);
+            when(generation.runtimeKernel()).thenReturn(kernel);
+            GenerationRuntime nextGeneration = generation(target, mantle);
+            when(nextGeneration.complex()).thenReturn(replacement);
+            when(generation.withComplex(anyInt(), same(replacement), isNull(), isNull(), any()))
+                    .thenReturn(nextGeneration);
+            EngineRuntimeBuilder builder = spy(new EngineRuntimeBuilder(engine));
+            doReturn(new GenerationRuntime.BiomeMaxes(0D, 0D, 0D)).when(builder).computeBiomeMaxes();
+            setField(engine, "runtimeBuilder", builder);
+            when(engine.getGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter()).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
+            return kernel;
+        }
+
+        private void attachHistory(GenerationHistory history) throws Exception {
+            GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = mock(GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.class);
+            when(router.engine()).thenReturn(engine);
+            when(router.history()).thenReturn(history);
+            setField(engine, "generationHistoryRuntimeRouterLock", new Object());
+            doCallRealMethod().when(engine).attachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
+            engine.attachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
+        }
+
+        private ShutdownFixture() throws Exception {
+            EngineBackgroundTasks background = mock(EngineBackgroundTasks.class);
+            when(background.drainBackgroundTasks(anyString()))
+                    .thenReturn(new EngineBackgroundTasks.BackgroundTaskDrain(null, true));
+            setField(engine, "backgroundTasks", background);
+            setField(engine, "shutdownSequence", shutdown);
+            setField(engine, "engineDataStore", mock(EngineDataStore.class));
+            setField(engine, "lifecycleLock", new Object());
+            setField(engine, "runtimeAssembly", new ThreadLocal<RuntimeAssembly>());
+            setField(engine, "detachedGenerationRuntimes", ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet());
+            when(engine.getClosing()).thenReturn(new AtomicBoolean());
+            when(engine.getGenerationSessions()).thenReturn(sessions);
+            when(engine.getPlatformHooks()).thenReturn(mock(EnginePlatformHooks.class));
+            when(engine.getMantle()).thenReturn(mantle);
+            IrisWorld world = target.getWorld();
+            when(engine.getWorld()).thenReturn(world);
+            when(engine.beginShutdown()).thenReturn(true);
+            engine.runtime = runtime;
+            engine.publishedTarget = target;
+        }
+    }
+
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/EngineShutdownOwnershipContractTest.java

@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ public class EngineShutdownOwnershipContractTest {
         String cleanup = source.substring(cleanupStart, cleanupEnd);
         int ownershipClose = cleanup.indexOf("NativeStructureOwnershipStore.close(engine)");
         int ownershipGate = cleanup.indexOf("if (ownershipFailure == null)", ownershipClose);
-        int detachedRelease = cleanup.indexOf("closeDetachedGenerationRuntimes(cleanupFailure)", ownershipGate);
+        int runtimeRelease = cleanup.indexOf("releaseRuntime(cleanupFailure)", ownershipGate);
-        int runtimeRelease = cleanup.indexOf("closeRuntime(engine.runtime, cleanupFailure)", ownershipGate);
+        int targetRelease = cleanup.indexOf("releaseTarget(cleanupFailure)", runtimeRelease);
         int closedPublication = cleanup.indexOf("engine.closed = true", ownershipGate);
 
         assertTrue(ownershipClose >= 0);
         assertTrue(ownershipGate > ownershipClose);
-        assertTrue(detachedRelease > ownershipGate);
+        assertTrue(runtimeRelease > ownershipGate);
-        assertTrue(runtimeRelease > detachedRelease);
+        assertTrue(targetRelease > runtimeRelease);
         assertTrue(closedPublication > ownershipGate);
     }
 

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisComplexImplodeParityTest.java

@@ -13,8 +13,12 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyDouble;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 public class IrisComplexImplodeParityTest {
     private static Method childSelectionCreateMethod;
@@ -48,6 +52,27 @@ public class IrisComplexImplodeParityTest {
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void extremeCountsKeepTheRareBiomeReachableAcrossTheIntIndexBoundary() {
+        IrisBiome rare = createBiome(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        IrisBiome common = createBiome(1);
+        CNG generator = mock(CNG.class);
+        doReturn(1_073_741_824).when(generator).fit2D(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 12D, -32D);
+        IrisComplex.ChildSelectionPlan pair = IrisComplex.ChildSelectionPlan.create(new KList<>(rare, common));
+
+        assertSame(rare, pair.select(generator, 12D, -32D));
+        verify(generator).fit2D(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 12D, -32D);
+        verify(generator, never()).noiseFast2D(anyDouble(), anyDouble());
+
+        CNG largeGenerator = mock(CNG.class);
+        doReturn(0.5D).when(largeGenerator).noiseFast2D(12D, -32D);
+        IrisComplex.ChildSelectionPlan large = IrisComplex.ChildSelectionPlan.create(
+                new KList<>(rare, common, createBiome(2)));
+        assertSame(rare, large.select(largeGenerator, 12D, -32D));
+        verify(largeGenerator).noiseFast2D(12D, -32D);
+        verify(largeGenerator, never()).fit2D(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyDouble(), anyDouble());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void emptySelectionPlanMatchesLegacyEmptyBehavior() throws Exception {
         KList<IrisBiome> options = new KList<>();

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisEngineGenerationRuntimeScopeTest.java

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.SeedManager;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.IrisEngineMode;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.NativeStructureVolumeMemo;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationHistory;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.history.GenerationAdmission;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.EngineMantle;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDimension;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBiome;
@@ -515,9 +517,7 @@ public class IrisEngineGenerationRuntimeScopeTest {
     public void attachedHistoryRouterIsClearedWhenEngineShutdownBegins() throws Exception {
         RuntimeFixture active = runtime(1, 1D, 1D, 1D);
         IrisEngine engine = engine(active.runtime, mock(EngineEffects.class), mock(EngineWorldManager.class));
-        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = mock(GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.class);
+        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = historyRouter(engine);
-        when(router.biomes()).thenReturn(mock(SavedBiomeRuntime.class));
-        when(router.engine()).thenReturn(engine);
         engine.attachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
 
         assertTrue(engine.beginShutdown());
@@ -531,9 +531,7 @@ public class IrisEngineGenerationRuntimeScopeTest {
     public void attachedHistoryRejectsGenerationRuntimeHotload() throws Exception {
         RuntimeFixture active = runtime(1, 1D, 1D, 1D);
         IrisEngine engine = engine(active.runtime, mock(EngineEffects.class), mock(EngineWorldManager.class));
-        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = mock(GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.class);
+        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = historyRouter(engine);
-        when(router.biomes()).thenReturn(mock(SavedBiomeRuntime.class));
-        when(router.engine()).thenReturn(engine);
         engine.attachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
 
         IllegalStateException failure = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, engine::hotloadComplex);
@@ -548,9 +546,7 @@ public class IrisEngineGenerationRuntimeScopeTest {
         RuntimeFixture active = runtime(1, 1D, 1D, 1D);
         IrisEngine engine = engine(active.runtime, mock(EngineEffects.class), mock(EngineWorldManager.class));
         assertNull(engine.openGenerationHistoryCoordinateScope(0, 0));
-        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = mock(GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.class);
+        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = historyRouter(engine);
-        when(router.biomes()).thenReturn(mock(SavedBiomeRuntime.class));
-        when(router.engine()).thenReturn(engine);
         engine.attachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
         engine.detachGenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter(router);
 
@@ -710,6 +706,16 @@ public class IrisEngineGenerationRuntimeScopeTest {
         assertSame(active.dimension, engine.getDimension());
     }
 
+    private static GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter historyRouter(IrisEngine engine) {
+        GenerationHistory history = mock(GenerationHistory.class);
+        when(history.retainRuntime()).thenReturn(mock(GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease.class));
+        GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter router = mock(GenerationHistoryRuntimeRouter.class);
+        when(router.biomes()).thenReturn(mock(SavedBiomeRuntime.class));
+        when(router.engine()).thenReturn(engine);
+        when(router.history()).thenReturn(history);
+        return router;
+    }
+
     private static IrisEngine engine(
             GenerationRuntime generationRuntime,
             EngineEffects effects,

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/IrisWorldManagerShutdownTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineTarget;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisWorld;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.scheduling.Looper;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisWorldManagerShutdownTest {
+    @Test
+    public void liveLooperPreventsSuccessfulCloseAndRemainsRetryable() throws Exception {
+        IrisWorldManager manager = manager();
+        HeldLooper looper = new HeldLooper();
+        setField(manager, "looper", looper);
+        looper.start();
+        try {
+            assertTrue(looper.started.await(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, manager::close);
+            assertFalse(manager.isLooperStopped());
+            assertTrue(looper.isAlive());
+            assertTrue(manager.isCleanupServiceStopped());
+        } finally {
+            looper.release.countDown();
+            looper.join(5_000L);
+            manager.close();
+        }
+        assertFalse(looper.isAlive());
+        assertTrue(manager.isLooperStopped());
+        manager.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void cleanupTimeoutRemainsRetryableAndSuccessfulCloseIsIdempotent() throws Exception {
+        IrisWorldManager manager = manager();
+        ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor = mock(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.class);
+        manager.getCleanupService().shutdownNow();
+        setField(manager, "cleanupService", executor);
+        when(executor.awaitTermination(anyLong(), eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))).thenReturn(false, true);
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, manager::close);
+        assertFalse(manager.isCleanupServiceStopped());
+        assertTrue(manager.isLooperStopped());
+
+        manager.close();
+        assertTrue(manager.isCleanupServiceStopped());
+        manager.close();
+        verify(executor, times(2)).shutdownNow();
+        verify(executor, times(2)).awaitTermination(anyLong(), eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void interruptedCleanupWaitRestoresInterruptAndCanBeRetried() throws Exception {
+        IrisWorldManager manager = manager();
+        ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor = mock(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.class);
+        manager.getCleanupService().shutdownNow();
+        setField(manager, "cleanupService", executor);
+        when(executor.awaitTermination(anyLong(), eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)))
+                .thenThrow(new InterruptedException("Close interrupted"))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+        try {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, manager::close);
+            assertTrue(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
+            assertFalse(manager.isCleanupServiceStopped());
+        } finally {
+            Thread.interrupted();
+            manager.close();
+        }
+        assertTrue(manager.isCleanupServiceStopped());
+        verify(executor, times(2)).awaitTermination(anyLong(), eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+    }
+
+    private static IrisWorldManager manager() {
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        EngineTarget target = mock(EngineTarget.class);
+        IrisWorld world = mock(IrisWorld.class);
+        when(world.name()).thenReturn("shutdown-test");
+        when(target.getWorld()).thenReturn(world);
+        when(engine.getTarget()).thenReturn(target);
+        return new IrisWorldManager(engine);
+    }
+
+    private static void setField(IrisWorldManager manager, String name, Object value) throws Exception {
+        Field field = IrisWorldManager.class.getDeclaredField(name);
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        field.set(manager, value);
+    }
+
+    private static final class HeldLooper extends Looper {
+        private final CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+        @Override
+        protected void onStart() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void onStop() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected long loop() {
+            started.countDown();
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    release.await();
+                    return -1L;
+                } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/decorator/IrisSeaDecoratorBoundsTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.decorator;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBiome;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDecorationPart;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDecorator;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.hunk.Hunk;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyDouble;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisSeaDecoratorBoundsTest {
+    @Test
+    public void floorPercentageCannotGrowAboveTheWaterColumn() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(12, false);
+        fixture.stacking(200, 30);
+
+        fixture.decorate(4, 8);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.body, fixture.output.get(0, 4, 0));
+        assertSame(fixture.top, fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 8, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void floorPercentageRespectsAbsoluteMaximum() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(64, false);
+        fixture.stacking(100, 3);
+
+        fixture.decorate(4, 60);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.body, fixture.output.get(0, 4, 0));
+        assertSame(fixture.top, fixture.output.get(0, 6, 0));
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void surfacePercentageRespectsAbsoluteMaximum() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(64, true);
+        fixture.stacking(100, 3);
+
+        fixture.decorate(4, 64);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.body, fixture.output.get(0, 5, 0));
+        assertSame(fixture.top, fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 8, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void floorStackAtOutputCeilingUsesOneTopBlock() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(8, false);
+        fixture.stacking(200, 30);
+
+        fixture.decorate(7, 20);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.top, fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void unresolvedFloorPalettePreservesExistingWater() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(8, false);
+        fixture.stacking(100, 30);
+        PlatformBlockState water = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        fixture.output.set(0, 3, 0, water);
+        when(fixture.decorator.getBlockData100(any(), any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), any())).thenReturn(null);
+
+        fixture.decorate(3, 8);
+
+        assertSame(water, fixture.output.get(0, 3, 0));
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 4, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void surfaceStackUsesTheShorterOutputHeight() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(8, true);
+        when(fixture.engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(64);
+        fixture.stacking(200, 30);
+
+        fixture.decorate(6, 64);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.top, fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void surfaceSingleRejectsOutputCeiling() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(8, true);
+        when(fixture.engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(64);
+
+        fixture.decorate(7, 64);
+
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 7, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void surfaceSingleStackRejectsNegativeBaseAndEngineCeiling() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(16, true);
+        when(fixture.engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(8);
+        fixture.stacking(1, 30);
+        when(fixture.decorator.isScaleStack()).thenReturn(false);
+
+        fixture.decorate(-1, 16);
+        fixture.decorate(7, 16);
+
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 0, 0));
+        assertNull(fixture.output.get(0, 8, 0));
+    }
+
+    private static final class Fixture {
+        private final IrisDecorator decorator = mock(IrisDecorator.class);
+        private final IrisBiome biome = mock(IrisBiome.class);
+        private final PlatformBlockState body = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        private final PlatformBlockState top = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        private final Engine engine = mock(Engine.class, RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
+        private final Hunk<PlatformBlockState> output;
+        private final IrisEngineDecorator placement;
+
+        private Fixture(int height, boolean surface) {
+            when(engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(height);
+            output = Hunk.newArrayHunk(1, height, 1);
+            IrisDecorationPart part = surface ? IrisDecorationPart.SEA_SURFACE : IrisDecorationPart.SEA_FLOOR;
+            when(biome.getDecoratorBucket(part)).thenReturn(new IrisDecorator[]{decorator});
+            when(decorator.passesChanceGate(any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), any())).thenReturn(true);
+            when(decorator.getBlockData100(any(), any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), any())).thenReturn(body);
+            when(decorator.getBlockDataForTop(any(), any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), any())).thenReturn(top);
+            when(decorator.getTopThreshold()).thenReturn(1D);
+            placement = surface ? new IrisSeaSurfaceDecorator(engine) : new IrisSeaFloorDecorator(engine);
+        }
+
+        private void stacking(int percentage, int cap) {
+            when(decorator.isStacking()).thenReturn(true);
+            when(decorator.isScaleStack()).thenReturn(true);
+            when(decorator.getHeight(any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), any())).thenReturn(percentage);
+            when(decorator.getAbsoluteMaxStack()).thenReturn(cap);
+        }
+
+        private void decorate(int height, int maximum) {
+            placement.decorate(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, output, biome, height, maximum);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/framework/IrisEngineModeLifecycleTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.framework;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoInteractions;
+
+public class IrisEngineModeLifecycleTest {
+    @Test
+    public void failedContentStageRemainsRetryable() {
+        IrisEngineMode mode = new IrisEngineMode(mock(Engine.class)) {
+        };
+        EngineStage content = mock(EngineStage.class);
+        EngineStage terrain = mock(EngineStage.class);
+        mode.registerStage(content);
+        mode.registerTerrainStage(terrain);
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Stage close failed");
+        doThrow(failure).doNothing().when(content).close();
+
+        assertSame(failure, assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, mode::close));
+        verifyNoInteractions(terrain);
+        mode.close();
+        mode.close();
+
+        assertTrue(mode.getStages().isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(mode.getTerrainStages().isEmpty());
+        verify(content, times(2)).close();
+        verify(terrain).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedTerrainStageDoesNotRepeatReleasedContent() {
+        IrisEngineMode mode = new IrisEngineMode(mock(Engine.class)) {
+        };
+        EngineStage content = mock(EngineStage.class);
+        EngineStage terrain = mock(EngineStage.class);
+        mode.registerStage(content);
+        mode.registerTerrainStage(terrain);
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Terrain stage close failed");
+        doThrow(failure).doNothing().when(terrain).close();
+
+        assertSame(failure, assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, mode::close));
+        assertTrue(mode.getStages().isEmpty());
+        mode.close();
+        mode.close();
+
+        assertTrue(mode.getTerrainStages().isEmpty());
+        verify(content).close();
+        verify(terrain, times(2)).close();
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/history/GenerationAdmissionTest.java

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
 
+import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
@@ -103,6 +104,99 @@ public class GenerationAdmissionTest {
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, admission::beginStartupCutover);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void lastRuntimeReleaseAllowsStartupOnAFreshAdmissionOnly() {
+        Path root = temporaryFolder.getRoot().toPath();
+        GenerationAdmission admission = new GenerationAdmission(root);
+        GenerationAdmission stale = new GenerationAdmission(root);
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease runtime = admission.retainRuntime();
+        try (GenerationAdmission.StageLease ignored = admission.enterStage()) {
+        }
+        runtime.close();
+        GenerationAdmission reopened = new GenerationAdmission(root);
+        try (GenerationAdmission.CutoverLease ignored = reopened.beginStartupCutover()) {
+        }
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, stale::enterStage);
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, stale::beginCutover);
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, stale::retainRuntime);
+        runtime.close();
+        try (GenerationAdmission.StageLease ignored = reopened.enterStage()) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void everyRuntimeMustReleaseBeforeAdmissionCanRetire() {
+        Path root = temporaryFolder.getRoot().toPath();
+        GenerationAdmission first = new GenerationAdmission(root);
+        GenerationAdmission second = new GenerationAdmission(root);
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease firstRuntime = first.retainRuntime();
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease secondRuntime = second.retainRuntime();
+        try (GenerationAdmission.StageLease ignored = first.enterStage()) {
+        }
+        firstRuntime.close();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, new GenerationAdmission(root)::beginStartupCutover);
+        try (GenerationAdmission.StageLease ignored = second.enterStage()) {
+        }
+        secondRuntime.close();
+        try (GenerationAdmission.CutoverLease ignored = new GenerationAdmission(root).beginStartupCutover()) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedRetirementRetainsTheLeaseUntilActiveStagesFinish() {
+        GenerationAdmission admission = new GenerationAdmission(temporaryFolder.getRoot().toPath());
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease runtime = admission.retainRuntime();
+        GenerationAdmission.StageLease stage = admission.enterStage();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, runtime::close);
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, admission::beginStartupCutover);
+        stage.close();
+        runtime.close();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, admission::enterStage);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedRetirementRetainsTheLeaseUntilActiveCutoversFinish() {
+        GenerationAdmission admission = new GenerationAdmission(temporaryFolder.getRoot().toPath());
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease runtime = admission.retainRuntime();
+        GenerationAdmission.CutoverLease cutover = admission.beginCutover();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, runtime::close);
+        cutover.close();
+        runtime.close();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, admission::beginCutover);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void waitingCutoversKeepAdmissionOwnedUntilTheirWorkCompletes() throws Exception {
+        GenerationAdmission admission = new GenerationAdmission(temporaryFolder.getRoot().toPath());
+        GenerationAdmission.RuntimeLease runtime = admission.retainRuntime();
+        GenerationAdmission.StageLease stage = admission.enterStage();
+        CountDownLatch entered = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        FutureTask<Void> cutover = new FutureTask<>(() -> {
+            try (GenerationAdmission.CutoverLease ignored = admission.beginCutover()) {
+                entered.countDown();
+                await(release);
+            }
+        }, null);
+        Thread thread = Thread.ofPlatform().daemon().unstarted(cutover);
+        try {
+            thread.start();
+            awaitWaiting(thread);
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, runtime::close);
+            stage.close();
+            assertTrue(entered.await(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, runtime::close);
+            release.countDown();
+            cutover.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            runtime.close();
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, admission::beginCutover);
+        } finally {
+            stage.close();
+            release.countDown();
+            thread.join(5_000L);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void awaitWaiting(Thread thread) throws InterruptedException {
         long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(5L);
         while (thread.getState() != Thread.State.WAITING && System.nanoTime() < deadline) {

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/HydrologyRouteLengthsTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.hydrology;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+
+public class HydrologyRouteLengthsTest {
+    @Test
+    public void branchingRoutesMatchIndependentDownstreamWalks() {
+        Random random = new Random(912541L);
+        for (int width : new int[]{2, 3, 9, 17, 33, 65}) {
+            for (int spacing : new int[]{4, 16, 64}) {
+                for (int maximumLength : new int[]{63, 128, 257, 4096}) {
+                    int[] parent = forest(width, random);
+                    HydrologyPlannerSettings.Routing routing = routing(spacing, maximumLength);
+                    assertArrayEquals(walks(parent, width, routing),
+                            HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(parent, width, routing));
+                    reverse(parent);
+                    assertArrayEquals(walks(parent, width, routing),
+                            HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(parent, width, routing));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void exactLengthLimitAndMissingOutletsKeepTheirBounds() {
+        int[] parent = {1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1};
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{Integer.MAX_VALUE, 12, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+                HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(parent, 9, routing(4, 12)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void longRoutesDoNotUseTheCallStack() {
+        int width = 257;
+        int[] parent = new int[width * width];
+        for (int row = 0; row < width; row++) {
+            for (int column = 0; column < width; column++) {
+                int index = row * width + column;
+                int direction = row % 2 == 0 ? 1 : -1;
+                int nextColumn = column + direction;
+                parent[index] = nextColumn >= 0 && nextColumn < width ? index + direction : index + width;
+            }
+        }
+        parent[parent.length - 1] = -1;
+        int[] lengths = HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(parent, width, routing(4, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals((parent.length - 1) * 4, lengths[0]);
+        assertEquals(0, lengths[lengths.length - 1]);
+        reverse(parent);
+        lengths = HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(parent, width, routing(4, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertEquals((parent.length - 1) * 4, lengths[lengths.length - 1]);
+        assertEquals(0, lengths[0]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void cyclesFailBeforeTheyCanStallPlanning() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> HydrologyPlanner.routeLengths(new int[]{1, 0}, 2, routing(4, 128)));
+    }
+
+    private static int[] forest(int width, Random random) {
+        int[] parent = new int[width * width];
+        Arrays.fill(parent, -1);
+        int[] candidates = new int[4];
+        for (int index = 1; index < parent.length; index++) {
+            int x = index % width;
+            int z = index / width;
+            int count = 0;
+            if (x > 0) {
+                candidates[count++] = index - 1;
+            }
+            if (z > 0) {
+                candidates[count++] = index - width;
+                if (x > 0) {
+                    candidates[count++] = index - width - 1;
+                }
+                if (x + 1 < width) {
+                    candidates[count++] = index - width + 1;
+                }
+            }
+            if (random.nextInt(16) != 0) {
+                parent[index] = candidates[random.nextInt(count)];
+            }
+        }
+        return parent;
+    }
+
+    private static void reverse(int[] parent) {
+        int[] original = parent.clone();
+        for (int index = 0; index < parent.length; index++) {
+            int next = original[parent.length - 1 - index];
+            parent[index] = next < 0 ? -1 : parent.length - 1 - next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int[] walks(int[] parent, int width, HydrologyPlannerSettings.Routing routing) {
+        int[] lengths = new int[parent.length];
+        for (int source = 0; source < parent.length; source++) {
+            double distance = 0D;
+            int steps = 0;
+            int current = source;
+            while (parent[current] >= 0) {
+                int next = parent[current];
+                distance += StrictMath.hypot((current % width - next % width) * routing.sampleSpacing(),
+                        (current / width - next / width) * routing.sampleSpacing());
+                if (distance > routing.maximumRouteLength() || ++steps > routing.maximumRouteNodes()) {
+                    distance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+                    break;
+                }
+                current = next;
+            }
+            lengths[source] = (int) StrictMath.ceil(distance);
+        }
+        return lengths;
+    }
+
+    private static HydrologyPlannerSettings.Routing routing(int spacing, int maximumLength) {
+        return new HydrologyPlannerSettings.Routing(spacing * 8, spacing, 1_000_000, maximumLength,
+                0, 0, 1D, 1D, 1D, 1D, 1D, 0);
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/HydrologyTileCacheTest.java

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.Future;
 import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
@@ -43,6 +45,104 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class HydrologyTileCacheTest {
+    @Test
+    public void closeDrainsBackgroundPlanningAndRejectsNewDemand() throws Exception {
+        HydrologyPlanner planner = mock(HydrologyPlanner.class);
+        HydrologyTile tile = mock(HydrologyTile.class);
+        HydrologyTileKey key = new HydrologyTileKey(0, 0);
+        CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        when(planner.plan(key)).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            started.countDown();
+            assertTrue(release.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            return tile;
+        });
+        ExecutorService workers = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+        ExecutorService callers = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
+        HydrologyTileCache cache = new HydrologyTileCache(planner, 4, workers);
+        try {
+            Future<HydrologyTile> result = callers.submit(() -> cache.get(key));
+            assertTrue(started.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            Future<?> closing = callers.submit(cache::close);
+            awaitClosed(cache);
+            assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> closing.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            assertThrows(CancellationException.class, () -> cache.get(new HydrologyTileKey(1, 0)));
+            assertThrows(CancellationException.class, () -> cache.columnAt(0, 0));
+            release.countDown();
+            assertSame(tile, result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            closing.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertEquals(0, cache.size());
+            verify(planner, never()).plan(new HydrologyTileKey(1, 0));
+        } finally {
+            release.countDown();
+            workers.shutdownNow();
+            callers.shutdownNow();
+            assertTrue(workers.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertTrue(callers.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void closeWaitsForColumnCompositionBeforeReturning() throws Exception {
+        HydrologyPlanner planner = mock(HydrologyPlanner.class);
+        HydrologyTile tile = mock(HydrologyTile.class);
+        when(planner.settings()).thenReturn(emptySettings());
+        when(planner.plan(any(HydrologyTileKey.class))).thenReturn(tile);
+        CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        when(tile.columnAt(anyInt(), anyInt())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            if (invocation.<Integer>getArgument(0) == 0 && invocation.<Integer>getArgument(1) == 0) {
+                started.countDown();
+                assertTrue(release.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            }
+            return Optional.empty();
+        });
+        HydrologyTileCache cache = new HydrologyTileCache(planner, 4);
+        ExecutorService callers = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
+        try {
+            Future<Optional<HydrologyColumnSample>> result = callers.submit(() -> cache.columnAt(0, 0));
+            assertTrue(started.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            Future<?> closing = callers.submit(cache::close);
+            awaitClosed(cache);
+            assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> closing.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            release.countDown();
+            assertTrue(result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS).isEmpty());
+            closing.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertEquals(0, cache.size());
+        } finally {
+            release.countDown();
+            callers.shutdownNow();
+            assertTrue(callers.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void closingFromAnOwnedLoadFailsWithoutDeadlockingOrClosingTheCache() {
+        HydrologyPlanner planner = mock(HydrologyPlanner.class);
+        HydrologyTile tile = mock(HydrologyTile.class);
+        HydrologyTileCache cache = new HydrologyTileCache(planner, 4);
+        HydrologyTileKey key = new HydrologyTileKey(0, 0);
+        when(planner.plan(key)).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, cache::close);
+            return tile;
+        });
+        assertSame(tile, cache.get(key));
+        assertSame(tile, cache.get(key));
+        cache.close();
+        assertThrows(CancellationException.class, () -> cache.get(key));
+    }
+
+    private static void awaitClosed(HydrologyTileCache cache) throws Exception {
+        Field field = HydrologyTileCache.class.getDeclaredField("closed");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        AtomicBoolean closed = (AtomicBoolean) field.get(cache);
+        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(5);
+        while (!closed.get() && System.nanoTime() < deadline) {
+            Thread.sleep(1);
+        }
+        assertTrue(closed.get());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void explicitAreaIsFullyQueuedBeforeExecutorCallbacksCanAddOldWork() throws Exception {
         for (boolean pregeneration : new boolean[]{false, true}) {
@@ -265,7 +365,7 @@ public class HydrologyTileCacheTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void planCompletingAfterCloseDoesNotEnterTheSharedStudioCache() throws Exception {
+    public void closeWaitsForActivePlansWithoutPublishingTheirSharedTiles() throws Exception {
         HydrologyPlanner closingPlanner = mock(HydrologyPlanner.class);
         HydrologyPlanner succeedingPlanner = mock(HydrologyPlanner.class);
         HydrologyTile lateTile = mock(HydrologyTile.class);
@@ -287,13 +387,15 @@ public class HydrologyTileCacheTest {
         when(lateTile.tileSize()).thenReturn(64);
         HydrologyTileCache closing = new HydrologyTileCache(closingPlanner, 4, null, null, scope);
         HydrologyTileCache succeeding = new HydrologyTileCache(succeedingPlanner, 4, null, null, scope);
-        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
         try {
             Future<HydrologyTile> late = executor.submit(() -> closing.get(key));
             assertTrue(planningStarted.await(10L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-            closing.close();
+            Future<?> shutdown = executor.submit(closing::close);
+            assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> shutdown.get(100L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
             allowCompletion.countDown();
             assertSame(lateTile, late.get(10L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            shutdown.get(10L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
             assertEquals(0, closing.size());
             assertSame(plannedTile, succeeding.get(key));
             verify(succeedingPlanner, times(1)).plan(key);
@@ -1451,7 +1553,14 @@ public class HydrologyTileCacheTest {
                 freshPrefetch.run();
             }
             oldDemand.run();
-            assertSame(tile, result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            if (close) {
+                ExecutionException failure = assertThrows(ExecutionException.class,
+                        () -> result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+                assertTrue(failure.getCause() instanceof CancellationException);
+                verify(planner, never()).plan(new HydrologyTileKey(1, 0));
+            } else {
+                assertSame(tile, result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            }
             assertTrue(queued.isEmpty());
             assertEquals(close ? 0 : 1, cache.size());
             verify(planner, never()).plan(new HydrologyTileKey(2, 0));

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/hydrology/RiverFootprintTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.hydrology;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class RiverFootprintTest {
+    @Test
+    public void primitiveIndexKeepsSignedKeyOrderAndFullCoordinateRange() {
+        Random random = new Random(836412L);
+        HashMap<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> input = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int index = 0; index < 2_000; index++) {
+            HydrologyColumnSample column = column(random.nextInt(), random.nextInt());
+            input.put(RiverFootprint.pack(column.x(), column.z()), column);
+        }
+        for (int x : new int[]{Integer.MIN_VALUE, -1, 0, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE}) {
+            for (int z : new int[]{Integer.MIN_VALUE, -1, 0, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE}) {
+                input.put(RiverFootprint.pack(x, z), column(x, z));
+            }
+        }
+        TreeMap<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> expected = new TreeMap<>(input);
+        RiverFootprint footprint = new RiverFootprint(input);
+        input.clear();
+        assertEquals(new ArrayList<>(expected.keySet()), new ArrayList<>(footprint.columns().keySet()));
+        assertEquals(expected, footprint.columns());
+        for (HydrologyColumnSample column : expected.values()) {
+            assertSame(column, footprint.sample(column.x(), column.z()).orElseThrow());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void exposedEntriesCannotMutateTheLookupIndex() {
+        HydrologyColumnSample original = column(-5, 9);
+        RiverFootprint footprint = new RiverFootprint(Map.of(RiverFootprint.pack(-5, 9), original));
+        Map.Entry<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> entry = footprint.columns().entrySet().iterator().next();
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> entry.setValue(column(-5, 9)));
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> footprint.columns().values().clear());
+        assertSame(original, footprint.sample(-5, 9).orElseThrow());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void areaQueriesKeepBothLookupPathsAndExclusiveBounds() {
+        HashMap<Long, HydrologyColumnSample> input = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int x = -8; x < 8; x++) {
+            for (int z = -8; z < 8; z++) {
+                input.put(RiverFootprint.pack(x, z), column(x, z));
+            }
+        }
+        RiverFootprint footprint = new RiverFootprint(input);
+        assertEquals(List.of(column(-1, -1), column(0, -1), column(-1, 0), column(0, 0)),
+                footprint.columnsIn(-1, -1, 1, 1));
+        assertEquals(new ArrayList<>(new TreeMap<>(input).values()),
+                footprint.columnsIn(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        assertTrue(footprint.columnsIn(0, 0, 0, 1).isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(footprint.columnsIn(100, 100, 101, 101).isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    private static HydrologyColumnSample column(int x, int z) {
+        return new HydrologyColumnSample(x, z, 90, 63, false, "parent", List.of());
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/MatterGeneratorConcurrencyTest.java

@@ -21,9 +21,14 @@ import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.MultiBurst;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
@@ -41,6 +46,9 @@ import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class MatterGeneratorConcurrencyTest {
@@ -215,6 +223,167 @@ public class MatterGeneratorConcurrencyTest {
         assertFalse(fixture.mantle.getChunk(0, 0).isFlagged(MantleFlag.PLANNED));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void dispatcherPropagatesAnAlreadyFailedSharedComponent() {
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Shared component failed");
+        ExecutionException observed = sharedComponentFailure(failure, ExecutionException.class);
+        assertSame(failure, observed.getCause());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dispatcherPropagatesAnAlreadyCancelledSharedComponent() {
+        sharedComponentFailure(new CancellationException("Shared component cancelled"), CancellationException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void timedOutRunningComponentRetainsWriterAndSharedClaimUntilItExits() throws Exception {
+        GeneratorFixture fixture = new GeneratorFixture(true);
+        CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch release = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        CountDownLatch writersAcquired = new CountDownLatch(2);
+        CountDownLatch cancelled = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AtomicInteger runs = new AtomicInteger();
+        MantleChunk<Matter> chunk = fixture.mantle.getChunk(0, 0);
+        when(chunk.use()).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            writersAcquired.countDown();
+            return chunk;
+        });
+        RecordingComponent component = new RecordingComponent(ReservedFlag.OBJECT, 0, 0) {
+            @Override
+            public void generateLayer(MantleWriter writer, int x, int z, ChunkContext context) {
+                runs.incrementAndGet();
+                started.countDown();
+                await(release);
+                verify(chunk, never()).release();
+            }
+        };
+        TestMatterGenerator generator = fixture.generator(List.of(new MantlePass(List.of(component), 0, 0)));
+        CompletableFuture<Void> first = CompletableFuture.runAsync(
+                () -> generator.generateMatter(0, 0, true, fixture.context));
+        await(started);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey key = new MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey(fixture.mantle, 0, 0, ReservedFlag.OBJECT);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask task = MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.get(key);
+        Future<?> submission = mock(Future.class);
+        when(submission.cancel(true)).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            cancelled.countDown();
+            return true;
+        });
+        task.setSubmission(submission);
+        CompletableFuture<Void> second = MultiBurst.burst.completeValueAsync(() -> {
+            generator.generateMatter(0, 0, true, fixture.context);
+            return null;
+        });
+        CompletableFuture<Void> timeout = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> task.await(0L));
+        try {
+            await(writersAcquired);
+            await(cancelled);
+            assertSame(task, MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.get(key));
+            assertFalse(first.isDone());
+            assertFalse(second.isDone());
+            assertFalse(timeout.isDone());
+            verify(chunk, never()).release();
+            assertEquals(1, runs.get());
+        } finally {
+            release.countDown();
+        }
+        assertThrows(ExecutionException.class, () -> timeout.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertThrows(ExecutionException.class, () -> first.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertThrows(ExecutionException.class, () -> second.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        verify(chunk, times(2)).release();
+        assertFalse(MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.containsKey(key));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void queuedTimeoutPreventsLateExecutionAndAllowsANewClaim() {
+        GeneratorFixture fixture = new GeneratorFixture();
+        MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey key = new MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey(fixture.mantle, 0, 0, ReservedFlag.OBJECT);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask task = new MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask(key);
+        MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.put(key, task);
+        Future<?> submission = mock(Future.class);
+        task.setSubmission(submission);
+
+        CompletionException failure = assertThrows(CompletionException.class, () -> task.await(0L));
+
+        assertTrue(failure.getCause().getMessage().contains("did not complete"));
+        assertFalse(task.start());
+        assertFalse(MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.containsKey(key));
+        verify(submission).cancel(true);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask replacement = new MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask(key);
+        assertNull(MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.putIfAbsent(key, replacement));
+        task.finish(null);
+        assertSame(replacement, MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.get(key));
+        replacement.finish(null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void droppedQueuedSubmissionCannotRunAfterTheBarrier() {
+        GeneratorFixture fixture = new GeneratorFixture();
+        MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey key = new MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey(fixture.mantle, 0, 0, ReservedFlag.OBJECT);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask task = new MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask(key);
+        MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.put(key, task);
+        Future<?> submission = mock(Future.class);
+        when(submission.isDone()).thenReturn(true);
+        task.setSubmission(submission);
+
+        CompletionException failure = assertThrows(CompletionException.class,
+                () -> task.await(MatterGenerator.COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS));
+
+        assertTrue(failure.getCause().getMessage().contains("was dropped"));
+        assertFalse(task.start());
+        assertFalse(MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.containsKey(key));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void interruptedWaiterDrainsRunningTaskAndRestoresInterrupt() throws Exception {
+        GeneratorFixture fixture = new GeneratorFixture();
+        MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey key = new MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey(fixture.mantle, 0, 0, ReservedFlag.OBJECT);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask task = new MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask(key);
+        assertTrue(task.start());
+        CountDownLatch waiting = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AtomicBoolean restored = new AtomicBoolean();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> completion = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        Thread waiter = new Thread(() -> {
+            try {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                waiting.countDown();
+                task.await(MatterGenerator.COMPONENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+                restored.set(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
+                completion.complete(null);
+            } catch (Throwable failure) {
+                completion.completeExceptionally(failure);
+            }
+        });
+        waiter.start();
+        await(waiting);
+        try {
+            assertFalse(completion.isDone());
+        } finally {
+            task.finish(null);
+        }
+        completion.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        waiter.join(5_000L);
+        assertTrue(restored.get());
+    }
+
+    private <T extends Throwable> T sharedComponentFailure(Throwable failure, Class<T> expectedFailure) {
+        GeneratorFixture fixture = new GeneratorFixture(true);
+        RecordingComponent component = new RecordingComponent(ReservedFlag.OBJECT, 0, 0);
+        TestMatterGenerator generator = fixture.generator(List.of(new MantlePass(List.of(component), 0, 0)));
+        MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey key = new MatterGenerator.MatterTaskKey(fixture.mantle, 0, 0, ReservedFlag.OBJECT);
+        MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask task = new MatterGenerator.MatterComponentTask(key);
+        task.finish(failure);
+        MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.put(key, task);
+        try {
+            CompletableFuture<Void> generation = MultiBurst.burst.completeValueAsync(() -> {
+                generator.generateMatter(0, 0, true, fixture.context);
+                return null;
+            });
+            return assertThrows(expectedFailure, () -> generation.get(5L, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        } finally {
+            MatterGenerator.IN_FLIGHT_COMPONENTS.remove(key, task);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void await(CountDownLatch latch) {
         try {
             assertTrue(latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/components/IrisCaveCarver3DNearParityTest.java

@@ -35,12 +35,15 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
@@ -114,6 +117,45 @@ public class IrisCaveCarver3DNearParityTest {
         carveForcedAirField.setAccessible(true);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void carvingReleasesSectionReferencesAfterSuccessAndFailure() throws Exception {
+        for (boolean fail : new boolean[]{false, true}) {
+            Engine engine = createEngine(128, 110);
+            IrisCaveProfile profile = createProfile(false, false).setAdaptiveSampling(false)
+                    .setAllowFluid(false).setDetailWeight(0D)
+                    .setDensityThreshold(new IrisStyledRange(2D, 2D, new IrisGeneratorStyle(NoiseStyle.FLAT)));
+            IrisCaveCarver3D carver = new IrisCaveCarver3D(engine, profile);
+            WriterCapture capture = createWriterCapture(128);
+            if (fail) {
+                AtomicInteger samples = new AtomicInteger();
+                CNG density = mock(CNG.class);
+                doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                    if (samples.incrementAndGet() > 300) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Density sample failed");
+                    }
+                    return -1D;
+                }).when(density).noiseFastSigned3D(anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble());
+                baseDensityField.set(carver, density);
+                assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> carver.carve(capture.writer, 0, 0,
+                        fullWeights(), 0D, 0D, null, filledHeights(110)));
+            } else {
+                carver.carve(capture.writer, 0, 0, fullWeights(), 0D, 0D, null, filledHeights(110));
+            }
+            assertFalse(capture.carvedCells.isEmpty());
+            Field scratchField = IrisCaveCarver3D.class.getDeclaredField("scratchCache");
+            scratchField.setAccessible(true);
+            ThreadLocal<?> scratchCache = (ThreadLocal<?>) scratchField.get(carver);
+            CaveCarveScratch scratch = (CaveCarveScratch) scratchCache.get();
+            assertTrue(scratch.sectionMatter.length > 0);
+            for (Matter matter : scratch.sectionMatter) {
+                assertNull(matter);
+            }
+            for (MatterSlice<?> slice : scratch.sectionSlices) {
+                assertNull(slice);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void parallelDensityPreservesExactAndAdaptiveCavernsAndLiquids() throws Exception {
         try (ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool(4)) {

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/mantle/components/MantleCarvingComponentScratchTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.components;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.IrisComplex;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.EngineMetrics;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.EngineMantle;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.mantle.MantleWriter;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBiome;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisCaveProfile;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDimension;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisRegion;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisWorld;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.context.ChunkContext;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.stream.ProceduralStream;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyDouble;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class MantleCarvingComponentScratchTest {
+    private MantleCarvingComponent component;
+    private IrisDimension dimension;
+    private ChunkContext context;
+    private MantleWriter writer;
+
+    @Before
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void prepare() {
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        EngineMantle mantle = mock(EngineMantle.class);
+        when(mantle.getEngine()).thenReturn(engine);
+        component = new MantleCarvingComponent(mantle);
+        dimension = new IrisDimension();
+        when(engine.getDimension()).thenReturn(dimension);
+        when(engine.getWorld()).thenReturn(mock(IrisWorld.class));
+        when(engine.getMetrics()).thenReturn(new EngineMetrics(16));
+        IrisComplex complex = mock(IrisComplex.class);
+        when(complex.allowsMantleChunkWrite(anyInt(), anyInt())).thenReturn(true);
+        ProceduralStream<Double> heights = mock(ProceduralStream.class);
+        when(heights.getDouble(anyDouble(), anyDouble())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+            double x = invocation.getArgument(0);
+            return x < 0D ? 90D : 70D;
+        });
+        when(complex.getNaturalHeightStream()).thenReturn(heights);
+        ProceduralStream<IrisRegion> regions = mock(ProceduralStream.class);
+        ProceduralStream<IrisBiome> biomes = mock(ProceduralStream.class);
+        ProceduralStream<PlatformBlockState> fluids = mock(ProceduralStream.class);
+        when(regions.get(anyDouble(), anyDouble())).thenReturn(new IrisRegion());
+        when(biomes.get(anyDouble(), anyDouble())).thenReturn(new IrisBiome());
+        when(complex.getRegionStream()).thenReturn(regions);
+        when(complex.getNaturalTrueBiomeStream()).thenReturn(biomes);
+        when(complex.getCaveBiomeStream()).thenReturn(biomes);
+        when(complex.getFluidStream()).thenReturn(fluids);
+        context = mock(ChunkContext.class);
+        when(context.getComplex()).thenReturn(complex);
+        writer = mock(MantleWriter.class);
+        Mantle<Matter> storage = mock(Mantle.class);
+        when(storage.getWorldHeight()).thenReturn(128);
+        when(writer.getMantle()).thenReturn(storage);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nestedGenerationPreservesOuterColumnHeights() throws Exception {
+        IrisCaveCarver3D carver = installProfile();
+        AtomicBoolean entered = new AtomicBoolean();
+        AtomicInteger calls = new AtomicInteger();
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            int chunkX = invocation.getArgument(1);
+            int[] heights = invocation.getArgument(7);
+            int expectedHeight = chunkX < 0 ? 90 : 70;
+            assertEquals(expectedHeight, heights[0]);
+            calls.incrementAndGet();
+            if (entered.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                component.generateLayer(writer, -3, -3, context);
+            }
+            for (int height : heights) {
+                assertEquals(expectedHeight, height);
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }).when(carver).carve(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(),
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+
+        component.generateLayer(writer, 2, 2, context);
+
+        assertEquals(2, calls.get());
+        assertReleased();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void generationReleasesConfigurationReferencesWhenCarvingFails() throws Exception {
+        IrisCaveCarver3D carver = installProfile();
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Carving failed");
+        }).when(carver).carve(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(),
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> component.generateLayer(writer, 2, 2, context));
+        assertReleased();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void changedProfilesReuseNumericBuffersWithoutKeepingProfileKeys() throws Exception {
+        Object firstBuffer = null;
+        for (int index = 0; index < 4; index++) {
+            installProfile();
+            component.generateLayer(writer, 2, 2, context);
+            Object scratch = assertReleased();
+            List<?> buffers = (List<?>) field(scratch, "weightBuffers");
+            assertEquals(1, buffers.size());
+            if (firstBuffer == null) {
+                firstBuffer = buffers.get(0);
+            } else {
+                assertSame(firstBuffer, buffers.get(0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private IrisCaveCarver3D installProfile() throws Exception {
+        IrisCaveProfile profile = new IrisCaveProfile().setEnabled(true);
+        dimension.setCaveProfile(profile);
+        IrisCaveCarver3D carver = mock(IrisCaveCarver3D.class);
+        Map<IrisCaveProfile, IrisCaveCarver3D> carvers = new IdentityHashMap<>();
+        carvers.put(profile, carver);
+        Field cache = MantleCarvingComponent.class.getDeclaredField("profileCarvers");
+        cache.setAccessible(true);
+        cache.set(component, carvers);
+        return carver;
+    }
+
+    private Object assertReleased() throws Exception {
+        Field scratchField = MantleCarvingComponent.class.getDeclaredField("BLEND_SCRATCH");
+        scratchField.setAccessible(true);
+        ThreadLocal<?> scratchCache = (ThreadLocal<?>) scratchField.get(null);
+        Object scratch = scratchCache.get();
+        for (String name : List.of("profileField", "kernelProfiles", "fieldRegions", "fieldSurfaceBiomes", "fieldCaveBiomes")) {
+            for (Object value : (Object[]) field(scratch, name)) {
+                assertNull(value);
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(0, ((Map<?, ?>) field(scratch, "columnProfileWeights")).size());
+        assertEquals(0, ((List<?>) field(scratch, "profileOrder")).size());
+        assertFalse((boolean) field(scratch, "inUse"));
+        return scratch;
+    }
+
+    private Object field(Object object, String name) throws Exception {
+        Field field = object.getClass().getDeclaredField(name);
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return field.get(object);
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/modifier/IrisDepositModifierContextTest.java

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ package art.arcane.iris.engine.modifier;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.IrisEngine;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositGenerator;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositHeightDistribution;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositPlacementScope;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisObject;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
@@ -16,6 +19,7 @@ import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.AfterClass;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
@@ -33,14 +37,11 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.same;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -90,6 +91,25 @@ public class IrisDepositModifierContextTest {
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void failedClumpChanceDoesNotResampleTheConfiguredAttemptCount() {
+        Engine engine = mock(Engine.class, RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
+        IrisDepositGenerator generator = mock(IrisDepositGenerator.class);
+        when(generator.getSpawnChance()).thenReturn(1D);
+        when(generator.getMinPerChunk()).thenReturn(0);
+        when(generator.getMaxPerChunk()).thenReturn(4);
+        when(generator.getPerClumpSpawnChance()).thenReturn(0D);
+        RNG rng = mock(RNG.class);
+        when(rng.d()).thenReturn(0.5D);
+        when(rng.i(0, 5)).thenReturn(4, 0);
+
+        new IrisDepositModifier(engine).generate(generator, null, null, rng, 0, 0, false, null);
+
+        verify(generator, times(4)).getPerClumpSpawnChance();
+        verify(rng, times(1)).i(0, 5);
+        verify(generator, never()).getClump(any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
     private static final class Fixture implements AutoCloseable {
         private final ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
         private final Engine engine;
@@ -138,16 +158,27 @@ public class IrisDepositModifierContextTest {
                     return null;
                 }).when(scope).close();
             }
-            modifier = spy(new IrisDepositModifier(engine));
+            when(engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(16);
-            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            IrisObject clump = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
-                assertNotSame(caller, Thread.currentThread());
+            for (IrisDepositGenerator generator : new IrisDepositGenerator[]{dimensionDeposit, regionDeposit, biomeDeposit}) {
-                assertEquals(scoped, workerRuntime.get());
+                when(generator.getSpawnChance()).thenReturn(1D);
-                assertSame(engine, IrisContext.require().getEngine());
+                when(generator.getMinPerChunk()).thenReturn(1);
-                assertSame(context, IrisContext.require().getChunkContext());
+                when(generator.getMaxPerChunk()).thenReturn(1);
-                assertEquals(71L, IrisContext.require().getGenerationSessionId());
+                when(generator.getPerClumpSpawnChance()).thenReturn(1D);
-                completed.incrementAndGet();
+                when(generator.getPlacementScope()).thenReturn(IrisDepositPlacementScope.FULL_HEIGHT);
-                return null;
+                when(generator.getHeightDistribution()).thenReturn(IrisDepositHeightDistribution.UNIFORM);
-            }).when(modifier).generate(any(), same(chunk), any(), any(), eq(2), eq(-3), eq(false), same(context));
+                when(generator.matchesBiome(any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
+                doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                    assertNotSame(caller, Thread.currentThread());
+                    assertEquals(scoped, workerRuntime.get());
+                    assertSame(engine, IrisContext.require().getEngine());
+                    assertSame(context, IrisContext.require().getChunkContext());
+                    assertEquals(71L, IrisContext.require().getGenerationSessionId());
+                    completed.incrementAndGet();
+                    return clump;
+                }).when(generator).getClump(any(), any(), any());
+            }
+            modifier = new IrisDepositModifier(engine);
             doAnswer(invocation -> {
                 assertEquals(3, completed.get());
                 assertEquals(scoped ? 3 : 0, closedScopes.get());

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/modifier/IrisDepositModifierOrderingTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.modifier;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositGenerator;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositHeightDistribution;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisDepositPlacementScope;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisObject;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.BurstExecutor;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.parallel.MultiBurst;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.context.ChunkContext;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.hunk.Hunk;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.MantleChunk;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.mantle.runtime.Mantle;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.matter.Matter;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.MockedStatic;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisDepositModifierOrderingTest {
+    @Before
+    public void bindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+        PlatformRegistries registries = mock(PlatformRegistries.class);
+        PlatformBlockState stone = state("stone");
+        when(registries.block(anyString())).thenReturn(stone);
+        IrisPlatform platform = mock(IrisPlatform.class);
+        when(platform.registries()).thenReturn(registries);
+        IrisPlatforms.bind(platform);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void unbindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void reverseWorkerCompletionKeepsDimensionRegionBiomePlacementOrder() throws Exception {
+        try (Fixture fixture = new Fixture(true, 1)) {
+            fixture.generate();
+            assertEquals(List.of("biome", "region", "dimension"), fixture.completed);
+            fixture.assertBiomeWins();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void inlinePreparationUsesTheSameOverlappingHostRules() throws Exception {
+        try (Fixture fixture = new Fixture(false, 1)) {
+            fixture.generate();
+            assertEquals(List.of("dimension", "region", "biome"), fixture.completed);
+            fixture.assertBiomeWins();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void manyAttemptBatchesKeepEveryClumpSeedAndOrderedHostReplacement() throws Exception {
+        List<String> expectedSamples = new ArrayList<>();
+        RNG generatorRng = new RNG(0L).nextParallelRNG(0L);
+        for (String name : List.of("dimension", "region", "biome")) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
+                expectedSamples.add(name + ":" + IrisDepositModifier.clumpSeed(generatorRng.getSeed(), i));
+            }
+        }
+        Collections.sort(expectedSamples);
+
+        for (boolean parallel : new boolean[]{false, true}) {
+            try (Fixture fixture = new Fixture(parallel, 25)) {
+                fixture.generate();
+                Collections.sort(fixture.samples);
+                assertEquals(expectedSamples, fixture.samples);
+                assertEquals(75, fixture.completed.size());
+                fixture.assertBiomeWins();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static PlatformBlockState state(String material) {
+        PlatformBlockState state = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        when(state.key()).thenReturn("minecraft:" + material);
+        when(state.materialKey()).thenReturn("minecraft:" + material);
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    private static final class Fixture implements AutoCloseable {
+        private final ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
+        private final List<String> completed = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());
+        private final List<String> samples = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());
+        private final CountDownLatch biomeReady = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch regionReady = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final Engine engine = mock(Engine.class, RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
+        private final ChunkContext context = mock(ChunkContext.class, RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
+        private final PlatformBlockState stone = state("stone");
+        private final PlatformBlockState granite = state("granite");
+        private final PlatformBlockState diorite = state("diorite");
+        private final PlatformBlockState diamond = state("diamond_ore");
+        private final Hunk<PlatformBlockState> output = Hunk.newArrayHunk(16, 16, 16);
+        private final MantleChunk<Matter> chunk;
+        private final boolean parallel;
+        private final int attempts;
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        private Fixture(boolean parallel, int attempts) {
+            this.parallel = parallel;
+            this.attempts = attempts;
+            when(engine.getHeight()).thenReturn(16);
+            when(engine.getCaveBiome(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt(), any())).thenReturn(null);
+            when(engine.getDimension().getDepositVariants()).thenReturn(new KList<>());
+            when(context.getRegion().get(anyInt(), anyInt()).getDepositVariants()).thenReturn(new KList<>());
+            when(context.getGenerationSessionId()).thenReturn(11L);
+            chunk = mock(MantleChunk.class);
+            Mantle<Matter> mantle = engine.getMantle().getMantle();
+            doReturn(chunk).when(mantle).getChunk(0, 0);
+            when(chunk.use()).thenReturn(chunk);
+            MultiBurst pool = mock(MultiBurst.class);
+            BurstExecutor burst = new BurstExecutor(executor, 3);
+            burst.setMulticore(parallel);
+            when(engine.burst()).thenReturn(pool);
+            when(pool.burst(parallel)).thenReturn(burst);
+            IrisDepositGenerator dimensionDeposit = generator("dimension", stone, granite);
+            IrisDepositGenerator regionDeposit = generator("region", granite, diorite);
+            IrisDepositGenerator biomeDeposit = generator("biome", diorite, diamond);
+            when(engine.getDimension().getDeposits()).thenReturn(new KList<>(dimensionDeposit));
+            when(context.getRegion().get(7, 7).getDeposits()).thenReturn(new KList<>(regionDeposit));
+            when(context.getBiome().get(7, 7).getDeposits()).thenReturn(new KList<>(biomeDeposit));
+            for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+                for (int z = 0; z < 16; z++) {
+                    output.set(x, 4, z, stone);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IrisDepositGenerator generator(String name, PlatformBlockState requiredHost, PlatformBlockState replacement) {
+            IrisDepositGenerator generator = mock(IrisDepositGenerator.class);
+            when(generator.getSpawnChance()).thenReturn(1D);
+            when(generator.getPerClumpSpawnChance()).thenReturn(1D);
+            when(generator.getMinPerChunk()).thenReturn(attempts);
+            when(generator.getMaxPerChunk()).thenReturn(attempts);
+            when(generator.getMinHeight()).thenReturn(4);
+            when(generator.getMaxHeight()).thenReturn(4);
+            when(generator.getPlacementScope()).thenReturn(IrisDepositPlacementScope.FULL_HEIGHT);
+            when(generator.getHeightDistribution()).thenReturn(IrisDepositHeightDistribution.UNIFORM);
+            when(generator.matchesBiome(any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
+            when(generator.canReplace(requiredHost)).thenReturn(true);
+            IrisObject clump = new IrisObject(33, 1, 33);
+            for (int x = -16; x <= 16; x++) {
+                for (int z = -16; z <= 16; z++) {
+                    clump.getBlocks().put(new IrisBlockVector(x, 0, z), replacement);
+                }
+            }
+            when(generator.getClump(any(), any(), any())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
+                assertTrue("Placement must release the first clump window before more are prepared",
+                        samples.size() < 32 || output.get(0, 4, 0) != stone);
+                if (parallel && attempts == 1 && name.equals("dimension")) {
+                    assertTrue(regionReady.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+                } else if (parallel && attempts == 1 && name.equals("region")) {
+                    assertTrue(biomeReady.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+                }
+                RNG rng = invocation.getArgument(1);
+                samples.add(name + ":" + rng.getSeed());
+                completed.add(name);
+                if (name.equals("biome")) {
+                    biomeReady.countDown();
+                } else if (name.equals("region")) {
+                    regionReady.countDown();
+                }
+                return clump;
+            });
+            return generator;
+        }
+
+        private void generate() {
+            try (MockedStatic<B> blocks = mockStatic(B.class, CALLS_REAL_METHODS)) {
+                blocks.when(() -> B.toDeepSlateOre(any(), any())).thenAnswer(invocation -> invocation.getArgument(1));
+                new IrisDepositModifier(engine).generateDeposits(output, 0, 0, parallel, context);
+            }
+            verify(chunk).release();
+        }
+
+        private void assertBiomeWins() {
+            for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
+                for (int z = 0; z < 16; z++) {
+                    assertSame("Deposit collision at " + x + ",4," + z, diamond, output.get(x, 4, z));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws Exception {
+            executor.shutdownNow();
+            assertTrue(executor.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/modifier/IrisDepositModifierProbabilityTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.modifier;
+
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class IrisDepositModifierProbabilityTest {
+    @Test
+    public void generatorAndClumpChancesRemainIndependent() {
+        int samples = 100_000;
+        int accepted = 0;
+        for (int seed = 0; seed < samples; seed++) {
+            if (new RNG(seed).d() <= 0.2D
+                    && new RNG(IrisDepositModifier.clumpSeed(seed, 0)).d() <= 0.2D) {
+                accepted++;
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(0.04D, accepted / (double) samples, 0.003D);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void neighboringClumpChancesRemainIndependentAcrossBatchBoundaries() {
+        int samples = 100_000;
+        for (int first : new int[]{0, 7, 31}) {
+            int accepted = 0;
+            for (int seed = 0; seed < samples; seed++) {
+                if (new RNG(IrisDepositModifier.clumpSeed(seed, first)).d() <= 0.2D
+                        && new RNG(IrisDepositModifier.clumpSeed(seed, first + 1)).d() <= 0.2D) {
+                    accepted++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertEquals("Clump pair at " + first, 0.04D, accepted / (double) samples, 0.003D);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisBiomeCeilingLayerGuardTest.java

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
-
-import art.arcane.iris.core.loader.IrisData;
-import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
-import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-
-public class IrisBiomeCeilingLayerGuardTest {
-    private static IrisBiome biome(int layers, int ceilingLayers) {
-        IrisBiome biome = new IrisBiome();
-        KList<IrisBiomePaletteLayer> surface = new KList<>();
-        for (int i = 0; i < layers; i++) {
-            surface.add(new IrisBiomePaletteLayer().zero());
-        }
-        KList<IrisBiomePaletteLayer> ceiling = new KList<>();
-        for (int i = 0; i < ceilingLayers; i++) {
-            IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer = new IrisBiomePaletteLayer().zero();
-            layer.setMinHeight(0);
-            layer.setMaxHeight(0);
-            ceiling.add(layer);
-        }
-        biome.setLayers(surface);
-        biome.setCaveCeilingLayers(ceiling);
-        return biome;
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void moreCeilingLayersThanLayersMustNotThrow() {
-        IrisBiome biome = biome(1, 3);
-
-        KList<PlatformBlockState> result = biome.generateCeilingLayers(
-                new IrisDimension(), 0, 0, new RNG(1), 8, 64, mock(IrisData.class), null);
-
-        assertTrue("extra ceiling layers are skipped, not crashed on", result.isEmpty());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void inRangeCeilingLayersKeepWorking() {
-        IrisBiome biome = biome(3, 2);
-
-        KList<PlatformBlockState> result = biome.generateCeilingLayers(
-                new IrisDimension(), 0, 0, new RNG(1), 8, 64, mock(IrisData.class), null);
-
-        assertTrue("zeroed palettes with zero heights produce no blocks", result.isEmpty());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void omittedCeilingLayersLeaveCavesUnchanged() {
-        assertTrue(new IrisBiome().getCaveCeilingLayers().isEmpty());
-    }
-}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisBiomeCeilingLayerTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+public class IrisBiomeCeilingLayerTest {
+    @Test
+    public void emitsEveryCeilingLayerWithoutSurfaceLayers() {
+        PlatformBlockState first = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState second = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState third = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        IrisBiome biome = new IrisBiome().setLayers(new KList<>()).setCaveCeilingLayers(
+                new KList<>(layer(first, 2), layer(second, 1), layer(third, 2)));
+
+        KList<PlatformBlockState> result = biome.generateCeilingLayers(
+                new IrisDimension(), 13, -27, new RNG(1), 8, 64, null, null);
+
+        assertEquals(List.of(first, first, second, third, third), result);
+        assertNull(biome.getLayerHeightGenerators().getIfPresent());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void ceilingThicknessDoesNotDependOnSurfaceDefinitionOrWarmOrder() {
+        IrisBiome first = variableBiome(1, 1);
+        IrisBiome second = variableBiome(7, 31);
+        RNG rng = new RNG(37);
+        second.getLayerHeightGenerators(rng, null);
+        for (int x = -200; x <= 200; x += 7) {
+            KList<PlatformBlockState> firstCeiling = first.generateCeilingLayers(
+                    new IrisDimension(), x, -x, rng, 100, 120, null, null);
+            KList<PlatformBlockState> secondCeiling = second.generateCeilingLayers(
+                    new IrisDimension(), x, -x, rng, 100, 120, null, null);
+            assertEquals(firstCeiling.size(), secondCeiling.size());
+        }
+        first.getLayerHeightGenerators(rng, null);
+        assertNotSame(first.getLayerHeightGenerators().getIfPresent().get(0),
+                first.getLayerCeilingHeightGenerators().getIfPresent().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void capsCeilingLayersAtAvailableDepth() {
+        PlatformBlockState first = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState second = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        IrisBiome biome = new IrisBiome().setCaveCeilingLayers(new KList<>(layer(first, 2), layer(second, 3)));
+        assertEquals(List.of(first, first, second), biome.generateCeilingLayers(
+                new IrisDimension(), 0, 0, new RNG(1), 3, 64, null, null));
+        assertTrue(biome.generateCeilingLayers(
+                new IrisDimension(), 0, 0, new RNG(1), 0, 64, null, null).isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void omittedCeilingLayersLeaveCavesUnchanged() {
+        assertTrue(new IrisBiome().getCaveCeilingLayers().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    static IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer(PlatformBlockState block, int thickness) {
+        IrisBiomePaletteLayer layer = new IrisBiomePaletteLayer().setMinHeight(thickness).setMaxHeight(thickness);
+        layer.getBlockData().aquire(() -> new KList<>(block));
+        return layer;
+    }
+
+    private static IrisBiome variableBiome(int surfaceMinimum, int surfaceMaximum) {
+        PlatformBlockState block = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        return new IrisBiome()
+                .setLayers(new KList<>(layer(block, surfaceMinimum).setMaxHeight(surfaceMaximum)))
+                .setCaveCeilingLayers(new KList<>(layer(block, 1).setMaxHeight(9)));
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisBiomeLockedLayerTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+public class IrisBiomeLockedLayerTest {
+    @Test
+    public void repeatsLockedLayersAcrossTheReferenceHeight() {
+        PlatformBlockState first = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState second = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState third = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        IrisBiome biome = new IrisBiome().setLockLayers(true).setLockLayersMax(8).setLayers(new KList<>(
+                IrisBiomeCeilingLayerTest.layer(first, 1),
+                IrisBiomeCeilingLayerTest.layer(second, 1),
+                IrisBiomeCeilingLayerTest.layer(third, 1)));
+        List<PlatformBlockState> cycle = List.of(first, second, third);
+        int[] heights = {1, 509, 512, 513, 1000, Integer.MAX_VALUE};
+        int[][] expectedCycles = {{1, 0, 2}, {0, 2, 1}, {0, 2, 1}, {2, 1, 0}, {1, 0, 2}, {1, 0, 2}};
+        for (int index = 0; index < heights.length; index++) {
+            KList<PlatformBlockState> blocks = biome.generateLockedLayers(
+                    13, -27, new RNG(37), 8, heights[index], null, null);
+            assertEquals(8, blocks.size());
+            for (int depth = 0; depth < blocks.size(); depth++) {
+                assertEquals(cycle.get(expectedCycles[index][depth % 3]), blocks.get(depth));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisDimensionCarvingResolverParityTest.java

@@ -35,11 +35,16 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Answers.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyDouble;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 public class IrisDimensionCarvingResolverParityTest {
     private static final int MAX_CHILD_DEPTH = 32;
@@ -71,6 +76,31 @@ public class IrisDimensionCarvingResolverParityTest {
         return data;
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void extremeChildRarityRemainsReachableWithOneNoiseSample() {
+        Fixture fixture = createFixture();
+        Engine engine = fixture.engine;
+        IrisData data = engine.getData();
+        IrisBiome rare = data.getBiomeLoader().load("child-a");
+        IrisBiome common = data.getBiomeLoader().load("child-b");
+        IrisBiome parentBiome = data.getBiomeLoader().load("root-low");
+        doReturn(Integer.MAX_VALUE).when(rare).getRarity();
+        doReturn(1).when(common).getRarity();
+        doReturn(2).when(parentBiome).getRarity();
+        IrisDimensionCarvingEntry parent = spy(engine.getDimension().getCarvingEntryIndex().get("root-low"));
+        parent.setChildRecursionDepth(1);
+        CNG generator = mock(CNG.class);
+        doReturn(0.5D).when(generator).noiseFast2D(-17D, 23D);
+        doReturn(generator).when(parent).getChildrenGenerator(anyLong(), any(IrisData.class));
+
+        IrisDimensionCarvingEntry selected = IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.resolveFromRoot(
+                engine, parent, -17, 23, new IrisDimensionCarvingResolver.State());
+
+        assertSame(engine.getDimension().getCarvingEntryIndex().get("child-a"), selected);
+        verify(generator).noiseFast2D(-17D, 23D);
+        verify(generator, never()).fit2D(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyDouble(), anyDouble());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void resolverStatefulOverloadsMatchLegacyResolverAcrossSampleGrid() {
         Fixture fixture = createFixture();

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectCopyTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KMap;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+public class IrisObjectCopyTest {
+    @Test
+    public void copyWaitsForVolumeMutationToComplete() throws Exception {
+        IrisObject source = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
+        PlatformBlockState block = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        CountDownLatch started = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        try (ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()) {
+            Future<IrisObject> result;
+            source.writeLock.lock();
+            try {
+                result = executor.submit(() -> {
+                    started.countDown();
+                    return source.copy();
+                });
+                assertTrue(started.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+                assertThrows(TimeoutException.class, () -> result.get(150, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+                source.setW(3);
+                source.setCenter(new Vector3i(1, 0, 0));
+                source.setUnsigned(2, 0, 0, block);
+            } finally {
+                source.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            IrisObject copy = result.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertEquals(3, copy.getW());
+            assertEquals(new Vector3i(1, 0, 0), copy.getCenter());
+            assertSame(block, copy.getBlocks().get(new IrisBlockVector(1, 0, 0)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyOwnsItsVolumeCoordinatesAndTiles() {
+        IrisObject source = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
+        PlatformBlockState block = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        TileData tile = new TileData("minecraft:chest", new KMap<>());
+        tile.getProperties().put("name", "source");
+        source.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, block);
+        source.setUnsignedTile(0, 0, 0, tile);
+
+        IrisObject copy = source.copy();
+        IrisBlockVector position = new IrisBlockVector(0, 0, 0);
+        TileData copiedTile = copy.getStates().get(position);
+        assertNotSame(source.getCenter(), copy.getCenter());
+        assertNotSame(tile, copiedTile);
+        assertNotSame(tile.getProperties(), copiedTile.getProperties());
+        copiedTile.getProperties().put("name", "copy");
+        copy.getBlocks().remove(position);
+
+        assertEquals("source", tile.getProperties().get("name"));
+        assertSame(block, source.getBlocks().get(position));
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectPlacementRunnerRegressionTest.java

@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KMap;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.bukkit.Material;
+import org.bukkit.block.BlockFace;
+import org.bukkit.block.data.Directional;
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -19,6 +22,7 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -69,6 +73,36 @@ public class IrisObjectPlacementRunnerRegressionTest {
         IrisPlatforms.unbind();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void unsupportedRotatedOrientationOmitsBlockTileAndListener() {
+        PlatformBlockState torch = state("minecraft:wall_torch", false);
+        Directional directional = mock(Directional.class);
+        Material material = mock(Material.class);
+        when(torch.nativeHandle()).thenReturn(directional);
+        when(directional.clone()).thenReturn(directional);
+        when(directional.getFacing()).thenReturn(BlockFace.NORTH);
+        when(directional.getFaces()).thenReturn(Set.of(BlockFace.NORTH, BlockFace.SOUTH, BlockFace.EAST, BlockFace.WEST));
+        when(directional.getMaterial()).thenReturn(material);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(90, 0, 0));
+        assertNull(placement.getRotation().rotate(torch, 0, 0, 0));
+        IrisObject object = lineObject(3);
+        object.setUnsigned(1, 0, 0, torch);
+        object.setUnsignedTile(1, 0, 0, new TileData("minecraft:wall_torch", new KMap<>()));
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);
+        List<PlatformBlockState> placed = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        int result = object.place(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(2L),
+                (position, state) -> placed.add(state), null, data);
+
+        assertEquals(ANCHOR_Y, result);
+        assertEquals(2, placer.writes().size());
+        assertEquals(List.of(solid, solid), placed);
+        assertNull(placer.get(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0));
+        assertNull(placer.getData(0, ANCHOR_Y, 0, TileData.class));
+        assertEquals(1, object.getStates().size());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void placementFailurePropagatesToTheCaller() {
         RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(null);

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectShapingTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisObjectShapingTest {
+    @Before
+    public void bindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+        PlatformRegistries registries = mock(PlatformRegistries.class);
+        Map<String, PlatformBlockState> states = new HashMap<>();
+        when(registries.block(anyString())).thenAnswer(invocation -> states.computeIfAbsent(
+                invocation.getArgument(0), key -> mock(PlatformBlockState.class)));
+        IrisPlatform platform = mock(IrisPlatform.class);
+        when(platform.registries()).thenReturn(registries);
+        IrisPlatforms.bind(platform);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void unbindPlatform() {
+        IrisPlatforms.unbind();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void smartBoreMatchesOrderedAxisClosureAndPreservesOriginalBlocks() {
+        Random random = new Random(617431L);
+        PlatformBlockState stone = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        for (int fixture = 0; fixture < 24; fixture++) {
+            int offset = switch (fixture % 3) {
+                case 0 -> -1050;
+                case 1 -> 1020;
+                default -> -3;
+            };
+            IrisObject object = new IrisObject(6, 6, 6);
+            Map<Cell, PlatformBlockState> expected = new HashMap<>();
+            for (int index = 0; index < 36; index++) {
+                Cell cell = new Cell(offset + random.nextInt(6), offset + random.nextInt(6), offset + random.nextInt(6));
+                PlatformBlockState state = switch (index % 3) {
+                    case 0 -> IrisObject.States.AIR;
+                    case 1 -> IrisObject.States.VAIR;
+                    default -> stone;
+                };
+                object.getBlocks().put(cell.vector(), state);
+                expected.put(cell, state);
+            }
+            for (int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+                closeAxis(expected, axis);
+            }
+
+            IrisObjectShaping.ensureSmartBored(object);
+
+            assertTrue(object.isSmartBored());
+            assertEquals("fixture " + fixture, expected.size(), object.getBlocks().size());
+            for (Map.Entry<Cell, PlatformBlockState> entry : expected.entrySet()) {
+                assertSame(entry.getValue(), object.getBlocks().get(entry.getKey().vector()));
+            }
+            long revision = object.getBlocks().modificationRevision();
+            IrisObjectShaping.ensureSmartBored(object);
+            assertEquals(revision, object.getBlocks().modificationRevision());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void emptySmartBoreCompletesWithoutAddingBlocks() {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
+
+        IrisObjectShaping.ensureSmartBored(object);
+
+        assertTrue(object.isSmartBored());
+        assertTrue(object.getBlocks().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    private static void closeAxis(Map<Cell, PlatformBlockState> blocks, int axis) {
+        List<Cell> occupied = new ArrayList<>(blocks.keySet());
+        for (Cell start : occupied) {
+            for (Cell end : occupied) {
+                if (!start.with(axis, 0).equals(end.with(axis, 0))) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (int position = start.coordinate(axis); position <= end.coordinate(axis); position++) {
+                    blocks.putIfAbsent(start.with(axis, position), IrisObject.States.VAIR);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private record Cell(int x, int y, int z) {
+        private int coordinate(int axis) {
+            return switch (axis) {
+                case 0 -> x;
+                case 1 -> y;
+                default -> z;
+            };
+        }
+
+        private Cell with(int axis, int coordinate) {
+            return switch (axis) {
+                case 0 -> new Cell(coordinate, y, z);
+                case 1 -> new Cell(x, coordinate, z);
+                default -> new Cell(x, y, coordinate);
+            };
+        }
+
+        private IrisBlockVector vector() {
+            return new IrisBlockVector(x, y, z);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisObjectTransformsTileTest.java

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -46,6 +49,40 @@ public class IrisObjectTransformsTileTest {
         IrisPlatforms.unbind();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void rotationOmitsUnsupportedBlocksAndTheirTiles() {
+        IrisObject source = new IrisObject(3, 1, 1);
+        PlatformBlockState unsupported = state("minecraft:wall_torch");
+        source.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, unsupported);
+        source.setUnsignedTile(0, 0, 0, tile("minecraft:wall_torch", "omitted"));
+        source.setUnsigned(1, 0, 0, state("minecraft:chest"));
+        source.setUnsignedTile(1, 0, 0, tile("minecraft:chest", "kept"));
+        source.setUnsigned(2, 0, 0, state("minecraft:stone"));
+        IrisObjectRotation.StateRotator previous = IrisObjectRotation.bindPlatformRotator(
+                (rotation, block, x, y, z) -> block == unsupported ? null : block);
+        IrisObject rotated;
+        try {
+            rotated = source.rotateCopy(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 90, 0));
+        } finally {
+            IrisObjectRotation.restorePlatformRotator(previous);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(2, rotated.getBlocks().size());
+        assertEquals(1, rotated.getStates().size());
+        for (Map.Entry<IrisBlockVector, TileData> entry : rotated.getStates()) {
+            assertEquals("minecraft:chest", rotated.getBlocks().get(entry.getKey()).materialKey());
+            assertEquals("kept", entry.getValue().getProperties().get("name"));
+        }
+        assertEquals(3, source.getBlocks().size());
+        assertEquals(2, source.getStates().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void scalingWaitsForMatchingGeometryAndVolume() throws Exception {
+        assertConsistentScaling(false);
+        assertConsistentScaling(true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void enlargedTilesFollowEveryExpandedBlockAndCloneProperties() {
         IrisObject source = new IrisObject(1, 1, 1);
@@ -186,6 +223,52 @@ public class IrisObjectTransformsTileTest {
         assertEquals(8, scaled.getStates().size());
     }
 
+    private static void assertConsistentScaling(boolean savedOrigin) throws Exception {
+        IrisObject source = new IrisObject(9, 5, 3);
+        source.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, state("minecraft:stone"));
+        FutureTask<IrisObject> scaling = new FutureTask<>(() -> savedOrigin
+                ? source.scaledAroundOrigin(2, IrisObjectPlacementScaleInterpolator.NONE)
+                : source.scaled(2, IrisObjectPlacementScaleInterpolator.NONE));
+        Thread worker = new Thread(scaling, "object-scaling-snapshot");
+        source.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            worker.start();
+            long deadline = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(5);
+            while (worker.getState() != Thread.State.WAITING && System.nanoTime() < deadline) {
+                LockSupport.parkNanos(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(1));
+            }
+            assertEquals(Thread.State.WAITING, worker.getState());
+            source.setW(2);
+            source.setH(2);
+            source.setD(2);
+            source.setCenter(new Vector3i(1, 1, 1));
+            source.getBlocks().clear();
+            source.setUnsigned(0, 0, 0, state("minecraft:chest"));
+            source.setUnsignedTile(0, 0, 0, tile("minecraft:chest", "new volume"));
+        } finally {
+            source.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        try {
+            IrisObject actual = scaling.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            IrisObject expected = savedOrigin
+                    ? source.scaledAroundOrigin(2, IrisObjectPlacementScaleInterpolator.NONE)
+                    : source.scaled(2, IrisObjectPlacementScaleInterpolator.NONE);
+            assertEquals(expected.getCenter(), actual.getCenter());
+            assertEquals(expected.getW(), actual.getW());
+            assertEquals(expected.getH(), actual.getH());
+            assertEquals(expected.getD(), actual.getD());
+            assertEquals(expected.getBlocks().size(), actual.getBlocks().size());
+            assertEquals(expected.getStates().size(), actual.getStates().size());
+            for (Map.Entry<IrisBlockVector, PlatformBlockState> entry : expected.getBlocks()) {
+                assertEquals(entry.getValue(), actual.getBlocks().get(entry.getKey()));
+                assertEquals(expected.getStates().get(entry.getKey()), actual.getStates().get(entry.getKey()));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            worker.interrupt();
+            worker.join(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(5));
+        }
+    }
+
     private static IrisObject asymmetricObject() {
         IrisObject source = new IrisObject(7, 5, 3);
         source.setCenter(new Vector3i(5, 1, 2));

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisOreGeneratorTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.noise.CNG;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyDouble;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.isNull;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class IrisOreGeneratorTest {
+    @Test
+    public void zeroThresholdDisablesEvenZeroNoiseSamples() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(0.0);
+        fixture.generator.setThreshold(0.0);
+
+        assertNull(fixture.generator.generate(2, 40, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+        verifyNoInteractions(fixture.noise, fixture.style);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void positiveThresholdStillIncludesExactCutoffAndVerticalBounds() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(0.5);
+        fixture.generator.setThreshold(0.5);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.ore, fixture.generator.generate(2, 30, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+        assertSame(fixture.ore, fixture.generator.generate(2, 80, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+        assertNull(fixture.generator.generate(2, 29, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+        assertNull(fixture.generator.generate(2, 81, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+        fixture.generator.setThreshold(0.49);
+        assertNull(fixture.generator.generate(2, 40, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fullThresholdIncludesMaximumNoise() {
+        Fixture fixture = new Fixture(1.0);
+        fixture.generator.setThreshold(1.0);
+
+        assertSame(fixture.ore, fixture.generator.generate(2, 40, 3, fixture.rng, null));
+    }
+
+    private static final class Fixture {
+        private final RNG rng = new RNG(34L);
+        private final PlatformBlockState ore = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        private final CNG noise = mock(CNG.class);
+        private final IrisGeneratorStyle style = mock(IrisGeneratorStyle.class);
+        private final IrisOreGenerator generator = new IrisOreGenerator();
+
+        private Fixture(double sample) {
+            IrisMaterialPalette palette = mock(IrisMaterialPalette.class);
+            when(palette.getPalette()).thenReturn(new KList<>(mock(IrisBlockData.class)));
+            when(palette.get(any(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble(), isNull())).thenReturn(ore);
+            when(noise.noise(anyDouble(), anyDouble(), anyDouble())).thenReturn(sample);
+            when(style.create(any(), isNull())).thenReturn(noise);
+            generator.setPalette(palette);
+            generator.setChanceStyle(style);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/IrisRaritySelectionTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+
+public class IrisRaritySelectionTest {
+    @Test
+    public void everyIndexMatchesExpandedInsertionOrderForRandomizedChoices() {
+        Random random = new Random(718938L);
+        for (int scenario = 0; scenario < 500; scenario++) {
+            ArrayList<Choice> choices = new ArrayList<>();
+            int count = random.nextInt(12);
+            for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+                choices.add(random.nextInt(7) == 0 ? null : new Choice(index, random.nextInt(35) - 3));
+            }
+            List<Choice> expanded = expand(choices);
+            IrisRaritySelection<Choice> selection = IrisRaritySelection.create(choices);
+            assertEquals(expanded.size(), selection.size());
+            if (expanded.isEmpty()) {
+                assertNull(selection.get(0));
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (int index = 0; index < expanded.size(); index++) {
+                assertSame(expanded.get(index), selection.get(index));
+            }
+            assertSame(expanded.getFirst(), selection.get(Long.MIN_VALUE));
+            assertSame(expanded.getLast(), selection.get(Long.MAX_VALUE));
+            for (double sample : new double[]{-3D, -0D, 0.125D, 0.5D, 0.875D, 1D, 3D,
+                    Double.NaN, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY}) {
+                int index = (int) Math.round(sample * (expanded.size() - 1));
+                assertSame(expanded.get(Math.max(0, Math.min(expanded.size() - 1, index))), selection.select(sample));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void maximumRarityCountsStayPositiveWithoutExpandingBillionsOfEntries() {
+        Choice rare = new Choice(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        Choice common = new Choice(1, 1);
+        Choice next = new Choice(2, 2);
+        IrisRaritySelection<Choice> selection = IrisRaritySelection.create(List.of(rare, common, next));
+
+        assertEquals(4_294_967_294L, selection.size());
+        assertSame(next, selection.get(0L));
+        assertSame(common, selection.get(2_147_483_646L));
+        assertSame(rare, selection.get(2_147_483_647L));
+        assertSame(common, selection.get(2_147_483_648L));
+        assertSame(next, selection.get(selection.size() - 1L));
+        assertSame(rare, selection.select(0.5D));
+        assertSame(next, selection.select(0D));
+        assertSame(next, selection.select(1D));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void equalMaximumRaritiesRetainEveryChoice() {
+        Choice first = new Choice(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        Choice second = new Choice(1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        Choice third = new Choice(2, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        IrisRaritySelection<Choice> selection = IrisRaritySelection.create(List.of(first, second, third));
+
+        assertEquals(3L, selection.size());
+        assertSame(second, selection.get(0L));
+        assertSame(first, selection.get(1L));
+        assertSame(third, selection.get(2L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void duplicateChoicesKeepTheirSeparateInsertionPositions() {
+        Choice repeated = new Choice(0, 1);
+        Choice other = new Choice(1, 3);
+        List<Choice> choices = List.of(repeated, other, repeated);
+        IrisRaritySelection<Choice> selection = IrisRaritySelection.create(choices);
+        List<Choice> expanded = expand(choices);
+        for (int index = 0; index < expanded.size(); index++) {
+            assertSame(expanded.get(index), selection.get(index));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void deserializedRuntimeRarityValuesUseTheExistingMinimumClamp() {
+        Gson gson = new Gson();
+        IrisBiome zero = gson.fromJson("{\"rarity\":0}", IrisBiome.class);
+        IrisBiome negative = gson.fromJson("{\"rarity\":-2147483648}", IrisBiome.class);
+        IrisBiome maximum = gson.fromJson("{\"rarity\":2147483647}", IrisBiome.class);
+        IrisRaritySelection<IrisBiome> selection = IrisRaritySelection.create(List.of(zero, negative, maximum));
+
+        assertEquals(4_294_967_295L, selection.size());
+        assertSame(zero, selection.get(2_147_483_647L));
+        assertSame(maximum, selection.get(selection.size() - 1L));
+        assertEquals(0, zero.getRarity());
+        assertEquals(Integer.MIN_VALUE, negative.getRarity());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nullAndEmptyOptionsDoNotProduceCandidates() {
+        assertNull(IrisRaritySelection.<Choice>create(List.of()).select(0.5D));
+        assertNull(IrisRaritySelection.<Choice>create(Arrays.asList(null, null)).get(0L));
+    }
+
+    private static List<Choice> expand(List<Choice> choices) {
+        int maximum = 1;
+        for (Choice choice : choices) {
+            if (choice != null) {
+                maximum = Math.max(maximum, choice.rarity());
+            }
+        }
+        ArrayList<Choice> expanded = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean append = false;
+        for (Choice choice : choices) {
+            if (choice == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            int count = maximum + 1 - Math.max(1, choice.rarity());
+            for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+                append = !append;
+                if (append) {
+                    expanded.add(choice);
+                } else {
+                    expanded.add(0, choice);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return expanded;
+    }
+
+    private record Choice(int id, int rarity) implements IRare {
+        @Override
+        public int getRarity() {
+            return rarity;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/NativeStructureObjectVetoTest.java

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatform;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformRegistries;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
 import art.arcane.iris.util.project.stream.ProceduralStream;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
 import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
@@ -101,6 +102,35 @@ public class NativeStructureObjectVetoTest {
         assertTrue(placer.written().isEmpty());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void obliqueRotationRejectsNativePiecesBeyondTheUnrotatedRadius() {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(21, 1, 21);
+        object.setUnsigned(20, 0, 20, log);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setBottom(false);
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 45, 0));
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(engine);
+        volumes(volume(14, SURFACE_Y, 0, 14, SURFACE_Y, 0));
+
+        assertEquals(-1, object.place(0, SURFACE_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(1234L), data));
+        assertTrue(placer.written().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void offCenterOriginRejectsNativePiecesAtTheFarEdge() {
+        IrisObject object = new IrisObject(9, 1, 1);
+        object.setCenter(new Vector3i(0, 0, 0));
+        object.setUnsigned(8, 0, 0, log);
+        IrisObjectPlacement placement = placement();
+        placement.setBottom(false);
+        placement.setRotation(IrisObjectRotation.of(0, 0, 0));
+        RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(engine);
+        volumes(volume(8, SURFACE_Y, 0, 8, SURFACE_Y, 0));
+
+        assertEquals(-1, object.place(0, SURFACE_Y, 0, placer, placement, new RNG(1234L), data));
+        assertTrue(placer.written().isEmpty());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void pieceOverlappingOnlyTheEnvelopeStillPlaces() {
         RecordingPlacer placer = new RecordingPlacer(engine);

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/coral/CoralGeneratorTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.coral;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBlockData;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisCoral;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisCoralForm;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisMaterialPalette;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisObject;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.IrisBlockVector;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class CoralGeneratorTest {
+    @Test
+    public void fanTipsFollowTheTopOfEachOccupiedColumn() {
+        PlatformBlockState structure = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState tip = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        for (int height : new int[]{2, 7, 14}) {
+            for (int width : new int[]{1, 3, 11}) {
+                IrisCoral coral = new IrisCoral().setForm(IrisCoralForm.FAN)
+                        .setHeightMin(height).setHeightMax(height).setFanWidth(width)
+                        .setWaterlogged(false).setBlockPalette(palette(structure));
+                IrisObject bare = CoralGenerator.generate(coral, 0, new RNG(0L), null);
+                Map<Integer, Integer> tops = new HashMap<>();
+                Set<IrisBlockVector> barePositions = new HashSet<>();
+                for (IrisBlockVector position : bare.getBlocks().keys()) {
+                    barePositions.add(position);
+                    tops.merge(position.getBlockX(), position.getBlockY(), Math::max);
+                }
+                coral.setTipPalette(palette(tip));
+                for (double chance : new double[]{0.0, 0.35, 1.0}) {
+                    coral.setTipChance(chance);
+                    for (long seed = 0; seed < 16; seed++) {
+                        IrisObject decorated = CoralGenerator.generate(coral, 0, new RNG(seed), null);
+                        Set<IrisBlockVector> positions = new HashSet<>();
+                        int tipCount = 0;
+                        for (IrisBlockVector position : decorated.getBlocks().keys()) {
+                            positions.add(position);
+                            if (decorated.getBlocks().get(position) == tip) {
+                                assertTrue("Fan tip must occupy an existing column", tops.containsKey(position.getBlockX()));
+                                assertEquals(tops.get(position.getBlockX()).intValue(), position.getBlockY());
+                                tipCount++;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        assertEquals(barePositions, positions);
+                        if (chance == 1.0) {
+                            assertEquals(tops.size(), tipCount);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static IrisMaterialPalette palette(PlatformBlockState state) {
+        IrisBlockData block = mock(IrisBlockData.class);
+        when(block.getWeight()).thenReturn(1);
+        when(block.getBlockData(null)).thenReturn(state);
+        return new IrisMaterialPalette().setPalette(new KList<>(block));
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/formation/FormationBlockResolverTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.formation;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBlockData;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisFormation;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisMaterialPalette;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class FormationBlockResolverTest {
+    @Test
+    public void sharedResolverMatchesFreshPaletteSeedsAcrossBands() {
+        IrisFormation formation = new IrisFormation().setSeed(43191L).setStrataThickness(3);
+        IrisMaterialPalette body = palette("stone", "andesite");
+        IrisMaterialPalette cap = palette("granite", "diorite");
+        IrisMaterialPalette strata = palette("terracotta", "red_terracotta");
+        formation.setBlockPalette(body);
+        List<Vector3i> positions = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int x = -8; x <= 8; x++) {
+            for (int y = -12; y <= 24; y++) {
+                positions.add(new Vector3i(x, y, x - y));
+            }
+        }
+        Set<String> materials = new HashSet<>();
+        for (boolean withStrata : new boolean[]{false, true}) {
+            formation.setStrataPalette(withStrata ? strata : null);
+            for (boolean withCap : new boolean[]{false, true}) {
+                formation.setCapPalette(withCap ? cap : null);
+                FormationBlockResolver resolver = new FormationBlockResolver(formation, null);
+                for (int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++) {
+                    for (Vector3i position : positions) {
+                        FormationCanvas.Role role = position.getBlockX() % 2 == 0
+                                ? FormationCanvas.Role.CAP : FormationCanvas.Role.BODY;
+                        IrisMaterialPalette expectedPalette = withCap && role == FormationCanvas.Role.CAP
+                                ? cap : withStrata ? strata : body;
+                        int sampleY = expectedPalette == strata
+                                ? Math.floorDiv(position.getBlockY(), formation.getStrataThickness()) : position.getBlockY();
+                        long sampleSeed = formation.getSeed() + (expectedPalette == strata ? sampleY * 31L : 0L);
+                        RNG fresh = new RNG(sampleSeed);
+                        PlatformBlockState expected = expectedPalette.get(fresh,
+                                position.getBlockX(), sampleY, position.getBlockZ(), null);
+                        assertSame(expected, resolver.resolve(role, position));
+                        assertEquals(new RNG(sampleSeed).nextLong(), fresh.nextLong());
+                        materials.add(expected.key());
+                    }
+                    Collections.reverse(positions);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertTrue(materials.size() == 6);
+    }
+
+    private static IrisMaterialPalette palette(String first, String second) {
+        return new IrisMaterialPalette().setPalette(new KList<>(block(first), block(second)));
+    }
+
+    private static IrisBlockData block(String material) {
+        PlatformBlockState state = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        when(state.key()).thenReturn("minecraft:" + material);
+        IrisBlockData block = mock(IrisBlockData.class);
+        when(block.getWeight()).thenReturn(1);
+        when(block.getBlockData(null)).thenReturn(state);
+        return block;
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/fungi/FungusStemBuilderTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.fungi;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisFungus;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.math.Vector3i;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class FungusStemBuilderTest {
+    @Test
+    public void straightStemsKeepOddAndEvenWidthAnchors() {
+        for (int width = 1; width <= 3; width++) {
+            IrisFungus fungus = new IrisFungus();
+            fungus.setStemWidth(width);
+            fungus.setStemCurve(0D);
+            fungus.setStemWaveAmplitude(0D);
+            Map<Vector3i, FungusCellRole> roles = new HashMap<>();
+
+            double[] top = FungusStemBuilder.build(roles, fungus, 7, 421L);
+
+            assertArrayEquals(new double[]{0D, 6D, 0D}, top, 0D);
+            assertEquals(width * width * 7, roles.size());
+            int origin = width == 3 ? -1 : 0;
+            for (int y = 0; y < 7; y++) {
+                for (int x = origin; x < origin + width; x++) {
+                    for (int z = origin; z < origin + width; z++) {
+                        assertEquals(FungusCellRole.STEM, roles.get(new Vector3i(x, y, z)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void curvedStemsKeepEveryLayerAndReturnTheirCapAnchor() {
+        IrisFungus fungus = new IrisFungus();
+        fungus.setStemWidth(3);
+        fungus.setStemCurve(22D);
+        fungus.setStemLeanAzimuth(225D);
+        fungus.setStemWaveAmplitude(2D);
+        fungus.setStemWavePeriods(1.5D);
+        Map<Vector3i, FungusCellRole> roles = new HashMap<>();
+
+        double[] top = FungusStemBuilder.build(roles, fungus, 24, -733L);
+
+        assertEquals(24 * 9, roles.size());
+        assertTrue(top[0] < 0D);
+        assertTrue(top[2] < 0D);
+        assertEquals(23D, top[1], 0D);
+        assertEquals(FungusCellRole.STEM, roles.get(new Vector3i(
+                (int) Math.round(top[0]), 23, (int) Math.round(top[2]))));
+        for (int y = 0; y < 24; y++) {
+            int count = 0;
+            for (Vector3i position : roles.keySet()) {
+                if (position.getY() == y) {
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertEquals(9, count);
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/ProceduralTreeGeneratorTest.java

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeBranches;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeFunction;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeLeafMode;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeProfile;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -18,6 +20,9 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 public class ProceduralTreeGeneratorTest {
 
@@ -268,4 +273,23 @@ public class ProceduralTreeGeneratorTest {
                     distances.get(new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, 0, 0)));
         }
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void disabledPlausibilityMakesDisconnectedLeavesPersistent() {
+        IrisProceduralTree tree = new IrisProceduralTree();
+        tree.setPlausible(false);
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Vec position = new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(40, 20, -10);
+        PlatformBlockState leaf = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState persistent = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState supported = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        when(leaf.key()).thenReturn("minecraft:oak_leaves[persistent=false,distance=7]");
+        when(leaf.withProperty("persistent", "true")).thenReturn(persistent);
+        when(persistent.withProperty("distance", "1")).thenReturn(supported);
+        Map<TreeBlockCanvas.Vec, PlatformBlockState> resolved = new HashMap<>();
+        resolved.put(position, leaf);
+
+        TreePlausibility.apply(resolved, Set.of(new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(0, 0, 0)), Set.of(position), tree);
+
+        assertSame(supported, resolved.get(position));
+    }
 }

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeBlockResolverTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.tree;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisBlockData;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisMaterialPalette;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisProceduralTree;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf;
+import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.common.data.B;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.math.RNG;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.MockedStatic;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public class TreeBlockResolverTest {
+    @Test
+    public void largeSecondaryWeightsKeepTheirRelativeDistribution() {
+        IrisProceduralTree tree = new IrisProceduralTree();
+        tree.setSeed(91874L);
+        tree.setLeavesPalette(palette("oak_leaves", "birch_leaves"));
+        PlatformBlockState blossom = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        PlatformBlockState light = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        List<PlatformBlockState> normal = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<PlatformBlockState> large = new ArrayList<>();
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell = new TreeBlockCanvas.Cell(
+                TreeBlockCanvas.Role.SECONDARY_LEAF, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.NONE, false, -1, null);
+        try (MockedStatic<B> blocks = mockStatic(B.class)) {
+            blocks.when(() -> B.getStateOrNull("minecraft:cherry_leaves", false)).thenReturn(blossom);
+            blocks.when(() -> B.getStateOrNull("minecraft:shroomlight", false)).thenReturn(light);
+            for (int weight : new int[]{1, Integer.MAX_VALUE}) {
+                tree.setWeightedSecondaryLeaves(new KList<>(
+                        new IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf("minecraft:cherry_leaves", weight),
+                        new IrisTreeSecondaryLeaf("minecraft:shroomlight", weight)));
+                List<PlatformBlockState> resolved = weight == 1 ? normal : large;
+                for (int x = -16; x <= 16; x++) {
+                    for (int y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
+                        resolved.add(TreeBlockResolver.resolve(tree, null, cell,
+                                new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, y, x + y), new RNG(tree.getSeed())));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertTrue(normal.contains(blossom));
+        assertTrue(normal.contains(light));
+        assertEquals(normal, large);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sharedPaletteRandomSourceMatchesFreshPerVoxelSources() {
+        IrisProceduralTree tree = new IrisProceduralTree();
+        tree.setSeed(84261L);
+        tree.setTrunkPalette(palette("oak_log", "spruce_log"));
+        tree.setLeavesPalette(palette("oak_leaves", "birch_leaves"));
+        tree.setSecondaryTrunkPalette(palette("birch_log", "jungle_log"));
+        tree.setSecondaryLeavesPalette(palette("spruce_leaves", "jungle_leaves"));
+        RNG shared = new RNG(tree.getSeed());
+        List<String> freshBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> sharedBlocks = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<String> materials = new HashSet<>();
+        TreeBlockCanvas.Role[] roles = {
+                TreeBlockCanvas.Role.TRUNK, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.LEAF,
+                TreeBlockCanvas.Role.SECONDARY_TRUNK, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.SECONDARY_LEAF
+        };
+        for (int x = -8; x <= 8; x++) {
+            for (int y = 0; y < 24; y++) {
+                TreeBlockCanvas.Vec position = new TreeBlockCanvas.Vec(x, y, x - y);
+                TreeBlockCanvas.Cell cell = new TreeBlockCanvas.Cell(
+                        roles[Math.floorMod(x + y, roles.length)], TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.NONE, false, -1, null);
+                PlatformBlockState expected = TreeBlockResolver.resolve(tree, null, cell, position, new RNG(tree.getSeed()));
+                PlatformBlockState actual = TreeBlockResolver.resolve(tree, null, cell, position, shared);
+                freshBlocks.add(position + ":" + expected.key());
+                sharedBlocks.add(position + ":" + actual.key());
+                materials.add(actual.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(freshBlocks, sharedBlocks);
+        assertEquals(new RNG(tree.getSeed()).nextLong(), shared.nextLong());
+        assertTrue(materials.size() > roles.length);
+    }
+
+    private static IrisMaterialPalette palette(String first, String second) {
+        IrisBlockData firstBlock = block(first);
+        IrisBlockData secondBlock = block(second);
+        return new IrisMaterialPalette().setPalette(new KList<>(firstBlock, secondBlock));
+    }
+
+    private static IrisBlockData block(String material) {
+        PlatformBlockState state = mock(PlatformBlockState.class);
+        when(state.key()).thenReturn("minecraft:" + material);
+        IrisBlockData block = mock(IrisBlockData.class);
+        when(block.getWeight()).thenReturn(1);
+        when(block.getBlockData(null)).thenReturn(state);
+        return block;
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/object/tree/TreeDecoratorApplierTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.object.tree;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisProceduralTree;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeDecorator;
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisTreeDecoratorTarget;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class TreeDecoratorApplierTest {
+    @Test
+    public void branchTipsExtendOutwardThroughLeavesWithoutReplacingWood() {
+        TreeBlockCanvas canvas = new TreeBlockCanvas();
+        for (int x = -3; x <= 3; x++) {
+            canvas.setTrunk(x, 4, 0, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.TRUNK, TreeBlockCanvas.Axis.X);
+        }
+        canvas.setLeaf(-4, 4, 0, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.LEAF);
+        canvas.setLeaf(4, 4, 0, TreeBlockCanvas.Role.LEAF);
+        IrisTreeDecorator decorator = new IrisTreeDecorator()
+                .setTarget(IrisTreeDecoratorTarget.BRANCH_TIP)
+                .setBlock("minecraft:shroomlight")
+                .setChance(1D)
+                .setAxisAware(true);
+        IrisProceduralTree tree = new IrisProceduralTree();
+        tree.setDecorators(new KList<>(decorator));
+        List<int[]> endpoints = List.of(new int[]{-3, 4, 0, 0, 0}, new int[]{3, 4, 0, 0, 0});
+
+        TreeDecoratorApplier.apply(canvas, tree, 4321L, endpoints);
+
+        assertEquals(TreeBlockCanvas.Role.DECORATOR, canvas.get(-5, 4, 0).role());
+        assertEquals("west", canvas.get(-5, 4, 0).facing());
+        assertEquals(TreeBlockCanvas.Role.DECORATOR, canvas.get(5, 4, 0).role());
+        assertEquals("east", canvas.get(5, 4, 0).facing());
+        assertEquals(7, canvas.getTrunk().size());
+        assertEquals(2, canvas.getLeaf().size());
+        assertEquals(11, canvas.getCells().size());
+
+        TreeDecoratorApplier.apply(canvas, tree, 4321L, endpoints);
+
+        assertEquals(11, canvas.getCells().size());
+    }
+}

core/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/engine/platform/BukkitChunkGeneratorCloseTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+package art.arcane.iris.engine.platform;
+
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.framework.Engine;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.collection.KList;
+import art.arcane.volmlib.util.io.ReactiveFolder;
+import org.bukkit.generator.BlockPopulator;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+public class BukkitChunkGeneratorCloseTest {
+    @Test
+    public void asynchronousCloseFailureCanRetryWithoutReopeningGeneration() throws Exception {
+        CloseFixture fixture = new CloseFixture();
+        IllegalStateException failure = new IllegalStateException("Planner remains active");
+        doThrow(failure).doNothing().when(fixture.engine).close();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> firstOperation = fixture.queueOperation();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> firstClose = fixture.generator.closeAsync();
+        assertSame(firstClose, fixture.generator.closeAsync());
+        firstOperation.completeExceptionally(assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, fixture.operation.get()::run));
+        assertTrue(firstClose.isCompletedExceptionally());
+        assertTrue(fixture.generator.isClosing());
+
+        CompletableFuture<Void> secondOperation = fixture.queueOperation();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> secondClose = fixture.generator.closeAsync();
+        assertNotSame(firstClose, secondClose);
+        fixture.operation.get().run();
+        secondOperation.complete(null);
+        secondClose.join();
+        assertTrue(fixture.generator.isClosing());
+        assertSame(secondClose, fixture.generator.closeAsync());
+        verify(fixture.engine, times(2)).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void failedRetryDispatchKeepsPartiallyClosedGenerationSealed() throws Exception {
+        CloseFixture fixture = new CloseFixture();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> operation = fixture.queueOperation();
+        CompletableFuture<Void> firstClose = fixture.generator.closeAsync();
+        operation.completeExceptionally(new IllegalStateException("Planner remains active"));
+        assertTrue(firstClose.isCompletedExceptionally());
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Scheduler unavailable")).when(fixture.generator)
+                .withExclusiveControlFuture(any(Runnable.class));
+
+        CompletableFuture<Void> retry = fixture.generator.closeAsync();
+        assertNotSame(firstClose, retry);
+        assertTrue(retry.isCompletedExceptionally());
+        assertTrue(fixture.generator.isClosing());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void initialDispatchFailureLeavesTheUnchangedGeneratorAvailable() throws Exception {
+        CloseFixture fixture = new CloseFixture();
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException("Scheduler unavailable")).when(fixture.generator)
+                .withExclusiveControlFuture(any(Runnable.class));
+
+        CompletableFuture<Void> failedClose = fixture.generator.closeAsync();
+        assertTrue(failedClose.isCompletedExceptionally());
+        assertFalse(fixture.generator.isClosing());
+    }
+
+    private static void setField(BukkitChunkGenerator generator, String name, Object value) throws Exception {
+        Field field = BukkitChunkGenerator.class.getDeclaredField(name);
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        field.set(generator, value);
+    }
+
+    private static final class CloseFixture {
+        private final BukkitChunkGenerator generator = mock(BukkitChunkGenerator.class, CALLS_REAL_METHODS);
+        private final Engine engine = mock(Engine.class);
+        private final AtomicReference<Runnable> operation = new AtomicReference<>();
+        private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<CompletableFuture<Void>> operations = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+
+        private CloseFixture() throws Exception {
+            setField(generator, "closeFuture", new AtomicReference<CompletableFuture<Void>>());
+            setField(generator, "engine", engine);
+            setField(generator, "folder", mock(ReactiveFolder.class));
+            setField(generator, "populators", new KList<BlockPopulator>());
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                operation.set(invocation.getArgument(0, Runnable.class));
+                return operations.remove();
+            }).when(generator).withExclusiveControlFuture(any(Runnable.class));
+        }
+
+        private CompletableFuture<Void> queueOperation() {
+            CompletableFuture<Void> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            operations.add(future);
+            return future;
+        }
+    }
+}

probe/src/main/java/art/arcane/iris/probe/StubPlatform.java

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 package art.arcane.iris.probe;
 
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.decorator.DecoratorPlatformHooks;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.BlockDataMergeSupport;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisObjectRotation;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.TileData;
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ public final class StubPlatform implements IrisPlatform {
     }
 
     public static void bindGenerationStateHandlers() {
+        DecoratorPlatformHooks.bind((state, hunk, rX, rZ, x, y, z, mantle) -> state,
+                (surface, upward) -> surface.isOccluding());
         IrisObjectRotation.bindPlatformRotator(StubPlatform::rotateState);
         BlockDataMergeSupport.bindPlatformMerger(StubPlatform::mergeStates);
         TileData.bindPlatformReader(StubTileData::read);

probe/src/test/java/art/arcane/iris/probe/StubPlatformStateTest.java

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package art.arcane.iris.probe;
 
+import art.arcane.iris.engine.decorator.IrisSpeleothems;
 import art.arcane.iris.engine.object.IrisObjectRotation;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.IrisPlatforms;
 import art.arcane.iris.spi.PlatformBlockState;
+import art.arcane.iris.util.project.hunk.Hunk;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -80,6 +82,18 @@ public final class StubPlatformStateTest {
         assertFalse(state("minecraft:brain_coral_fan").isWaterLogged());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void resolvesSpikeSupportWithoutServerClasses() {
+        Hunk<PlatformBlockState> blocks = Hunk.newArrayHunk(1, 3, 1);
+        PlatformBlockState spike = state("minecraft:pointed_dripstone[vertical_direction=up,thickness=tip]");
+        blocks.set(0, 0, 0, state("minecraft:stone"));
+        assertTrue(IrisSpeleothems.isSupported(spike, blocks, 0, 0, 1));
+        blocks.set(0, 0, 0, state("minecraft:water[level=0]"));
+        assertFalse(IrisSpeleothems.isSupported(spike, blocks, 0, 0, 1));
+        blocks.set(0, 0, 0, state("minecraft:air"));
+        assertFalse(IrisSpeleothems.isSupported(spike, blocks, 0, 0, 1));
+    }
+
     private PlatformBlockState state(String key) {
         return IrisPlatforms.get().registries().block(key);
     }